1 | | UNIT 1: Food 1. Growing Plants for Food l Jy y Maye Write the major nutrients contained in these plant foods we eat. = Rice, —__ i vent) — (| oi! —____ “= Whest se Living things grow and reproduce. Animals reproduce by different ways. A dog gives birth to puppies and a cat gives birth to little kittens. Hens and ducks lay Cae Dif i f amps i Au amimals emel plants a ofpredeee e al s, plan! 's repréduce in various ways - ae p i regain byed) * From seeds « From spores « From different pavts of plants “~~” New Plants Grow from Seeds Most plants bear flowers. Some flowers grow into fruits. Fruits contain seeds inside them Some fruits have only one seed, while some others have many seeds, Flowers Frut—_ AS aeayiig ) A. Name any two fruits that rh one seed inthem. | 1 Wh nAiteh 2 B. Name any {wo fruits that have many seeds in them. yy, 1 hay, 2 Hira What is inside a seed? AN (A seed has a baby plant inside it. A baby plant develops into a new plant, when i finds the right conditions) Take a few dry bean seeds. You will notice tha(‘the seeds have a hard covering. itis called the seed coatfft protects Bae the seed from being damaged, boak the seed$ overnight. Seed coat Observe the soaked seeds in thé morning, You will ind that Cotyledon the seed coat has become soft. Remove the seed coat. You will see two thick seed leaves or cotyledons. Open the cotyledons. You can see a baby plant inside it. It is called the embryo, The cotyledons store food for the baby plant. The stored food is used by the baby Plant till it grows into a seedling (New plants are called seedling Geeds of some plants like grams and ets two seed leaves. These are called dicot seeds(/Seeds of Ba ‘ some other plants like maize, wheat and rice have nian one seed leaf. These are called monocot seed: Si Embryo (The embryo has a shoot and a root. The shoot later on grows out of the ground into the stem and the roots spread under the ground.) veed leaf Monocot seed Dicot seed Seed germination The growth of a plant from a seed is called Caen 4 depends ona numb factors like temperature, water, air, light, etc. Lyin Seed gowra into ox plo 4 Most plants grow from seeds. But(all the seeds do not grow into plants(Only ripe and healthy seeds which get all the favourable conditions grow into new plants? ‘ A seed needs soil which is rich in nutrients. It also needs air, warmth and water. Ail is needed by the seed to breathe. Seeds get warmth from light. Warmth makes the seed sind softens the food inside. Water also softens the seed coat, so that the baby plant can break open the seed coat and come out, 9 3_ Take three open glass containers or beakers, In the first one, keep a few seeds on dry cotton wool, | In the second beaker, keep a few seeds over wet cotton wool. Ensure that the cotton, wool does not dry up. In the third beaker, keep a few seeds completely submerged inside water. Seeds — Seeds. "7 | Wool wD) Wool KX . ) | Observe the seeds for a day or two. In which container did the seeds germinate into plants? Why? 1. The embryo root pushes 2. The roots start growing 3. The baby plant called through the seed coat and and the cotyledons are seedling starts coming grows downwards into the soil pulled upwards. out of the cotyledons *, 4. ‘The stem grows longer and the 5. The leaves develop completely od first leaves start developing, and the cotyledons fall off. Pt The process of germination is thus completed. Write True or False. 1. Asseed tied in a plastic bag will sprout into a new plant. Y x 2. Aseed will grow into a plant if it gets enough air, water and sunlight. — im 3. A seed kept in a refrigerator will germinate. 4, Aseed kept in dry soil will germinate. E4 +e) oleae 5 eet gag J dy July mot 9 Dispersal of seeds (Seeds germinate when they get suitable conditions of soil, air, warmth and wate ("f many seeds fall on the ground near the parent plant, they will not get enough nutrients, air, water and warmth to grow. Seeds have to be spread out in a large enough area so that at least some of them, will get suitable conditions and grow into adult plants, (The process by which the seeds are scattered away from the parent plant 7 call dispersal. Yo ensure dispersal, seeds and fruits of many plants have developed speci features.Wind, water, and animals also help in dispersal of seeds. They are called agents of dispersal). What and Dispersion by wind:Seeds which are dispersed by wind are either light or have ; hair or wings. These features help the seeds to be carried away with the wind) Dispersion: By watet:|Coconutltiess Dandelion seed has hair Maple seed has wings generally grow near sea coasts. oconut fruits have a hard but light and = waterproof covering which enables them to float on water.) The waves carry the fruits and deposit them on the shores of far off lands. Dispersion by animals: Some seeds have hooks or spikes which stick to the body of animals and get carried away. The fruits of cocklebur have hooked tips that stick to animal fur and get deposited at a distance. Human beings and animals eat the fleshy parts of many fruits and throw away the seeds on the ground. Birds eat fruits along with the seeds. The seeds pass out undigested in their waste or droppings and reach the ground. A bird eating a fruit Cocklebur fruit with hooks Hoo bias dads ie ispension 9 OYDispersion by explosion: Some fruits like the pea disperse by exploding.(The pods containing seeds burst open when they are dry and the seeds scatter around) New Plants Grow from Other Parts of Plants Most plants grow from seeds. But some plants grow from other parts of plants. From stems Plants like rose, Hibiscus and sugar cane are grown from stem cuttings. Potato and ginger are underground stems. Potatoes have buds called eyes on them. Each eye can grow into a new plant. Buds present in ginger also give rise to new plants. Other plants which grow from stems are Colocasia and Gladiolus. Potato with eyes From roots Plants like sweet potato develop from buds present in their roots. From leaves Leaves of Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant) give rise to new plants from buds present in the notches on their margins. Roots of sweet potato Bryophyllum leaves with buds New Plants from Spores Some plants like ferns, mosses and mushrooms do not bear flowers. So, they do not produce seeds. They produce tiny powder-like reproductive bodies called spores. New plants grow from these spores. Mosses growing on a Mushroom tree trunk Spores on ferns © vGive one example of each of the following. 1. Plant whose seeds are dispersed through animals. 2. Plant which grows from stem cuttings. 3. Plant which produces spores. \ as Crops Plants grown in large quantities in a defined area during a particular season are called crops. Different plants need different conditions for their growth. Different plants require different types of soil, minerals, moisture, climate and temperature. Some plants need plenty of water, while some can grow in dry conditions. Some plants need lots of sunshine, while some others need plenty of shade to grow. Farmers know about the necessary conditions in which different plants grow well, Accordingly, they grow different crops in different seasons and soils. Summer and winter crops Crops like wheat, lentils, mustard and gram are sown during winter season and harvested during spring season. These crops are called rabi crops or winter crops. They are grown from November to April. During summer (and rainy season), farmers grow crops like rice, maize, Jowar and bajra. Such crops are called kharif crops or summer crops. They re grown from June to October. Crops in dry and wet conditions Tea plants grow in moist conditions. Therefore, huge plantations of tea are seen in hilly areas where it rains a lot. Plants like date palms grow in very dry conditions. 9 | Wheat Bajra Tea garden Rabi crops Mustard Rice Date palm treeTypes of soil for different crops Different plants need different types of soil. Rice needs clayey soil, whereas wheat grows well in alluvial and irrigated soil. Sorghum (jowar) and pearl millet (bajra) grow in sandy soil. Coconut grows in sandy soil near the coasts. Cotton plants grow in black soil. Rice in clayey soil Wheat in alluvial, irrigated soil Jowar in sandy soil Coconut in sandy soil along the coast Growing vegetables Many vegetables grow throughout the year. But vegetables like cauliflower, carrot, green pea and radish grow well in winter. On the other hand, vegetables like gourd, brinjal and lady's finger are mostly grown in summer. Agriculture The practice of farming or cultivating crops is called agriculture. To get a good crop, the farmer has to follow a number of steps like ploughing, sowing, watering, harvesting and storing. Ploughing Ploughing is digging up of soil to prepare it for growing crops. Ploughing loosens the soil. It breaks the hard soil and uproots weeds growing in it. Ploughing is done with the help of a plough which is drawn either by animals or by tractors. Ploughing Weeding Then the weeds are removed with the help of a rake. A rake is a tool with a long handle and a row of long teeth at one end. The soil is broken down into lumps and smoothened with the help of a harrow. Rake Harrow ©Sowing Once the soil is ready, different crops are grown. Healthy and ripe seeds of the best variety are selected and sown. Watering Crops grow well if they get the right amount of water at the right time. Watering is done in several ways. In some fields, water is simply released into the field. It is known as field ir 'n some others, crops are grown in rows and narrow channels or furrows between the rows. Water is released into these rows. It is known as furrow ii \n some fields, water is lifted by a pump, led to the plants throu: and sprayed on the crops. TI In some fields, the is called drip irri, amount of tigation ae rrigation Gh pipes with sprinkies his method is called sprinkler irrigation. pipes have holes through which water drips in the soil. This meth, igation. These methods of irrigation help to irrigate land with k water and there is no wastage of water in these methods. od re Field irrigation Furrow irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation Using fertilisers Soil is made more fertile by adding animal and plant wastes. Someti with natural fertilisers. manure or fertiliser to it. Manure is obtained from mes chemical fertilisers like urea are used along Crop protection Growing crops are sprayed with inse cticides and pesticides to protect them against diseases and harmful insects. J cS a A farmer spraying pesticide Fencing keeps animals ‘away from the crops s fi eld A scarecrow in the filGrowing crops are protected from grazing animals by building walls and fences. ‘Many farmers are unaware of Scarecrows are placed at different places the risks they face while handling pesticides. to scare away birds. They do not use protective gear like gloves, | goagtes, masks, shoes and clothing to cover _ Storing their body. Sometimes, they even blow on the nozzle of the sprayer with their mouth when the nozzle gets blocked. Pesticides are poisonous and can harm us when they find their way into our body. Moulds grow easily in cold and damp * places. So grains are always stored in dry and well-ventilated rooms. Pesticides are sproyed in and sure the ace vcore (EEE storing, to prevent insects and rats from extreme weather condition affects the eating the grains. growth of plants. Make sure your plants are not exposed to harsh weather condition. Protect them from too much sunlight and make sure they get adequate water. It is very important to store the harvested crop properly. The grains are dried and then stored. Our life depends on plants. * The growth of a plant from a seed is called germination. * Plants grow from seeds, different parts of a plant or spores. + Aseed needs air, warmth and water to germinate. + Different plants need different types of soil, minerals, moisture, climate and temperature to grow. «There are two types of crops—rabi crops and kharif crops. + Practice of growing crops is called agriculture. Monocot: a seed with single seed leaf Dicot: a seed with two seed leaves Seedling: a young plant grown from a seed Germination: sprouting of a plant from a seed| Dispersal of seeds: spreading of seeds Rabi crops: crops grown in winter season in Kharif crops: crops grown in summer oF fai yy season Agriculture: the practice of farming for food : cro) Irrigation: the act of supplying water to land or crop: A. aE Fill in the blanks with the correct option. : 1, Seeds which have two seed leaves are called — seeds. Monocot/ dicot New plants grow from leaves in __________. Gladiolus / Bryophyllum crops. rabi/khari agriculture / germination Crops grown in winter season are called Practice of growing crops is called - Watering the fields through pipes with sprinklers is called —_________ irrigation, sprinkler/drip Tick (V) the correct option. 1. During germination, the first part that emerges: O @ grows downward QO». grows upward O « Aas off 2. Coconuts are dispersed through: Qa. insects Ob. wing Oc water 3. Which one of the following is a seed? Qa. coconut O >. Potato QO) « Mushroom Grains are stored in a dry place to protect them fro: a. rats O b. snakes Oc moutds 5. Pipes used in drip irrigation have: Qa holes Ob. sprinklers QO « funnels Match the following. cotyledons i a. self explosion 2. kharif crop b found in ferns 3. underground stem ©. seed leaves 4, pea pod 2 grows in summer or rainy season 5. spores e@ wind persal 6. dandelion f. water dispersal 7. coconut 9. gingerD. Give reasons. 1. All the seeds produced by a plant do not grow into new plants 2. Dispersal of seeds is necessary. 2. Grains are stored in a dry and well-ventilated room. E. Answer these question in a sentence. 1. What is germination? 2. What is dispersal? 2. In which season is rice grown? - * Name one chemical fertiliser. F. Answer these questions. 1. What are the different parts of a seed? 2. How do good conditions help a seed to grow? 3. What are the stages of germination? 4. How does a potato plant reproduce? 5. What are the advantages of ploughing a field? 6. How does a farmer protect his crops? G. Let’s Think. 1. Why do the cotyledons fall off after the first leaves appear? 2. What would have happened if cocklebur fruit did not have hooks? 3. Find out if the rice that you use in daily life looks similar to the harvested crop. If not, what is the difference? aa Pati ME «c....sr010 1. grow in black soil. 'am(_o(_)(Jo(} 2. 1 grow in alluvial irrigated soil. am(_}(_Jea(_} 3. I grow in clayey soil. 1am(_)i(_Je. 4 5 | grow in sandy soil in coastal areas. am (_}o(_Jo(_)u oO ly areas. 1 am(_Jea. I grow in moist sthe farmers, NTI iste farm and find out the following from the FS, 1. From where does he buy seeds? 2, How often does he water the crops: 3. Which fertiliser does he use? 4, Which pestleldes does he use? a Study and gather information about the followin; 1. Your local climate. The main crops that grow in your area. The time for growing and harvesting different crops in different seasons, Crops that are used locally Crops that are sent to different places. 1. Collect some seeds, Find out how they are dispersed. 2+ Observe some vegetables and frults that have been attacked by harmful insects. Think why it must have happened. Dect + Pass some soaked seeds to the students, Let them re remove the ye th structure of the seed. Show them some sprouts sey eee 5 fat the students conclct the experiment on germination, Ask them the coneluaten + Askthe students from where we get grains sold in the wy a In the market. Let th ? that they are grown in the flelds. them come to the conclusion * Help the students understand how farmers have Video on different types of farming, {0 follow proper methods of farming. Sh