3 ALL IN ONE PIECE

ABOUT YOU
2 Complete the questions with words from Exercise 1.
03 Watch the video and answer the questions. 1 Is it possible to on your tongue?
Is it important to know about health and the body, or 2 Roughly what proportion of the air you
should this just be le to medical professionals? is oxygen? And in the air that you ?
Would you be interested in working in healthcare? 3 Where is the which you can press in
Why? / Why not? order to prevent a sneeze?
What do you consider to be the single greatest danger 4 Which would you expect to contain more
to people’s health? – a mobile phone or a toilet seat?
5 Are there more species of vertebrates (i.e. those that
have a ) or invertebrates in the world?
6 Do you think people who are physically active get
VOCABULARY AND READING 7 Do you ever get
less frequently than those who don’t?
on the palms of your
THE HUMAN BODY hands when you’re nervous?
8 Have you ever felt part of your body going
EP 1 Read these statements ? What might have caused this?
about the body and 9 Is it true that the axolotl can regrow any of its
check the meaning of and even its eyes if it loses them? And
the words. Then decide do you think it will ever be possible for people to do this?
if the statements are 10 What proportion of the population are ?
true or false. 11 Most human , such as the shoulder,
allow movement, but some don’t. Whereabouts in the
body are the ones that don’t?
12 What else do we use our for apart
The from breathing?

AMAZING HUMAN BODY 3 Answer the questions in Exercise 2 with a partner.

– fact or myth? 4 Read the article opposite quickly and identify the
points which photos A–C are illustrating.
1 Adults inhale and exhale an
average of 80,000 times per day.
5 Read the article again and answer the questions.
1 What does the writer say about the human body in the
2 Putting too much food in the first paragraph?
mouth can cause a person to A It’s less impressive than people think.
choke, which can sometimes
B It has evolved more quickly than people think.
be fatal.
C It can keep going for longer than people think.
3 It’s possible for people to control a
2 The writer argues that the ‘funny bone’
robotic limb using their brain and muscles.
A should be renamed.
4 In humans, the right lung is bigger than the left B is poorly protected.
because of the space taken up by the heart.
C may be in the wrong place.
5 An average person produces around 100 millilitres
3 What point does Lucy Brantwood make about the shape
of sweat per hour during exercise.
of the human spine?
6 When you wear headphones, the number of germs A It is not suited to walking on two legs.
(viruses and bacteria) in your ear increases by B It caused our ancestors a lot of pain.
700 times. C It is superior to the spine of other species.
7 Your spine gets shorter while you are asleep.
4 Why does the writer compare humans to whales in the
8 People who sleep less than seven hours a night last paragraph?
are less likely to become poorly than those who A Humans and whales have both devised unique
sleep more. methods of communication.
9 Sitting with crossed legs for a prolonged period B Whales have adapted to their environment in similar
can make them feel numb because their blood ways to humans.
flow is restricted. C Whales avoid a problem that humans experience.
10 There are approximately 6,000 kilometres 5 What is the author’s main purpose in the article?
of nerves in the human body. A to discuss some flaws of the human body in a light-
11 The joint you’re most likely to injure hearted way
playing sport is your knee. B to offer practical suggestions for when something goes
12 Children who are left-handed may wrong with your body
find it more difficult to learn to write. C to argue that medical professionals have failed to
explain some common symptoms

22 UNIT 3

44 UNIT 3
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 11
A

an b od y re ally as
Is the hum
AMAZIN G
believe?
as we’re led to
by Jack Ashford, Science Correspondent

We’re frequently told what an incredibly sophisticated fours. So their spine was arched in shape, in order to
piece of equipment the human body is. It can withstand the weight of the lungs and other organs
do anything: it can heal itself, it can fight germs, below. But then humans stood up and started walking
regulate temperature by sweating, and with good around on two legs instead of four. So now the lower
maintenance, it can last up to as much as a century, spine curves forward, and the upper spine curves the
as we all know. But the view of the body as some sort opposite way, putting tremendous pressure on the
of perfect well-oiled machine is a myth. In fact, I’ll go spine overall. It’s no wonder then that some 80% of
further, and say it’s nonsense. We’ve ended up in the adults experience back pain. ‘Think of your dog on
shape we’re in through gradual evolution over millions the other hand,’ says Brantwood. ‘Its spine is one
of years. And evolution doesn’t produce perfection, single curve. That’s a great system. Simple, strong
it simply helps the species to adapt in order to survive and pain-free.’ Surely there must be a solution to
in the environment it has to endure. With this in mind, humanity’s problem of chronic back pain? Well there
I surveyed anatomists, medics and biologists to get is – we just need to return to all fours.
a view on the general state of the human body. And
While some parts of the body
believe me, it’s a less than perfect picture. B
are left vulnerable, others seem
For a start, do we really need to be right- or left-handed? to be in the wrong place. Your
Couldn’t we have two hands that both work equally well? foodpipe (which takes food and
The same goes for feet – just think how many more goals liquid from your throat to your
would be scored if footballers could use both of them stomach when you swallow)
equally well! And do you know where your so-called opens into the same place as
‘funny bone’ is? It’s that spot just above your elbow your windpipe (which leads air
that, if hit by mistake, sends a weird painful sensation between your throat and lungs
shooting through your arm, and can leave the whole when you inhale and exhale). To stop food going
limb feeling numb for several minutes. In fact, it’s not down the wrong way into the windpipe, there’s a
a bone at all, but rather the ulnar nerve that runs from little flap called the epiglottis. This should move to
your neck all the way down to your hand. For almost all cover the opening to the windpipe whenever food
of its length it’s surrounded by the bones and muscles is swallowed, but sometimes it isn’t quick enough.
in your arm. However, at the elbow joint, the only When you are talking or laughing while eating, there
C thing separating this sensitive nerve from the is a chance that food may slip into the windpipe,
sharp edge of your table is a thin layer of skin causing you to choke. Here it’s interesting to compare
and fat. That can’t be a good idea, can it? humans with our fellow mammals, whales, who
Clearly, a bit of rewiring is needed here. might be able to teach us a thing or two. Whales
breathe through their blowholes on the top of their
And then there’s the spine. It’s a wonder
head, whereas they feed as we do, via the mouth.
we can even walk at all, according to
So all we’d have to do is follow their example by
Professor Lucy Brantwood. The posture of
moving our windpipe into our nose, and away from
our early ancestors was radically different
the foodpipe. Sure, we’d lose the ability to talk. But
from ours – they walked on all
perhaps we could communicate through song as
whales do …

TALKING POINTS
Which creatures do you think are especially well adapted to their environment?
What other parts of the human body could you argue are badly designed?
How do you think the human body might continue to evolve in the future?

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 GRAMMAR 5 Match the modal verbs in Exercise 4 to functions a–e.
MODALS: SPECULATION CTION a giving advice
AND DEDU b saying what is allowed
c saying what is prohibited
1 Match extracts 1–3 to explanations i–iii. d saying what people are obliged to do
1 There is a chance that food may slip into the windpipe.
e saying what is not necessary
2 Surely there must be a solution to humanity’s problem of
chronic back pain?
3 That can’t be a good idea, can it? GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 146
i a suggestion about what is probably true
ii a suggestion that something isn’t true 6 TURN TO PAGE 128.
iii something that is possible
7 Scan the responses below to identify which two posts
in Exercise 6 they are replies to. Ignore the gaps.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 146
A First of all, it’s obvious that you are highly
2 Complete sentences 1–7 with endings a–g. Then motivated, so good on you! I’m sure your
decide which explanation in Exercise 1 applies to the employer 1 that in you – in
modal verb in each sentence. fact, it 2 why you got the job
1 Life expectancy in Japan is very high, in the first place. But I just wonder whether you
2 If you have a very high temperature, seek medical advice,
3
an obsession with work. You
3 Don’t look up your symptoms on the internet
4
things in perspective, and
4 It’s worth getting dental check-ups, remember that you 5 that you
5 Some people find they get tired very easily, have a decent work–life balance. At the end of the
6 Minor symptoms might be the first sign of a serious day, it’s just a job, and you 6 it
illness, rule your life.
7 Painkillers sold in supermarkets can’t really be effective,
a since it could indicate that you have an infection. B I understand that you feel that using your
b as you could have a problem with your mouth that device 7 you feel drowsy,
you’re unaware of. and this is why you use it at bedtime. But it
c or you’ll think you must have a terrible disease! 8
the case that your device
d so it’s worth making an appointment to see the doctor. is actually doing the opposite, because of the
e which may be caused by a lack of vitamins. blue light, which 9 it more
f and it is thought that the population’s fish-based diet difficult for you to get to sleep. If you want to
must be contributing to this. get to sleep quicker, I really do think that you
g because they’re too cheap to be good quality. 10
screens from your bedroom
altogether. Good luck!
3 With a partner, say which of the statements in
Exercise 2 you agree with, and why.

8 Complete the responses in Exercise 7 with the verb

MODALS: PERMISSION, E phrases in the box. Use each phrase only once.
OBLIGATION AND ADVIC could be may even explain may make
4 Look at the signs from a hospital. Why do you think it’s might actually have must ensure must recognise
important to follow each piece of advice? need to keep ought to help should get rid of
shouldn’t let
1 You cannot bring hot 2 Remember! To stay
food into the hospital. healthy you should
Thank you. cut down on fatty foods. 9 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 You mustn’t join an expensive gym if you want to keep
fit. You can work out at home.
3 VISITORS TO THE HOSPITAL 4 You must not enter the
2 By law, employers ought to make sure that their
DON’T HAVE TO hospital as a visitor if
workplace is safe for everyone.
MAKE AN APPOINTMENT. you think you are ill.
3 If taking a shower gives your skin a rash, you can be
allergic to your soap, shampoo or shower gel.
5 All visitors must wash 6 Up to three visitors may 4 You really could take these pills if you want the infection
their hands before visit an in-patient at any to clear up.
visiting patients. one time. 5 If you have a headache, you ought to be dehydrated.
6 He mustn’t have broken his arm in the accident. He’s
7 All children need to 8 back at work already.
REMEMBER!
be accompanied WE ALL OUGHT TO EXERCISE AT
by an adult.
10 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 129.
LEAST THREE TIMES A WEEK!

24 UNIT 3

48 UNIT 3
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 VOCABULARY
HEALTH: PHRASAL VERBS
AND EXPRESSIONS

12
1 You will hear four people talking about their health.
Which person
a is feeling exhausted?
b lost consciousness unexpectedly?
c had thought they might be seriously ill?
d has concerns over how their condition affects others?

EP 2 Listen again. Complete the extracts by writing one

word in each gap. Ignore phrases A and B for now.
12 Speaker 1
1 I went to sit down in a chair, then just EP 5 Match statements 1–6 to responses a–f. Then work out
out.
the meaning of the expressions.
a became unconscious b began feeling tired 1 I didn’t sleep a wink last night.
2 How are you feeling this morning?
2 When I came , the first thing I was
3 I heard your dad had a kidney infection. How is he now?
aware of was my mum standing over me …
4 Rosa fell off her mountain bike, but she’s all in one piece.
a changed my mind b became conscious
5 Apparently there’s a bug in school that’s spreading
3 And I freaked . I was like, what was quickly.
that, am I OK? 6 Are you OK? You look a bit under the weather.
a was surprised b panicked
a I’m as right as rain! In fact, I’ve never felt better!
Speaker 2 b She’s lucky – she could have been badly injured.
4 I just out in a sweat. c Why ever not? Is something worrying you?
a started sweating b became hot enough d He’s definitely on the mend, and feeling better than
suddenly to sweat he was.
5 She’d probably something on to me. e Oh dear, that’s a cause for concern. I hope you don’t
a given me an illness b explained something to me catch it.
6 I managed to fight it really effectively. f I am, actually. I’ve got a sore throat and a headache. I’ll
a resist an illness b identify an illness be alright in a day or two.

Speaker 3 6 The phrasal verbs and expressions in three of these

7 I think my body’s telling me I overdid it. I’m absolutely sentences are used incorrectly. Identify the sentences
burned . and suggest how they could be corrected.
a too hot b exhausted 1 The increasing amount of graffiti in some areas is a cause
8 So I’m going to go and sleep it and for concern for the city authorities.
get up again in a couple of hours. 2 I was drowsy, so I decided to sleep a wink before lunch.
a sleep in order to b go to sleep earlier 3 I’m feeling right as rain this morning; I must be coming
feel better than usual down with something.
4 He’s got some cuts and bruises after the accident, but
Speaker 4 he’s all in one piece.
9 And I have these episodes where I’m sitting with 5 The hospital are going to do some tests to confirm
someone and then I just off. whether or not I’m under the weather.
a start feeling ill b fall asleep 6 Duncan is recuperating at home after an operation, and
10 I mean one minute I’m fine, and then suddenly I look as he’s definitely on the mend now.
though I’ve passed !
a died b fallen asleep 7 Complete the questions with your own ideas. Then ask
and answer them in small groups.
3 Choose the correct definition, a or b, for each of the 1 Do you think it’s harder for your body to fight off an
phrasal verbs in Exercise 2. infection when …
2 How freaked out would your classmates be if …?
4 Ask and answer the questions with a partner. 3 Would you say it’s a cause for concern that …?
1 Do you know anyone who’s blacked out, and if so, how 4 After not sleeping a wink all night, do you think you …?
long was it before they came round? 5 Have you ever felt right as rain one minute, but then …?
2 When you feel poorly, is it better to take medication, or 6 Do you think that the best thing to do when you’re
just sleep it off? feeling under the weather is to …?
3 Have you ever felt burned out? When? 7 If you broke out in a fever before an exam, would you …?
4 Have you or has anyone you know ever nodded off at a 8 If you thought that you had passed on an illness to
really inappropriate moment? someone, would you …?

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 LISTENING 6 Listen again. You will hear a young doctor called
Katrina Davis speaking to a group of school students
13 about careers in healthcare. For questions 1–8,
complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
1 Discuss the questions with a partner. 1 Katrina suggests working for a as an
1 Have you ever been given any advice about your future alternative to jobs in healthcare.
career choice, and if so, what was it? 2 Katrina recommends that the students attend
2 At what age should young people begin considering their to learn about different areas of work.
future choice of career, and how should they go about 3 Katrina uses the word ‘ ’ to describe
doing this? the way she intends to talk about working in healthcare.
4 Many medical professionals report that they have a
worse than most people.
5 When discussing doctors’ earnings, Katrina says that
is an issue for most newly qualified
doctors.
6 Katrina considers to be the hardest
part of her job.
7 Katrina believes that is the most
important quality that doctors should demonstrate.
8 Working in healthcare provides doctors with plenty of
opportunities for more as part of
their career development.

13 7 For question 6, Katrina mentions two disadvantages

and two advantages of working in medicine. Which
of the highlighted phrases is the correct answer to
question 6? Underline the words in the question and
2 Read the email Katrina has received and answer the the words in the script that lead you to the correct
questions.
answer.

Do be prepared for the ups and downs. You’ll experience

Dear Katrina,
burnout – working nights is standard for junior doctors,
I can’t believe it’s already seven years since you so you soon accept tiredness as an inevitable part of
left us at Moorbrook High School and went on to the job. But you bounce back quickly enough. What’s
medical school – doesn’t time fly? Now that you’ve tougher than anything else, especially after spending
got a few months as a junior hospital doctor under time with a patient, is breaking bad news, and some
your belt, I wanted to ask you a favour. A lot of our colleagues say it never gets easier. But then there’s
pupils here have expressed an interest in embarking nothing better than the satisfaction of seeing a very ill
on higher education courses in medicine. So I was patient recover, and the gratitude of their family.
wondering if you might be willing to come and give
a talk to the Year 12 and 13 students about what it’s
actually like to study medicine and work as a doctor. 8 Does Katrina’s advice make you more likely or less
Knowing you, I’m sure you’ll tell it like it really is, likely to consider studying medicine, or does it not
which I know the students would appreciate! make any difference?
Perhaps I could give you a call so we can discuss
the details? 9 In groups, discuss what factors you would consider the
most important when choosing your future career.
Best wishes,
Pippa (There’s no need to call me Mrs Shantington
any more!)

1 How do Pippa and Katrina know each other?

2 What does Pippa want Katrina to do?
3 Why does Pippa think Katrina would be suitable for this?

3 Make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of

being a doctor.

13
4 Now listen to Katrina’s talk to the pupils at Moorbrook
High School. Does she mention any of your ideas from
Exercise 3?

5 Look at the task in Exercise 6 and identify what kind

of word (e.g. singular noun phrase, verb phrase) could
go in each gap. Suggest one possible word or phrase
which could complete each sentence.

26 UNIT 3

52 UNIT 3
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 SPEAKING 3 Discuss the questions with a partner.
1 Do you think that Paola understands what
SPECULATING AND she has been asked to do?
DESCRIBING PICTURES 2 Is everything Paola says relevant to the task?
3 Does she talk about the pictures separately
1 With a partner, say if you agree or disagree with these statements or together?
and say why. 4 Do you feel that she answers both questions
1 Life’s too short to worry about health; it’s more important to have fun. fully about both pictures?
2 Regular exercise is the best thing for both your physical and
mental wellbeing. 4 Put the headings in the correct place in the
3 People should be free to make their own choices, not lectured about Prepare to speak box.
nutritious diets and active lifestyles. Certainty Doubt / Lack of certainty
4 People don’t have to spend money to keep fit. Possibility Probability

14 2 Listen to Paola doing an exam task. Which two of the three photos
does she talk about, and why did she choose them? PREPARE TO SPEAK
Speculating
A
1
It’s certainly the case that …
What’s happening is that …
Judging by …, it’s pretty clear that …
2
I’m (pretty) sure they can’t …
I suppose that he/she must …
As far as I can tell, …
They must surely …
It looks as though …
It seems to be the case that …
3
One interpretation is that …
What might be happening is that …
4
B I don’t have a clue what/why/whether …
It’s hard to say where/what/why …

14
5 Listen again. Which of the phrases from the
Prepare to speak box does Paola use?

6 With a partner, take turns to do the same

task. Use a different pair of pictures. Use
some of the phrases from the Prepare to
speak box.

• What might the people who are working

find rewarding about their jobs?
• In what ways do they make a difference
to the lives of the people they help?

C
7 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 129.

ALL IN ONE PIECE 27

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