Regents Review Day
2025 Global History II
The World in 1750: Early Empires
• Ottoman
• Mughal
• Tokugawa Shogunate
– Centralized feudalism: military shogun in power
• Qing Dynasty
– Isolated, trade w. GB restricted
– Until OPIUM
• Lin ZeXu
• Wars
• Spheres of Influence
Enlightenment
• Protestant Reformation (questioning/protesting
Catholic Church practices)
• Age of Exploration (adventure + wealth)
• Scientific Rev (evidence proof)
Enlightenment ??
Locke, Montesquieu
Locke: natural rights given to all individuals
Montesquieu: separation of power
Therefore, the gov’t should have ________ of the
governed/people.
The role of gov’t should be _____________ or else
citizens/individual have the right to ________________.
Enlightenment
• Reasoning, Logic, natural rights – life liberty,
property
• Gov't has the consent (agreement) of the
governed (people)
• Gov’t should protect people’s rights or else
they have the right to overthrow unjust gov’t
????
Why did the French revolt?
What’s happening?
Bourgeoisie: 3rd ESTATE (and peasants)
Enlightenment influence, American Revolution
INEQUALITY – taxes, land, votes
Tennis Court Oath, National Assembly, Storming the
Bastille, Declaration of Rights of Man, The Great
Fear
Robespierre – Reign of Terror
Napoleon – dictator + Law Code
Napoleon & Hitler?
Defeated by Russian geography: cold
climate
Goal of Congress of Vienna?
Balance of Power
• Bring back monarchs to avoid another
Napoleon
• Keep weak countries weak
Bolivar, San Martin
Latin American Liberators
• Enlightenment, USA, French influence
• Could not unify like North America –
geographic barriers (Andes Mountains);
political leaders = military dictators
• Diaz, “Pancho” Villa, Zapata Mexican
Revolution
Latin America Problems Today?
• Catholic Church still very powerful, influential
• Military dictatorships but more democratic today
• Economic imperialism: dependent on cash crop
export
Latin America Today: a few examples
Cuba: communist
– Revolution by Castro
– Cuban Missile Crisis
• USA: Kennedy
• USSR: Khruschev
• Cuba: Castro
• Peak of nuclear
tensions
– Recently, tensions w.
USA have eased
Latin America Today: a few examples
Argentina:
1946 -- military dictatorship
Juan Peron – strengthened
economy but with repressive
policies against his people
1976: state terrorism “dirty
war” – military arrested,
tortured, killed – thousands
disappeared “Mothers of
the Plaza de Mayo” –
marched silently every week
for 30 years demanding
location of missing children
Latin America Today: a few examples
Chile
1973: August Pinochet,
USA-backed military
rebellion
Repressive dictatorship
-- Ended civilian rule,
censorship, mass
murder of opposition…
St. Dominigue Haiti
• Colony of France (therefore not Latin)
• Revolution impacted by French Rev.
• Toussaint Louverture:
– leader of slave revolution
– independence revolution
– Imprisoned by Napoleon and died
First free, independent Black nation:
Haiti
1st Constitution based on
Enlightenment ideas
Other Nationalist Leaders:
• Ho Chi Minh, Communist: Vietnam
– after WW2 (anti-French; anti-Japanese)
– Cold War “hot spot” “proxy war” against USA
– Won against USA unification of Vietnam, communist
• Gandhi: India
– After WW1 (indep. India from British colonial rule)
– Civil disobedience: Salt March, Homespun Movement
– Assassinated
– Independent India 1947 President Nehru (Hindu)
• Partition of Muslim Pakistan (East and West Pakistan + Bangladesh)
• Nelson Mandela: South Africa
– Anti-apartheid
– Imprisoned
– Freed by Afrikaner FW DeKlerk
– First democratically elected Black South African President
Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck?
Nationalism to unify (1800s)…
Nationalism to Unify (1800s)…
Otto von Bismarck -- German
states + Prussia – “Blood and
iron”= GERMANY
– Won wars w. Austria,
Denmark and France to win
back German lands
How can nationalism impact
nation-building in different ways?
Agricultural Revolution ?
Industrial Revolution
New farming methods, inventions --> farmers
moved to cities
• From hand machine
• From home factory urbanization
– Steam engine using COAL
• Textile industry first
• transportation
Why Great Britain?
What problems arose for the new working class?
Great Britain
• Natural resources: coal for power; iron for
building
• Location: natural harbors for trade; protected
as island
• Stable gov’t: allows for innovation
• Strong economy
Problems:
• Anti-industrialization
strikes: Luddites did not
want to be replaced by
new machines
Capitalism: free market system; laissez-faire gov’t
– Unsanitary living conditions
– Unsafe, unfair working conditions
– Child labor
– Pollution: land, air, water (cholera)
injury, disease, death
Solutions
• Sadler Committee: interviews of workers in order
Labor unions & strikes
• New Laws – reforms to improve conditions
(minimum wage, maximum hours)
• Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto --
communism (through a revolution) will solve
problems of IR "Workers of the world, unite!"
Why did people leave Ireland in the
1840s?
Potato crop failure, no aid from
England famine migration
Imperialism – who? Where? Why?
Europe because..
• Competition for colonies – resources
• New markets for manufactured goods
• Esp. Great Britain "the sun never sets on the
British Empire“
What was new about the “new” imperialism?
• AFRICA – Berlin Conference & "The Scramble for
Africa" partition of Africa by European countries
– some African tribes resisted (ex. Zulu)
– “White Man’s Burden”
– Social Darwinism
New Imperialism = racism
• White Man’s Burden
• Social Darwinism
India
• indirect rule – British East India Company
--> resistance: Sepoy Rebellion --> direct rule:
COLONY “Jewel in the Crown of Queen Victoria”
CHINA – Opium War, Treaty of Nanking,
Spheres of Influence including Russia +
Japan
resistance: Taiping (anti-Qing),
Boxer Rebellions (anti-foreign)
Imperialism –
In Asia --
JAPAN
Need for natural resources to industrialize after
Meiji Restoration
– USA Matthew Perry and Treaty of Kanagawa (did not
want to become like China)
– Return emperor to throne
– Modernization, industrialization --> imperialism
• China: 2 invasions, Rape of Nanking
• Needed natural resources
• Russia: proved to the West Japan was a threat/power
• Korea
• Most of SE Asia during WWII "Asia for Asians"
Start of WWI?
• MANIA
– Militarism
– Alliances
– Nationalism
– Imperialism
– ASSASSINATION of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
WW1
• Trench warfare
• No man’s land
• Stalemate
• Fronts
• Total war – importance of women in war
effort
“I’ll be home by Christmas” four long years
Soldier-poets in trenches
• Zimmerman, Lusitania USA joins
Problem with Treaty of Versailles?
[Paris treaty/Paris Peace Conference]
Germany blamed
reparations
no help to rebuild
Destroyed economy
Hit by Great Depression
Desperate people in poverty believe Hitler will
save them
Jews + other minorites as scapegoats for
problems Holocaust
End of Empires
• Austrian-Hungarian Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
No Austrian Hungarian Empire
– Self-determination – Eastern European countries
independent
– New countries b/c of nationalism:
• Yugoslavia
• Czechoslovakia
No Ottoman Empire
– Turkey: westernization + indep. - Ataturk
– Iran: westernization + indep - Reza Pahlavi
– “Mandates:” – Fr: Syria, Lebanon; GB: Iraq,
Jordan, Palestine (borders secretly decided in
Sikes-Picot Agreement
1979: Iranian Revolution
Iran became an IslamicState: Islamic
fundamentalism
– Gov’t=Islamic, Sharia law
– No westernization
– Ayatollah Khomeini as religious AND
political leader
• Killed political dissidents/opponents
• Repressed women/took away their rights
DEMONSTRATIONS by Iranians against
gov’t through today
Why did the Russians revolt in 1917?
• 1905: Bloody Sunday – Gov’t violently attacked
peaceful demonstrators
• Still had a czar (king)
• He wasn’t solving their problems
• Losing in WWI
• Lenin and his Bolsheviks promised “peace, land, and
bread” bloodless revolution – first communist
state USSR
• N.E.P. : New Economic Policy – some capitalism in
communist country [compare to Deng Xiaoping 4
Modernizations]
• Stalin took over after Lenin died
Stalin
• Totalitarian state
• Command economy:
– Industry -- 5 year plans met production goals – (high
quantity) BUT low quality
– Collectivization for agriculture, kulaks purged in
gulags
• Reign of Terror, Great Purge, show trials
• Russification
• Atrocity/Genocide -- Forced man-made famine in
Ukraine: Holodomor – exported grain while
Ukrainians starved
Between the Wars
• Rise of fascism: Italy, Germany, Spain
• Holocaust [Hitler’s goals: race + living space]
• Japanese aggression: “Asia for Asians”
• Great Depression
• Independence movements begin
Persecution of Jews: Holocaust
(1930s before WWII)
1. Nuremberg Laws: wearing star of David, ghettos –
Warsaw Ghetto, banned from jobs, schools etc.
2. Kristallnacht: “Night of the Broken Glass” first violence
against Jews
3. “Final Solution” - Concentration camps throughout
Eastern Europe, ex. Auschwitz
Bystanders vs. Upstanders
Where is League of Nations???
– Mussolini invades Ethiopia, Africa
– Japan invades China (Rape of Nanking)
Why did WW2 start?
Hitler
• Weak Weimar Republic after WW1
rise of Nazi Party, fascism
• Hitler appeased by British PM
Chamberlain at the Munich
Conference
– Allowed to take over Sudetenland,
Czechoslovakia
• Took over rest of Czechoslovakia
• Invaded Poland --> START 1939
• Blitzkrieg (air, then land invasion)
method of modern warfare
– Practiced in Spanish Civil War
– Successful b/c of flat, plains of
Western Europe
– Civilian deaths now a part of war
Events
Fall of France to Nazis
The London Blitz: PM Churchill refusal to surrender
Pearl Harbor --> USA entered war
D-Day: USA in Normandy, France -- forced Hitler to fight on multiple
fronts – defeat of Hitler on Western Front
– Battle of Stalingrad: Stalin defeat of Hitler on Eastern Front
VE Day: victory in Europe --> USA invasion of Japan...”island-hopping”
by Allies but Japan refused to surrender
US Pres. Truman – dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki VJ Day
– Marshall Plan – USA $$$ rebuild Europe after the war to avoid same
mistakes after WWI
Japan
• Rape of Nanking
• Bataan Death March
• Pearl Harbor
• “Asia for Asians”
After WWII
Nuremberg Trials – Nazi atrocities
Tokyo Trials – Japanese atrocities
-- people can held accountable for crimes committed during
war
United Nations
– “Genocide,” war crimes, crimes against humanity
– Israel – Jewish state in Mid East as promised earlier in Balfour
Declaration, (Former British mandate of Palestine) (Palestinians
living here aren't happy about it)
Arab-Israeli Conflict – thru to today
Post WWII/1945: INC: Indian National Congress
Cold War & India
Gandhi: satyagraha, civil
decolonization disobedience, assassinated
1947: independent India
President Nehru
pos effect of br rule –
adopted British-style
Parliamentary Democracy
nonalignment (not involved)
during Cold War
Partition of India
Partition of India into Pakistan (and E. Pakistan
Bangladesh) bloodiest day in the region’s
history, conflict still today, including nuclear
weapons
Africa
• Scramble for Africa – Berlin Conference -- partition
• Pan-Africanism – Organization of African Unity (OAU)
• Indep after WWII
• Ex. Ghana – Nkrumah
• Ex. Kenya – Kenyatta
• South Africa
– Apartheid
– ANC
– Mandela, anti-apartheid, first democratically elected
President
Cold War/East Europe/Hot Spots &
Shooting Wars
East was…..
Communist!
• USSR
• Warsaw Pact
• “soviet republics” – lands taken over by USSR
• Satellites protect USSR yet indep but controlled by
USSR (ex. Poland)
• Berlin Wall: divided BERLIN; Germany divided by
“iron curtain”
• Revolts – Hungary; Invasions – Czechoslovakia
• Shooting Wars -- N. Korea - Kim; Vietnam - Ho; Cuba -
Castro
West was…
Noncommunist
• USA, Western Europe
• NATO
• Truman Doctrine
• Division of Germany
– Berlin Wall & airlift
• Arms and Space Race
Marshall Plan
• US helps West Germany, Japan with money,
military occupation, democracy
“Shooting Wars”
• Korea – divided into N & S – DMZ line divides
today
• Vietnam – united + Communist – Ho Chi Minh
• Afghanistan – failure of USSR – seeds of Al
Qaeda and 9/11/01 terrorist attack on USA
• Almost – Cuba – Cuban Missile Crisis (USSR:
Khrushchev, USA: JFK, Cuba: Castro)
– Cuba – Communist revolution, but no economic
development, stagnant
Collapse of USSR
• Poland – Lech Walesa, Solidarity Party, first
democracy in Eastern Europe
• USSR – Gorbachev reforms of glasnost,
perestroika --> collapse --> Russia + other states
indep
• Satellites indep. (Poland, Romania, etc.)
– Ethnic conflict – Kosovo, Bosnia
• Republics IN the USSR – indep (Estonia, Latvia,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan etc.)
• Germany – united; fall of Berlin wall real +
symbolic end of tensions
-isms
colonialism
Social Darwinism
nationalism
imperialism
isolationism
ethnocentrism
militarism
Zionism
anti-Semitism
racism
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism
Totalitarianism
fascism
communism
Other vocab
• Stalemate
• Appeasement
• Interdependence
• MANIAC
• Westernization
• Mandates
• Self-determination
• Culture – cultural diffusion
• Perestroika + glasnost
• “White Man’s Burden”
• Nonalignment
• secular
USSR + Satellites
Russia + Indep. Countries (1991)
4 Asian Tigers: 1960s-1990s
The Four Asian Tigers, Four Asian Dragons or
Four Little Dragons, are the economies of
Hong Kong
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand (fastest growing today)
Congresses & Conferences: Meetings
• Congress of Vienna
• Berlin Conference
• Paris Peace Conference
• Munich Conference
Organizations: to increase economic
development; globalization
• EU: European Union, euros
• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• NAFTA: North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
• OAS: Organization of American States
• OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
• WTO: World Trade Organization
• World Bank
• IMF
Nonpolitical revolutions
• Green Revolution: new farming methods in
1960s-1970 increased food production; BUT
fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs harm
environments and humans
• Agricultural Revolution
• Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution
Strategic, Man-Made Waterways
• Panama Canal Suez Canal
European Mandates --> Independence
Indep. Countries of the Middle East
(after-1945)
[formerly Fr, Br mandates]
• Syria
• Jordan
• Iraq
• Lebanon
• Israel
• NO PALESTINE
[Turkey, Iran, Egypt indep. Before WW2]
32 UN Members do not recognize
Israel as a country:
• Arab League Members: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros,
Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
• Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Brunei, Chad, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia,
Mali, Niger, Pakistan
• Also, Bhutan, Cuba, North Korea
Nations that DO recognize Palestine as
a nation
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-ra
nkings/countries-that-recognize-palestine
Map + List
Turkey
• Conflicts:
– Forced minority Kurds to abandon their identity
• Revolts, suppressed by gov’t, desire for own Kurdish
state
– Greek island of Cyprus partitioned
– Within Turkey – secular vs. Islamic
fundamentalism
In general
• Autocratic gov’ts (only Turkey and Israel
democracies) (Jordan & Saudi Arabia KINGS)
• Anti-Western feeling (colonialism, creation of
Israel)
• Western economic dependency on oil (esp.
Saudi Arabia)
Arab groups
• Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O.)
– Goal to create independent state of Palestine
• Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah – extreme
terrorists, goal to destroy Israel
Islamic Fundamentalism
• Society should be governed by Islamic law
Western nations unjust, immoral – scapegoats
for economic problems
Ex. Al Qaeda – terrorist group led by Osama bin
Laden
1993 – bombed World Trade Center, NYC
1998 – bombed American embassies in Africa
2001 – 9/11 hijacked airplanes crashed into WTC
towers (2), Pentagon (1), crashed to ground
(1)
USA Reaction
2003
Invasion of Afghanistan
Invasion of Iraq
[“Persian Gulf War”1991 – US invaded to protect
Kuwait from aggression and Persian Gulf oil]
believed to Weapons of Mass Destruction; and
supporting terrorism
Leader Saddam captured + executed
ethnic, religious conflicts (Sunni, Shiites, Kurds)
US and GB still present, but out of war
Egypt (after- 1945)
– Nationalized Suez Canal
– Defeated in 2 wars against neighboring Israel
(1967, 1973 Israel defeated Egypt, Syria, Jordan)
Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser 2 million acres
new farmland
1981 – Hosni Mubarak
– Continued peace w. Israel AND other Arab nations
– Population growth too fast slums
– 2011 – resigned during turmoil of “Arab Spring”
• Tyrants ousted, democratic elections, but
unstable
• Economic problems social unrest today
Arab Spring in Egypt – 2011 – protests for a better gov’t
Other “Arab Spring” Protests -- 2011
• Tunisia
• Syria
• Libya
• Algeria
• Morocco
• Jordon
• Saudi Arabia
Uncertain futures still today
Global Issues Today -- Bad
• Global north vs. South
• Terrorism
• Population
• Poverty – gap btwn rich & poor – education, hunger
• Environment: Climate Change; Pollution; deforestation;
desertification
• Human rights
• Nuclear weapons – India, Pakistan – and safety (Chernobyl,
Russia; Japan nuclear accidents)
• Economic interdependence
• World hunger
• AIDS in Africa
Desertification:
expanding desert,
Sahara
Deforestation:
Destruction of
forests,
Amazon
rainforest (S.
America)
Illegal Immigrants
Global Issues Today -- good
• Interdependence/globalization
– OPEC
– WTO
– World Bank
– NAFTA
– OAS
• SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty – USA & USSR
• Green Revolution
• Medical Technology – ex. Vaccinations, biotechnology,
stem cell
• Information Age/Computer Age
• Improved standard of living and life expectance
• Increased literacy and education
• Space exploration
CRQ: 2 sets of 2 documents
• Set 1 – 2 questions
• Set 2 – 2 questions
• Doc 1 Q: historical circumstance, context,
geography
• Doc. 2 Q: point of view/purpose/audience
• Q 3: relationship between both documents
• Cause and effect
• Similarities and differences
• Turning point
Enduring Issues Essay
• Choose an OBVIOUS, EASY issue -- it relates to
three documents and today
– Define it
– Explain it using 3 sources
– Use outside info that you know about the topic
in the documents (Ex. Treaty of Nanking – include
Opium, Opium war, Sphere of Influence)
– Explain how people are affected
– Explain how it has CONTINUED to be an issue or
CHANGED over time
Enduring Issues
Conflict
Human Rights Violations
Desire for Power
Inequity
Environmental Impact
Ideas + Beliefs
Innovations
https://rondoutvhs.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Serv
ers/Server_1087968/File/Ricci/Enduring%20Issues%
20Poster%20Global%2010.pdf
Human Rights Violations (Enduring
Issues)
NOW (how the issue continues today)
• United National Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
• Pinochet – Chile
• Deng – China Tiananmen Sq.
• Milosevic – Serbia (Bosnian conflict)
• Pol Pot – Cambodia (Vietnam War)
• Al-Assad – Syria
• Xi Jin Ping – Uighurs and Tibetans in China
Atrocities/genocides/ethnic
cleansing/conflict
• Armenian Massacre by Ottoman Turks
• Rape of Nanking: by Japan
• Holocaust: Jews by Nazis
• Holodomor: Ukraine by Stalin
• Great Leap Forward: Mao to peasants
• Great Purge: Stalin
• Tiananmen Massacre: Deng to protestors
1989
Conflict (enduring issue)
NOW (how the issue continues today)
Africa
• Rwanda
• Darfur
• Democratic Republic of Congo
• Sudan
Asia
• Myanmar – military vs. Rohingya
• Xinjiang, Tibet, China – gov’t vs. minority groups
(Uighur, Tibetans)
Refugee crisis
Environmental (Enduring Issues)
Industrial Revolution (docs) NOW (how the
issue continues today) pollution, climate
change, China & India and biggest polluters,
global warming, deforestation, conflict minerals
mined in Dem. Rep. of Congo
Regents Day
8:00 AM THIS WEDNESDAY, JUNE 18
Bring PENS for all writing!
Bring PENCILS for all shading MCQ
For ENL learners: 1) Chinese version 2) extra time
3) write in English, Chinese or both BUT choose
ONE packet to write IN
