WORLD

H I S T O RY

D R M I T TA L I S E T H I -
AIR 56,CSE 2016
S Y L L A B U S - W O R L D H I S T O RY
W O R L D H I S T O RY -
PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N S
FEUDALISM IN
ENGLAND
600-1500 A.D.
Q1.
THE DECLINE OF FEUDALISM PROMOTED TRADE
BUT ALSO LED TO AN INCREASE IN
C E N T R A L I S AT I O N W H I C H WA S T O L AT E R H AV E I T S
O W N S I D E E F F E C T S . E L U C I D AT E .
 1 4 T H - 1 8 T H C E N T U RY

R E N A I S S A N C E , R E F O R M AT I O N ,
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION,
ENLIGHTENMENT
R E F O R M AT I O N
WHY IS THE REVOLUTION
O F I D E A S S O I M P O RTA N T ?
S E V E N Y E A R S G L O B A L WA R ( 1 7 5 4 - 6 3 )
MERCANTILE
C A P I TA L I S M - T H E
S U B J U G AT I O N
1 7 7 3 - B O S T O N T E A PA RT Y
1775-1783
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WHILE ONE OF ITS
F I R S T WA S N O T R E A L LY A R E V O L U T I O N I N
T H E T R U E S T O F S E N S E . C R I T I C A L LY
E VA L U AT E .
W H AT WA S H A P P E N I N G I N
FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XVI?
FRENCH REVOLUTION , BY ITS IDEAS AND
WAY S , I N S P I R E D M A N Y A F R E E D O M S T R U G G L E S
I N I N D I A . D O Y O U A G R E E ? C O M M E N T.
T H E C O N C E P T O F A N AT I O N - H O W
DID THE FRENCH AND AMERICAN
REVOLUTION DEFINE IT?
WA S T H E I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N A R E V O L U T I O N ? W H Y ?

Impact of Industrial Revolution?

DIFFERENT COUNTRIES HAD DIFFERENT JOURNEYS

OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. ENGLAND
INDUSTRIALISED IN 1750 WHILE RUSSIA IN 1914.
WHY?
IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM WERE THE TWO DIFFERENT
FA C E S O F T H E S A M E P R O B L E M . C R I T I C A L LY C O M M E N T.

T H E I M PA C T O F A F R I C A N
C O L O N I A L I S M I S S T I L L F E LT I N T H E
2 1 S T C E N T U RY. A N A LY S E .
C O L O N I A L I S M I N T H E PA C I F I C
CUTTING OF THE CHINESE MELON -
COLONIALISM IN CHINA
TA I P I N G R E B E L L I O N -
1850-64
WA R L O R D E R A - 1 9 1 6 - 2 8
S I N O J A PA N - 1 8 9 4 - 5
R U S S O - J A PA N - 1 9 0 4 - 5
K U O M I N TA N G - K M T
CHINESE COMMUNIST
PA RT Y
J A PA N A N D I M P E R I A L I S M
WHY DID
J A PA N H AV E
TO BE AN
IMPERIALIS
T POWER?
World War I
 Causes of WWI – MANIA!
Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war

Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on

another

Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country

Imperialism – when one country takes over another country

economically and politically.

Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand

 European
Conquest of
Africa
 Militarism
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%
 Alliances

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

 Nationalism

• The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's

willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with
Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.
 The
“Spark”
 Assassination

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and

Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on
June 28th, 1914.
 Austrian
Archduke Franz Fer
dinand
was killed in
Bosnia by a Serbian
nationalist group
called the Black
Hand who believed
that Bosnia should
belong to Serbia.
 Domino Effect
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared
war on Serbia.

Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.

Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

 Domino Effect
Germany declares war on Russia.

France pledges their support for Russia.

Germany declares war on France.

Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.

Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

Allied Powers Central Powers

World War I
A T R A G E D Y O F M I S C A L C U L AT I O N S
What new weapons were used in WWI?

• Machine gun
• Poison gas
• Submarine
• Airplane
• Tank
• Why these weapons? Why now?
 Casualties?
• Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1
65,038,810

• Total troops dead from all countries in WW1

8,556,315

• Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1

21,219,452

• Total missing or POWs

7,750,945
 What were the results?
• Germany surrendered.
• Allies impose Treaty of Versailles.
– Declares Germany guilty for war.
– Germany must pay reparations to Allies.
• This sets the stage for WWII!
• League of Nations formed to try to prevent
war in the future.
World War II
 What was WWII?
• Largest war in human history.
• Involved countries, colonies, and territories
around the entire world.
• By the end, over 70 million were dead.
• It lasted from 1939 until 1945.
 Causes

• W WI and the Treaty of Versailles

• Appeasement
• Rise of Totalitarianism
 WWI and the Treaty of
Versailles
• Germany lost land to
surrounding nations
• War reparations
– Allies collect $ to pay back
war debts to US
– Germany pays $57 trillion
(modern day equivalent)
– Germans are bankrupt,
embarrassed, guilt ridden,
and angry.
• Desperate people turn to
desperate leaders
 Appeasement
• Giving someone something to make them happy and leave you alone.
• Hitler demanded land that wasn’t Germany’s and others just gave it to
him.
• Nations were trying to prevent war…it didn’t work. (Isolationism)
• Appeasement just showed Hitler that he could do whatever he
wanted.
“Peace
in Our
Time!”
 Rise of Totalitarianism
• A system in which the state and its leader
have nearly TOTAL control.
• Individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs
of the nation.
– No right to vote
– No free speech
– Government controlled economy
– Often a police state
 Totalitarianism

USSR: Germany & Italy: Japan:

Communist Fascist Military
Dictatorship Dictatorship Dictatorship
 Adolf Hitler-
Germany

Hideki Tojo -
Japan

Benito Mussolini-Italy

Josef Stalin-USSR
 What is Fascism?
• Political belief that says the individual is less
important than the nation.
• Glorifies violence, believes it is needed to
“prove” strength of a people.
• Uses nationalism and racism.
• Dictatorships.
• Italy and then Germany became fascist.
 What did Hitler Want?
• Militarism- soon after becoming chancellor he
begins rearming Germany breaking the Treaty of
Versailles
• Rhineland- moves troops into the Rhineland
territory again breaking the Treaty of Versailles
• Lebensraum- “living space”
– Austria - annexed peacefully in 1938
– Sudetenland – territory in Czechoslovakia
• Given to Germany by Great Britain and France
– Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
• What’s this called? ______________________
– On to Poland
 How did WWII start?
• Germany invaded Poland.
• Allies declare war on Germany.
• Germany then invades France, Belgium, etc.
• Then Hitler invades Russia.
• Germans use “blitzkrieg” to overwhelm other
armies.
– Blitzkrieg means “lightening war” in German.
– Surround with tanks and troops in trucks.
 Who was on each side?
Axis Powers Allied Powers
• Germany • Great Britain
• Italy • Soviet Union
• Japan • United States
• France
– Surrendered to
Germany in 1940 after 6
weeks
 What about the Pacific War?
• The US (mostly) fought the Japanese.
• December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii to sink US ships there.
– Two hours = most US navy destroyed and 2,000
sailors killed
• Japan surrenders after US drops atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 How did WWII end in Europe?
• Operation Overlord- Allied invasion of
France. Also called D-Day.
– Within a month 1 million Allied troops were
stationed in Europe.
– Germany is surrounded with the USSR to the east
• Germany surrenders in 1945 after Hitler
commits suicide.
 How did WWII end in Europe?
• Allies divide Germany up between them.
– This helps start the Cold War.
• Trials are held in Germany (and Japan) to
try the people responsible for the war.
– Many are executed and jailed for war crimes.
 What was the Holocaust?
• Nazi plan to kill all Jews.
• Why? Hitler’s provided a to Germany’s problems
• 6 million Jews murdered in camps in Europe.
• 5 million others (gypsies, mentally ill, homosexuals)
• Total of 11 million exterminated
• What is genocide?
• Purposely trying to exterminate an entire group of
people (ethnic, religious, racial).
 Quick Facts
• War Costs
– US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion
– US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion
• WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the
cost of WWI & equivalent to all previous
federal spending since 1776
 Losses of the Major Wartime Powers in WWII, 1939-
1945
• Germany • USSR
– 4.5 million military – 10 million military
– 2 million civilian – 10 million civilians

• Japan • Great Britain

– 2 million military – 300,000 military
– 350,000 civilians – 50,000 civilians

• Italy • France
– 400,000 military – 250,000 military
– 100,000 civilian – 350,000 civilian

• China • United States

– 274,000 military
– 2.5 million military
– 7.4 million civilians
C L A S S 3 : W O R L D H I S T O RY
T H E W O R L D WA R 2 E N D E D I N 1 9 4 5 , B U T T H E
B I T T E R N E S S B E T W E E N N AT I O N S C O N T I N U E D
T O S U RV I V E . C R I T I C A L LY E X A M I N E .
 Economic Systems
Capitalism, Socialism & Communism
Liberty or Equality?
 Do Now:
Respond to this question in your notebook--
Which is more important:

Liberty or Equality?
Why?

• Consider: What is Liberty? What is Equality?

 Capitalism
• Maximizes liberty
• Adam Smith – 1776 – “The Wealth of Nations”
• “Free Enterprise” – everyone is free to pursue any
economic activity
• Laissez-Faire – do not interfere in the economy
• Freedom to succeed and freedom to fail
• Private ownership of the means of production
(factories)
 Capitalism
• Profit is the motivator, competition is the
regulator (not government)
• Under pure capitalism, almost all goods would
be provided by the private sector (small
government) – Gov’t’s main job would be to
protect the country
• Do not tax the rich more than the poor – no
redistribution of income
• Good of the individual is above society
 Communism
• Maximizes Equality
• Karl Marx – 1848 - “The Communist Manifesto”
• Industrial Revolution – Europe – horrible working conditions - critique
of capitalism

• 1. Private Property allows for the exploitation of the poor.

• 2. View of History – class struggle--bourgeoisie (middle class) vs.
proletariat (working class). The government always sides with the
wealthy bourgeoisie because they control the gov’t.
• 3. Dictatorship of the Proletariat – Capitalism would make the
proletariat so poor –no choice but to have a violent revolution to
overthrow the bourgeoisie, set up a dictatorship, seize control of the
means of production, redistribute the wealth by force, and set up a
classless society.
 Communism
• Public (government) ownership of the means of
production and extensive economic planning
• Workers run the factories – everyone earns an equal
amount
• Lots of government intervention in the economy to
promote equality
• Good of society is above the individual
 Socialism
• Mix of Equality and Liberty
• Between pure capitalism and pure communism
• Some private ownership and some public ownership
of property
• Some government intervention in the economy
• Redistribution of income – high taxes on the rich to
provide lots of government services
– Examples of government programs like this in the India?
 COMMUNISM
IN THE SOVIET UNION AND CHINA
 What is Communism?

• Who controls the • State

government?

• How is government put • Revolution

into power?

• What roles do the people • Work for the state’s benefit

have?

• Who controls production • State

of goods?

• Who controls distribution • State

of goods?
Major Works

The
Communist
Utopia (1516) Manifesto Animal Farm
Republic by
by Thomas (1848) by Karl (1945) by
Plato
More Marx and George Orwell
Friedrich
Engels
Major Figures
 COMMUNISM
IN SOVIET UNION
The October Revolution, 1917 =>
Birth of The Soviet Communism
 COMMUNISM
UNDER LENIN
• Totalitarian
System
• Single Party
• Control over the
Means of
Production and
Distribution
 BOLSHEVIKS

Members of the
majority
faction of the
Russian
Communist
Party led by
Lenin
March 4, 1919 => Comintern (The Third International ) was formed
by Russian Marxists
 COMINTERN (Third International)

Attempt of Marxian movements to get organized at the international level

Aim: Dominate and control over communist parties around the world

Founder: Vladimir Lenin

Active dates: 1919-1924

First conference held in Moscow, 1919, with 52 delegates

LENIN’S DEVIATION FROM MARXIST THEORY

Silencing the opposition and eliminating the threats

Closing not pro-Bolshevik newspapers

Getting rid of the Constituent Assembly

Confiscation of goods and products from the peasants

Redistribution of the materials to his troops

He felt that this was the 1st step to socialism

 NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)

• Limited private property

• Compensation for goods taken from the peasants
• Profit and efficiency
incentives
 JOSEPH STALIN

Strong ideology of
communism-loyalty
towards State

Five-Year Plans(1929-1933), industry and

agriculture became communal

Had created second

military and industry
superpower after USA
• Many policies of Stalin were
inspired by Lenin. Examine.
The Soviet Gulags (Concentration Camps) =>
resource for the construction of industries, esp railways and roads,
mining operations, and timber industry
WWII, 1941-45
 NIKITA KHRUSCHEV

Housing program; Improvement of foreign

relations;

Destalinization;

“ Capitalism and Communism could coexist

”

Attempts to end the Cold War

 MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

Restructuring - Glasnost and

Perestroika.

Collapse of USSR

Supported Social-Democracy

Allowed private business

COMMUNISM IN CHINA
May Fourth Movement, 1919 =>
Birth of Chinese Communism
 Fitzgerald, Charles
Patrick
“The Birth of Communist
China”

“ it was clear that the

Western way was not the
solution, and tacitly it was
abandoned , even by the
revolutionary element ”
 CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY

July, 1921 =>

The First Chinese

Communist Party was
formed by Chinese Marxists
aided by Russian Gregor
Voitinsky
 CHIANG KAI-SHEK

• Leader of
Kuomintang,
Nationalist Party
• Came to power in 1925
• Lacked ideological
attraction to
communism
• Led the Northern
Expedition
• Purge of Nanking
Northern Expedition , 1926 - 28
aimed at uniting the country by force
The Purge of Nanking
major effort by Chiang Kai-Shek to destroy the Communists as
his main rivals for power in China
 MAO AND THE LONG MARCH

The Long March(to Shensi) in October,1934 was a massive retreat to remove

the CCP and its Red Army from the blows of Chiang’s extermination campaign
 1949
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
 CHINA UNDER THE
MAO

Mao Zedong used

Marxism-Leninism to build
a communist China that
today embraces capitalism.
Mao’s portrait was
ubiquitous.
 FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN

1953 - 57
• Political
centraliza
• Industrialization tion

• Collectivization
of agriculture

Main focus: development of heavy industry on the Soviet

model
 HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN

“Let a hundred flowers

bloom and a hundred
schools of thought to
contend”

A period of debate in 1956 – 57, when citizens were invited to voice their opinions of
the communist regime
 GREAT LEAP FORWARD

• Slow growth of agriculture and

• Problem quick industrial growth

• Collectives Communes
• Solution • Promotion of equality

• Loss of Stalin’s economic aid

• Result • Decrease in economy
• Great Leap of 1958 in China was actually a great
leap backward. Explain.
 CULTURAL REVOLUTION

• Aim • Outcome

• Attacks on intellectuals
• Restoration of power
with the help of Red • A large-scale purge at
Guards party posts
• Appearance of a
personality cult

1966 - 68
Chinese accused of being “capitalist roaders” being paraded through Beijing in
1967 during the Cultural Revolution
 DENG XIAOPING AND HIS FOUR
MODERNIZATIONS

• Industry

• Agriculture

• National defense

• Science and

technology
June 4, 1989 => Brutal attack on the democracy demonstrators in
Tiananmen Squire
• Overthrow of SIMILARITIES• Overthrow of
Romanov Qing Dynasty
Dynasty • Five-Year Plan
• Five-Year Plan under Mao
under Stalin Tse-tung
(1929-33) (1953-58)
• Personality • Personality
cult of Lenin, cult of Mao
Stalin Tse-tung

Slow growth of agriculture and quick growth of heavy industry

 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

• Why do you think communism failed?

• What are the similarities between Stalin’s and
Mao Tse-tung’s dictatorship under communism?
• Which political system in your opinion is more
beneficial for current society?
The Cold War 1945-1990
US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Democracy vs. Communism
Capitalism vs. Socialism
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
• 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler
(Germany).
• 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.
• Stalin changes sides and fights with US and other
allies.
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
• Before the end of the World War II,
Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at
Yalta to plan what should happen
when the war ended. They agreed on
many points:
1. The establishment of the United
Nations
2. Division of Germany into four zones
3. Free elections allowed in the states of Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US)
Eastern Europe and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to
decide the fate of post-war Europe.
4. Russia’s promise to join the war
against Japan

No agreement was reached on Poland.

Cold War Characteristics
• Political, strategic and ideological struggle between
the US and the USSR that spread throughout the
world
• Struggle that contained everything short of war
• Competing social and economic ideologies
Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and foreign policies of the United States?

Domestic Policies:
Foreign Policies:
•1. McCarthyism
•1. Korean War
•2. HUAC
•2. Arms Race
–House Un-American Activities
Committee •3. Truman Doctrine
•3. Loyalty oaths •4. Eisenhower
•4. Blacklists Doctrine
•5. Bomb shelters

Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist. A 1950s era bomb shelter
Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of
the Cold War? 1.

The six major strategies were:

•1. Brinkmanship,
•2. Espionage, 3.

•3. Foreign aid,

•4.Alliances,
•5. Propaganda,
•6. Surrogate wars.
2.

4.

6.

5.
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US
• Promote open markets for US
goods to prevent another
depression
• Promote democracy throughout

the world, especially in Asia

and Africa
• Stop the spread of communism
–“Domino Effect”
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR
•Create greater security for itself
– lost tens of millions of people in WWII and
Stalin’s purges
– feared a strong Germany
•Establish defensible borders
•Encourage friendly governments on its borders
•Spread communism around the world

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the

Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all
these famous cities and the populations around
them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere,
and all are subject in one form or another, not
only to Soviet influence but to a very high and,
in some cases, increasing measure of control
from Moscow.”

Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s

“Iron Curtain Speech.”
Truman Doctrine •1947: British help Greek government
fight communist guerrillas.
–They appealed to America for aid,
and the response was the Truman
Doctrine.
– America promised it would support free
countries to help fight
communism.
– Greece received large amounts of
arms and supplies and by 1949 had
defeated the communists.
•The Truman Doctrine was significant
because it showed that America, the
most powerful democratic country, was
prepared to resist the spread of
communism throughout the world.
 • In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced
Marshall Plan the Marshall Plan.
–This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to
help it recover from the damage caused by the
war.
•There were two motives for this:
– Helping Europe to recover economically would
provide markets for American goods, so benefiting
American industry.
– A prosperous Europe would be better able to
resist the spread of communism. This was probably
the main motive.

Secretary of State George

Marshall.

A poster promoting the Marshall Plan

Eisenhower Doctrine
• The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced in a
speech to Congress on January 5, 1957.
•It required Congress to yield its war-making
power to the president so that the president
could take immediate military action.
•It created a US commitment to defend the
Middle East against attack by any communist
country.
• The doctrine was made in response to the
possibility of war, threatened as a result of the
USSR’s attempt to use the Suez War as a
pretext to enter Egypt.
President Eisenhower with his Secretary of – The British and French withdrawals from their former
State John Dulles colonies created a power vacuum that communists
were trying to fill.
The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949

A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII

Map of Germany divided into

zones after WWII
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• In 1949 the western nations formed the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization to co- ordinate
their defense against USSR.
•It originally consisted of:
–America
–Belgium
–Britain
–Canada
–Denmark
–France
–Holland
–Italy
–Luxembourg
–Norway
–Portugal
• Since the fall of the Soviet Union in
1991,some former Soviet republics have
applied for membership to NATO.

NATO flag
 Warsaw Pact
•Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern
Europe.
•Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
•USSR established in in response to NATO treaty
•Founding members:
–Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)
–Bulgaria
–Czechoslovakia
–Hungary
–Poland
–Romania
– USSR
–East Germany (1956)

Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact

 • McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin,
Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)
did the most to whip up anti- communism during
the ‘50s.
• On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming
to have a list of 205 Communists in the State
Department.
• No one in the press actually saw the names on
the list.
• McCarthy continued to repeat his groundless
charges, changing the number from speech to
speech.
• During this time, one state required pro wrestlers
to take a loyalty oath before stepping into the
ring.
• In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted
Robin Hood (and its vaguely socialistic message that
the book's hero had a right to rob from the rich
and give to the poor) and forced librarians to pull
the book from the shelves.
• Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves
the "Redlegs."

Cincinnati Redlegs primary

logo in use from 1954-1959
 • In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy
when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist
McCarthy’s Downfall
accused of being a Communist.
• For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the
public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his
investigations as little more than a witch hunt.
• In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for
his conduct and to strip him of his privileges.
• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.
• The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-
Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by
association.

Movie poster for the 2005 film Good Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was on
Night and Good Luck about the fall of the surface about the Salem Witch Trials.
Joseph McCarthy It’s real target, though, was the
hysterical persecution of innocent people
during McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film
version)
 Arms Race
• Cold War tensions increased in
the US when the USSR exploded
its first atomic bomb in 1949.

• Cold War tensions increased in

the USSR when the US exploded
its first hydrogen bomb in 1952.
It was 1000 times more powerful
than the Hiroshima atomic
bomb.
 Space Race
• Cold War tensions increased in the US when
the USSR launched Sputnik I, the first
artificial satellite into geocentric orbit on
October 4, 1957.
– The race to control space was on.

• April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became

first human in space and first to orbit
Earth.
• US felt a loss of prestige and
increased funding for space programs
and science education.
• On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a
speech challenging America to land a
man on the moon and return him
safely by the end of the decade.
• Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July
16, 1969.
The U-2 Incident
 The Bay of Pigs Invasion
•The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to
overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
• Increasing friction between the US and Castro's communist regime led President
Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.
• Even before that, however, the CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for
a possible invasion of the island.
•The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy.
The Bay of Pigs Invasion…

Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Berlin Wall

Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall with barbed

wire at top.

A view from the French sector looking over the wall.

Cuban Missile Crisis

CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied intermediate and medium range missiles if
launched from Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis…

From top: Castro, Kennedy,

Khrushchev, and poster for a
movie about the crisis called
Thirteen Days
 The Slow Thaw
• End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson,
Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign
policy concern
• Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and
the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950s, pays
homage to the use of Soviets as villains.
•Better relations between communists countries and the US began
with one of the most hard-lined anti-communist presidents, Richard
Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go to China” trip, Nixon was the
first US president to visit that communist country.

Cate Blanchette as Col.

Dr. Irina Spalko in Indiana
Jones and the Temple of
the Crystal Skull

A magazine cover about

ping pong diplomacy, so
called because better
relations between the US
and China came after the
two countries’ ping pong
Richard and Pat Nixon
(in an appropriately red teams played each other.
coat) at the Great Wall
of China
 The Slow Thaw…
•In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the Strategic
Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement.
• SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the
addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same
number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been
dismantled.
• It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.
• SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce
manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real
reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides.

Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty. Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Interrupts Thaw
• In 1978, the USSR invaded Afghanistan and tried to set up a
friendly government.
• It became the USSR’s Vietnam, a long war with no clear
victory possible and many casualties and high costs.
•The US supported the Afghani rebels known as the
mujahideen.
• In 1989 the Soviets finally withdrew. Islamic extremists
used the opportunity to take over the country.
• The defeat weakened the Soviet’s economy and morale.

Movie poster for Charlie Wilson’s War about US efforts

to support the mujahideen

Muhahideen celebrate the downing of a Soviet

helicopter
 Reagan’s Star Wars Interrupts Thaw
•The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by President Reagan on in 1983 to use
ground and space-based systems to protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. It
focused on strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD).
• It was quickly nicknamed “Star Wars.”
•Criticism of SDI:
– It would require the US to change, withdraw from, or break earlier treaties.
– The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which requires "States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit
around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction,
install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner" and
would forbid the US from pre-positioning in Earth orbit any devices powered by nuclear weapons and any
devices capable of "mass destruction.“
–The program proposed to use unproven technology.
–The program would cost many billions of dollars.
– It would start a new arms race with the Soviets.

Artist rendering of satellites

and lasers to be used in SDI
 Cold War Thaw Continues
•Gorbachev becomes Soviet premier and understands
that the Soviet economy cannot compete with the
West, partly because of Afghanistan and partly because
of the costs of keeping up militarily.
• Gorbachev recognizes there is increasing unrest in the
country.
• He tries to reform the USSR with glasnost (= openness:
think “glass” because you can see through it) and
perestroika (=restructuring: think “structure/stroika”).
•Gorbachev is further pressured to reform the USSR when
Reagan gives his speech in Germany challenging
Gorbachev to “tear down this wall.”

Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev

President Reagan delivers his speech in

Berlin.
The Wall Falls, 1989
• A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence occurs
throughout its European allies.
• Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet hold
on that country
• Hungary removed its border restrictions with
Austria.
•Riots and protests break out in East Germany.
• East Germans storm the wall. Confused and
outnumbered, border guards do not fight back.
• The wall is breached.
• Eventually East and West Germany are reunited in
1990.
 The USSR Dissolves
• On December 21, 1991, the presidents of Russia,
Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords
declaring the USSR dissolved and established the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.
• On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded as the
president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He
turned the powers that until then were vested in him
over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia.
•The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest
governmental body of the Soviet Union, recognized the
collapse of the Soviet Union and dissolved itself.
– This is generally recognized as the official, final dissolution
of the Soviet Union as a functioning state.
Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank to
defy the 1991 coup

Rocky beats Ivan Drago.

Cold War: Korean and
Vietnam Wars
 Korean War
■ American involvement in the KOREAN
WAR in the early 1950s reflected the
American policy of CONTAINMENT of
COMMUNISM
• Containment  “American policy of
RESISTING the EXPANSION of communism
around the world”
■ War lasted 1950-1953
 Background
▪Japan had ANNEXED the Korean
peninsula before WWI; Japanese
defeated in WWII
▪ 1945  Allies agreed on a
TEMPORARY solution = temporary
division of Korea at the 38 th

PARALLEL
▪ SOVIET-occupied NORTHERN zone
▪ AMERICAN-occupied SOUTHERN
zone
■ Soon a PRO-AMERICAN government
formed in SOUTH Korea and a
COMMUNIST regime was established in
NORTH Korea.
 War breaks out in Korea
■ Koreans on BOTH sides of the dividing
line wanted to UNIFY their nation
■ JUNE 1950: the Korean War broke out
when NORTH KOREAN troops INVADED
South Korea over the 38th parallel
border  they were determined to
reunite Korea BY FORCE
U.S. response
1)Pres. TRUMAN
brought the issue of
North Korean
aggression to the
UNITED NATIONS
2)Truman ordered American AIR and
NAVAL support + GROUND troops to
aid the South Koreans.
4) Truman did NOT go to CONGRESS for
an official declaration of war (as
required by the CONSTITUTION)
- Article 1, Section 8: Congress
maintains the power to DECLARE WAR
 UN Police Action
■ The U.S. chose Gen.
Douglas MACARTHUR to
be the COMMANDER of
the UN forces
■ Americans made up
roughly 80% of POLICE
ACTION in Korea
• Police action: a
LOCALIZED military action
without declaration of war
 Waging the War
■ American military forces led a United
Nations COUNTERATTACK that drove
deep into NORTH KOREA itself.
■ Communist CHINESE forces came into
the war on the side of North Korea to
PUSH BACK UN forces
■ STALEMATE developed between the
two sides
■ TRUCE signed in 1953 left Korea
DIVIDED at almost the exact same
place as before the war  near the
38 PARALLEL
th
 Effects of Korean War
1) Enormous FRUSTRATION in United
States  54,000 dead, 103,000
wounded for LIMITED results
2) RESISTANCE of Communist forces,
containment WITHOUT nuclear war
3) INTEGRATION of UNITS in armed
forces
4) Huge INCREASE in MILITARY
SPENDING
5) Development of powerful MILITARY-
INDUSTRIAL complex
6) Permanent MOBILIZATION of troops
 Vietnam War
■ American involvement in the VIETNAM
WAR also reflected the Cold War policy
of CONTAINMENT of communism
 Background
■ “DOMINO theory”: refers to the fear
that if one SOUTHEAST ASIAN nation
fell to the Communists, the others
would also fall
■ Because of its GEOGRAPHIC location, a
Communist TAKEOVER of Vietnam
posed a THREAT to Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, and Thailand
 Increasing U.S. Involvement
■ Beginning in the 1950s and continuing
into the early 1960s, the COMMUNIST
government of NORTH Vietnam
attempted to install a communist
government in SOUTH Vietnam BY
FORCE
■ The UNITED STATES helped South
Vietnam RESIST
■ The American military BUILDUP in
Vietnam began under Pres.
EISENHOWER and Pres. John F.
KENNEDY
■ After Kennedy’s ASSASSINATION in
1963, the military buildup was
INTENSIFIED under Pres. Lyndon
JOHNSON
 Gulf of Tonkin
■ August 1964: Johnson
announced that North
Vietnamese TORPEDOES had
attacked U.S. destroyers in the
GULF of TONKIN
(INTERNATIONAL waters)
■ Johnson asked CONGRESS for
authority to take ACTION
against North Vietnam 
Congress passed the Gulf of
Tonkin RESOLUTION
 Fighting the War
■ Nearly 3 MILLION Americans served in
the Vietnam War
■ Battlefield conditions were DIFFICULT:
• Viet Cong (Communist guerillas in South
Korea) were familiar with LANDSCAPE
• South Vietnamese seemed INDIFFERENT
• Couldn’t TRUST anyone
• Intense HEAT, jungle climate
 Ground War
■ Viet Cong lacked sophisticated
equipment, so they used GUERILLA
warfare tactics
• Worked in small groups to launch SNEAK
attacks
• Hid in elaborate underground TUNNELS
• Set BOOBY traps like camouflaged PITS
and LAND MINES
 Air War
■ SATURATION bombing: huge B-52
American bombers dropped thousands
of tons of EXPLOSIVES over large
areas
■ Chemical weapons:
• NAPALM: a destructive CHEMICAL,
splattered and burned uncontrollably when
dropped from airplanes, including on
human FLESH
AGENT ORANGE  HERBICIDE that
killed leaves and undergrowth to expose
Viet Cong hiding places; also killed CROPS
and caused HEALTH problems
■ Despite the LARGE United States
presence in South Vietnam (536,000
by end of 1968), Communist forces
INTENSIFIED their efforts
■ Tet Offensive
• Major offensive
launched by VIET CONG
and NORTH Vietnamese
on January 30, 1968
• Communists were
extremely BRUTAL,
killing anyone they
labeled an enemy
• Viet Cong won
PSYCHOLOGICAL
victory
 Massacre at My Lai
■ March 1968: U.S. infantry company entered
MY LAI (small village that was supposedly
sheltering Viet Cong)
■ U.S. soldiers found only WOMEN, CHILDREN,
and OLD MEN in the village  the U.S.
soldiers massacred these civilians
■ More than 400 INNOCENT Vietnamese died
until a U.S. HELICOPTER crew stepped in to
halt the slaughter
 Political Divisions
■ The country became BITTERLY
DIVIDED over the Vietnam War.
■ Some Americans SUPPORTED the
American military and the war effort,
hoped for military victory
■ Other Americans believed the war was
MORALLY WRONG, urged immediate
withdrawal
 Student Activism
■ Active opposition to the war occurred
especially on COLLEGE campuses
■ Students were among the first to
speak out against the Vietnam War:
• “TEACH-INS”
• DRAFT RESISTANCE
• PROTESTS
 Nixon and “Vietnamization”
■ After Johnson declined to seek re-election,
President NIXON was elected on his pledge
to bring the war to an HONORABLE END.
■ He instituted the policy of
“VIETNAMIZATION”  WITHDRAWING
American troops and replacing them with
South Vietnamese soldiers, while maintaining
military aid to the South Vietnamese
 End of the War
■ January 1973: U.S., South Vietnam,
North Vietnam, and Viet Cong signed
FORMAL PEACE AGREEMENTS
■ Nixon FORCED out of office by the
WATERGATE scandal (1972-1974)
• Break-in at Democratic National Convention
headquarters
• Nixon part of illegal cover-up
• Nixon impeached, then resigned
■ Ultimately “Vietnamization” FAILED
when South Vietnamese troops were
UNABLE to resist INVASION by the
Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese
Army
■ April 30, 1975  North Vietnam
completed its CONQUEST of South
Vietnam
■ North and South Vietnam MERGED
under communist control
Impact of Vietnam War
■ More than 58,000
Americans dead
■ 300,000 Americans
wounded
■ More than 2,500 MIA
(MISSING IN
ACTION) and POWs
(PRISONERS OF
WAR)
■ LONGEST and LEAST successful war in
American history
■ United States spent at least $150
billion on the Vietnam War
■ MORE bombs dropped on Vietnam than
on all the Axis powers in WWII
■ DIVIDED the nation more than any
other war besides the Civil War
Vietnam War Memorial in
Washington, D.C.
Decolonization & Nationalism
in Africa
 Road towards independence

• Post-WWII - a focus on self-determination in

Europe
• Colonialism seemed to contradict the spirit of the
Allies fight against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
• Over 200,000
Africans had fought
in Europe and Asia
for the Allies’
freedom and
democracy – most
noticed the
contradiction
 Road towards Independence

• Most Europeans planned a “long

transition” period to independence
• By mid-1950’s pace increased
• 1960 considered the year of Africa with
so many nations gaining
independence
 End of an Empire?

“The wind of change is blowing through this

continent, and whether we like it or not, this
growth of national consciousness is a political
fact. We must all accept it, and our national
policies must take account of it.”
- British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1960 to the
South African Parliament

• What is the significance of this statement to the

British Empire?
 Independence

• Three major routes:

– Peaceful / Negotiated independence
• Typically achieved in non-settler colonies, ex =
Ghana
– Violent
• Typically occurred in settler colonies, ex = Kenya,
Algeria
– Incomplete
• White settler minority population given political
power in decolonization, ex = S. Africa
Settler Africa
 Settler Colonies

• Different obstacles met by settler vs.

non-settler colonies - what might they
be? What is the difference?
• Settler colonies in Algeria (one million)
and Kenya (40,000) pushed
governments to defeat nationalist
uprisings
Kenya
"We refused to do this work. We were fighting for our freedom. We were
not slaves. ... There were two hundred guards. One hundred seventy
stood around us with machine guns. Thirty guards were inside the
trench with us. The white man in charge blew his whistle and the
guards started beating us. They beat us from 8 am to 11.30. They
were beating us like dogs. I was covered by other bodies - just my
arms and legs were exposed. I was very lucky to survive. But the
others were still being beaten. There was no escape for them.”
 Settler Colonies

• Both Kenya and Algeria uprisings

would be eventually smashed
• Weariness and new anti-colonial
sentiments lead to independence
anyway
• Most French Algerians leave, most
British Kenyans stay
Non-Settler Africa

Tropical Dependencies
 Non-Settler Colonies

• Non-settler colonies moved more

quickly towards independence - why?
• Gandhi and India became a model for
much of Africa
 Ghana & Nkrumah’s Vision

• 1st black African majority to gain

independence in 1957
Nkrumah’s Goals:
• Unify Africa politically and
economically (Pan-Africanism)
• Harness vast natural resources
• Reduce Western influence
• Positive economic influence
 South Africa

• apartheid
1899
 Garrison State:
South Africa

• 1910: Union of S. Africa

• 1948: Afrikaner government begins apartheid
policies to institutionalize white supremacy
– Separate, unequal facilities
– Pass laws require pass books for blacks
– Blacks resettled into infertile, resource depleted homelands
to ensure segregation & “protect” African culture
• 1961: Full independence
1970
 Garrison State:
South Africa

Nelson Mandela
• 1960-1990: Resistance & gov response intensifies
– Resistance led by African National Congress & outspoken
leaders like Nelson Mandela & Steve Biko
– Gov response was brutal & exploited ethnic division even
in face of nonviolent protest
– Sharpesville Massacre sparks new violent response from
ANC
• Led to Mandela receiving prison sentence for life
 Garrison State:
South Africa

F. W. de Klerk Nelson Mandela

• International community added pressure to force

change in S. African policies
– Economic sanctions eventually pressure F.W. de Klerk to
make changes
• 1990: Mandela released from prison
• 1994: End of apartheid & election of Mandela
1990
1994
1994
Results of Decolonization
 External Challenges

• Western investments remain

– Impact?

• Economic dependence on former

colonial powers

• Cold War (USSR v. US) struggle to

spread influence
 Internal Challenges

• Tribal allegiances
• Illiteracy / under developed education
system
• No tradition of ongoing political
leadership in modern times
• Religious differences
• Diverse geography and climate
• Established social hierarchies
 Results of Decolonization

• Nationalist parties & African elites gain

power
– Use anti-colonial legacy to maintain power
& cloud ineptitude & favoritism
• Economic dependence on West
coupled with political corruption
cripples attempts to diversify economy
– Stuck in cash crop ag & extraction of
resources
 Results of Decolonization

• Initial political parties reflected ethnic,

regional, or religious groups - few true
national parties
• Power often gained by corrupt African
“strongmen” (dictators) who ignored
the social needs of people
• Large loans to modernize economies
squandered by those in power - leave
little progress, lots of debt
The Arab-Israeli Conflict
 ZIONISM
In 1896 following the appearance of
anti-Semitism in Europe, Theodore
Herzl, the founder of Zionism, tried
to find a political solution for the
problem in his book, 'The Jewish
State'. He advocated the creation of
a Jewish state in Argentina or
Palestine.
 THE BALFOUR DECLARATION

Britain occupied the region at the end of

the World War I in 1918 and was
assigned as the mandatory power by
the League of Nations on 25 April 1920.

Then in 1917, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour committed Britain
to work towards “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
Jewish people,” in a letter to leading Zionist Lord Rothschild. It is known
as the “_____________________________”Balfour Declaration
Wars Divide the Land
 UN Partition Plan
Britain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility for
solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947.

The UN recommended splitting

the territory into separate Jewish
and Palestinian states.
The partition plan gave:

• 56.47% of Palestine to the

Jewish state
• 43.53% to the Arab state
• An international enclave around
Jerusalem.

• On 29 November 1947, 33
countries of the UN General
Assembly voted for partition, 13
Which Countries are most likely to vote voted against and 10 abstained.
against the U.N. Partition Plan?
 Israel’s War for Independence
The State of Israel, the first Jewish state for nearly 2,000
years, was proclaimed on May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv. The
declaration came into effect the following day as the last
British troops withdrew.

The day after the state of Israel was declared five Arab armies from Jordan,
Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq immediately invaded Israel but were repulsed,
and the Israeli army crushed pockets of resistance. Armistices established Israel's
borders on the frontier of most of the earlier British Mandate Palestine.
Series of Wars and
Conflicts

Suez Crisis
Six-Day War – 1967
Yom Kippur War - 1973
 Formation of the PLO
In January 1964, the
Palestinians created a genuinely
independent organization when
Yasser Arafat took over the
chairmanship of the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO)
in 1969. His Fatah organization
was gaining notoriety with its
armed operations against Israel.

Fatah fighters inflicted heavy

casualties on Israeli troops at
Karameh in Jordan in 1968.
 Terrorism

• In the 1970s, under Yasser Arafat's leadership, PLO factions

and other militant Palestinian groups launched a series of
attacks on Israeli and other targets.
• One such attack took place at the Munich Olympics in 1972 in
which 11 Israeli athletes were killed.
The PLO Struggles for Recognition
 Arafat at the United Nations
• But while the PLO pursued
the armed struggle to "liberate
all of Palestine," Arafat made a
dramatic first appearance at
the United Nations in 1974
mooting a peaceful solution.
• He condemned the Zionist
project, but concluded:
The speech was a watershed
in the Palestinians' search for
international recognition of
their cause.

"Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom

fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand."
 The Camp David Accords, 1979

In 1979, after intensive negotiations conducted by the U.S.,

Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David accords. A peace
treaty was concluded and Israel returned the Sinai desert to
the Egyptians. President Sadat of Egypt became the first Arab
leader to visit the Jewish state and in a sign of the new
relations between the two countries, he addressed the Israeli
parliament, the Knesset.
 Sadat Assassinated

Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamist elements in the Egyptian army,

who opposed peace with Israel, during national celebrations to mark the
anniversary of the October war.
 Palestinian Intifada
A mass uprising - or intifada
against the Israeli occupation
began in Gaza and quickly spread
to the West Bank.

• Protest took the form of civil disobedience, general strikes, boycotts on

Israeli products, graffiti, and barricades, but it was the stone-throwing
demonstrations against the heavily-armed occupation troops that captured
international attention.
• The Israeli Defense Forces responded and there was heavy loss of life
among Palestinian civilians.
• More than 1,000 died in clashes which lasted until 1993.
Palestinian Intifada
 The Oslo Peace Process
The election of the left-wing
Labour government in June
1992, led by Yitzhak Rabin,
triggered a period of frenetic
Israeli-Arab peacemaking in
the mid-1990s.

• The PLO, meanwhile, wanted to make peace talks work because of the
weakness of its position due to the Gulf War in 1991.

• The Palestinians consented to recognize Israel in return for the

beginning of phased dismantling of Israel's occupation.

• Negotiations culminated in the Declaration of Principles, signed on the

White House lawn and sealed with a historic first handshake between
Rabin and Yasser Arafat watched by 400 million people around the world.
Jordan-Israeli Peace
• In July 1994 Prime
Minister Mr. Rabin and
King Hussein of Jordan
signed a peace agreement
ending 46 years of war
and strained relations.
• The agreement, which
was signed at the White
House in the presence of
U.S. President Bill
Clinton, laid the
groundwork for a full
peace treaty
Turning Point
 Rabin Assassinated
• Oslo II was greeted with little
enthusiasm by Palestinians, while
Israel's religious right was furious
at the "surrender of Jewish land".
• Amid an incitement campaign
against Israeli Prime Minister
Yitzhak Rabin, a Jewish religious
extremist assassinated him on 4
November, sending shock waves
around the world.
• The dovish Shimon Peres,
architect of the faltering peace
process, became prime minister.
 Talks Fail, New Intifada Starts!
•After the withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000,
attention turned back to Yasser Arafat, who was under
pressure from Barak and US President Bill Clinton to
abandon gradual negotiations and launch an all-out
push for a final settlement at the presidential retreat at
Camp David. Two weeks of talks failed to come up
with acceptable solutions to the status of Jerusalem
and the right of return of Palestinian refugees.

• In the uncertainty of the ensuing impasse, Ariel

Sharon, the veteran right-winger who succeeded
Binyamin Netanyahu as Likud leader, toured the al-
Aqsa/Temple Mount complex in Jerusalem on 28
September. Sharon's critics saw it as a highly
provocative move. Palestinian demonstrations
followed, quickly developing into what became
known as the al-Aqsa intifada, or uprising.
Terrorist Attacks Continue
Second Intifiada
Bombing the Arafat Compound
Israeli Response

"Peace requires a new and different

Palestinian leadership so that a
Palestinian state can be born," President
George W. Bush
 “Road Map to Peace”
A “Two-State” solution

• The "road map" for peace is a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by the
United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations.
• The principles of the plan calls for an independent Palestinian state living side by side with the
Israeli state in peace. Bush was the first U.S. President to explicitly call for such a Palestinian state.
 “Road Map to Peace”
• The first step on the road map was the appointment of the first-ever Palestinian
Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas (also known as Abu Mazen) by Palestinian leader
Yasser Arafat.

New
Palestinian
Authority
 Arafat Dies!

• Yasser Arafat, the champion of Palestinian statehood, died on Thursday 11th November, at
age 75 in a military hospital in France.
• As a world famous terrorist, the life of Arafat was full of controversy. While his own people in
Palestine have responded to his death with deep sorrow and grief, world leaders and religious
bodies around the world express their new hope for peace to be brought to war-torn Palestine.
Hamas wins elections

Opposes “Two-State” solution

 Palestinian Terrorism
• Many groups want to destroy Israel (PLO has recognized Israel’s right to exist)
•Hamas and other groups use bombings, kidnappings, and rocket launches from Gaza
 Hateful Propaganda
•Use of doctored photos to
alter world opinion
•Hamas uses civilians as
human shields to use their
deaths as propaganda
against Israel
•Indoctrination the youth on
both sides
•Radicals on both sides vilify
the “Other”
 Israeli Troops
•Launched military campaign against Hamas
in Gaza after it found tunnel network created
by Hamas in preparation for terrorist attacks
and kidnappings.
•Israel wants military posts in Jordan valley
•Israel uses a series of checkpoints to limit
travel of Palestinians
 Palestinian Refugees
•726,000 refugees forced out during war in 1948
•4.4 million Palestinian refugees around the world
•Israel has built a barrier to protect Israeli settlements in the West Bank.
•Israel will not allow return of refugees to Israel, but will allow them to return to future Palestinian state
 Jerusalem
•Israel annexed East Jerusalem
•Palestinian state wants Jerusalem as its capital
•Sacred city to Islam, Judaism and Christianity – Old City is proving
difficult to divide.
 Israeli Settlements
•380,000 Jews occupy 123 official and 100 unofficial settlements
in the West Bank
•20,000 Jews live on Golan Heights
•Barriers, fences, checkpoints limit freedoms of Palestinians
•Israel has removed settlements in the Sinai and Gaza.
 Security Fence or Apartheid Wall?

*Supporters: The barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism
* Opponents: The barrier is an illegal attempt to annex Palestinian land, violates
international law and severely restricts Palestinians’ ability to travel freely within the
West Bank and to access work in Israel.
Security Fence or Apartheid Wall?