Soulmaking and Appropriation CRAFTING TECHNIQUES - Anything can be crafted by

using different evocative descriptions of experiences and

Soulmaking explorations, like photograph studies, puppets and masks,
constructions and notepad studies.
 It is an alternative venue for knowing
ourselves and looking into the depths and
real meaning of what we are doing for our A FRAMEWORK OF GENIUS
everyday life.
 It is a form of crafting stories or In 1998, American author Michael J. Gelb published
transforming brief moments into images or his bestseller “How to Think Like Leonardo Da Vinci”,
symbols. in which he analyzed Da Vinci’s thinking and outlines
 It is the connecting with people, seven essential principles.
understanding culture, and embodying
tolerance and peace. Curiosità: relentless curiosity and a willingness to learn
 One intention of soulmaking is to develop new things.
the artist in us, awakening the art in us that
has been stagnant or undeveloped for Curiosity — as in asking more questions about
numerous years. yourself, your work, and your assumptions — isn’t
 Soulmaking is an exploration and just a personal growth tool. In other words, you learn
application of the imagination in an active what kind of working routines produce the best
way. We utilize imagination or and results and why.
inspiration to connect with the soul.
 Imagination is an important tool in Dimostrazione: being ready to test knowledge through
developing an artwork. experience and accepting failure.

CATEGORIES OF SOULMAKING Sensazione: the consistent refinement of the senses. To

connect this idea with modern productivity techniques,
CRAFTING IMAGES - It refers to imaging and use your senses to be mindful of your habits at work.
representing in any form, which may be through painting, Create a moment-to-moment awareness of what you are
sculpting, drawing, story telling, poetry, dancing, doing by looking at how you act and listening — really
composing or taking notes. listening — to feedback. The more you use your senses,
the more experience you acquire.
CRAFTING STORIES - The moment we write, engrave,
and inscribe, our own thoughts, ideas, commentaries, Sfumato: accepting ambiguity, uncertainty, and
criticism, and positive and negative emotions, we are contradictions. In simple terms, instead of fearing
crafting stories. uncertainty at work — like new challenges, projects, or
associates — we ought to embrace it. Consequently, if
Stories can be presented in any form – image, words, you want to become better at what you do, befriend
objects, and musical compositions. the concept of uncertainty and ready yourself for
constant change.
CRAFTING INSTRUMENTS - An instrument maker is a
bridge toward the unknown because the instrument Arte/Scienza: balancing science and art. Combine your
produces sounds that transcend our feelings, emotions and function with fun, and you’ll advance toward mastery.
sensation in another realm. The soul is accompanied by a When you’re trying to bolster your
vessel so that the soul will not vanish. productivity, don’t just use the left side of your brain.

Transforming any found or used object can into a musical Corporalita: the cultivation of fitness and grace. Stay on
instrument allows one to discover harmony and top of your physical game with the right foods and
balance to produce a sound that is entertaining, activities. Likewise, boost your mental strength by
enhancing, and magical. practicing mindfulness, allowing for enough relaxation.
A sharp mind and a healthy body are prerequisites for
CRAFTING MOVEMENTS - Our life is full of productivity.
movements; it is filled with various beats. Life is full of
flowing images accompanied by flowing narratives. Connessione: understanding the interconnection of
Everything we do in life is a performance; we perform life. things — “systems thinking”. One productive habit
At times we need to pause to capture the movements doesn’t change our lives. A system of productive
of our energy and the world. activities, on the other hand, will make the difference.
 APPROPRIATION Appropriation is different from copying or forgery.
Appropriation allows the viewer to recognize
We have to emphasized the role of the artist in the the origin of the borrowed images and objects, as well
process of creation we have also tackled the development of as the original context. The aim of the artist is to
art throughout history, especially the various factors decontextualize the borrowed object or image through
influencing artists in creating art. different steps, such as enlargement or repetition of that
image, framing, or translation across mediums.
It refers to borrowing images that are recognizable from
different sources and using these borrowed images to make Forgery or copying tries to deceive the viewers into
a new art form. Mandiberg describes it as a means of thinking that they are looking at an original work of art.
experimentation by changing the context around the
borrowed images and objects. Appropriation considers the fact that the viewer should
Thus, the meaning of the borrowed images and be able to recognize the original source of the object
objects is changed once these are used in the new or image, as well as its meanings.
work of art.

Appropriate does not mean stealing or plagiarizing. It is not

owning a particular work but just using the artwork in the
artist’s new context. Appropriation artists do not prohibit Owning narratives can also be a way of appropriation.
the viewers to bring the original message and
intention of the original artwork,rather, they establish Bordwel and Thompson(as cited by Yearwood, 2000) state
them in the new context. that a narrative is “a fundamental way through which
humans make sense of the world.” They also explain that
Ownership generally pertains to the general right of a narration is an important part
person or an individual to control an object purchased or in of the need for human beings to be creative a nd
his possession. However, this will be different when the express themselves. Narration is “integral to the poetic
object is an artistic work where the ownership is joint impulse represented in culture's founding
between the creator and the buyer. myths.”

Related to ownership is the concept of copyright.

Copyright laws give the owner of the copyright that is the MESSAGE OF THE ARTIST
person who created the work - exclusive rights to
reproduce, to display publicly, to make and distribute Each artwork is like a time machine; it can send a
copies, and to prepare derivative works based on the person in the present to the future
original artwork, as well as to authorize those mentioned
above.

The purchase of a created work will merely result in CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

the transfer of ownership but the copyright will still
remain with the creator. However, for works that created Culture refers to a specific type or form of intellectual
where the buyer paid for the work to be done by the artist development. It also means the customs, practices,
or create of the buyer usually holds the copyright. perspectives, and even creations shared by a group of people

Artworks can be appropriated in two ways: Young (2008) defines cultural appropriation as
“appropriation that occurs across the boundaries of cultures”.
First, artists can appropriate artistic content, which This means that a person with a certain culture takes objects
includes artistic elements, such as motifs, styles, genres, created by a person or a group of persons of another culture
and similar and uses these objects as his or her own.
elements, and complete artworks.

Lastly, appropriation of as can also be done by

individuals who adopt items that they consider to
be artworks, specifically tangible creations of one
culture.
TYPES OF CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

Young (2008) stated three types of cultural appropriation.

These are the following:

1. Object appropriation - This refers to appropriation of

concrete and noticeable works of art. This happens when
a tangible work previously owned by people from one
culture was taken and adopted by a person or a group
of persons from another culture.

2. Content appropriation - refers to adoption of works

of art that are intangible. This happens when an
intangible work previously expressed by people from
one culture was adopted and cased by a person or a
group of persons from another culture.

a. Style Appropriation - Artists involved in style

appropriation do not replicate the works created by a
person or a group of persons from another culture.
However, they use the elements from those works
from another culture in
creating their own works.

b. Motif Appropriatio - happens whey artists are

inspired by the as from a different culture, but they do not
produce artworks using exactly the same style.

3. Subject Appropriation - occurs when a subject

matter from another culture is appropriated. It may be
considered as the act of outsiders taking a subject matter
that is meant by insiders as a secret.
 TEXTILE ART MINDANAO REGION: THE DREAM WEAVER

Textile art is the process of creating something There are weavers and there are “dream weaver”- a
using fibers gained from sources like plants, world and realms apart.
animals,or synthetic materials.
T’nalak is a ritual textile, its creation is connected to the
Making textiles is an extremely old art form. Textile T’boli spirituality and cosmology. A dream weaver is
fragments have said to be anointed by the weaving deity Fu Dalo that
been found dating back to prehistoric times and patterns and designs are revealed by the spirit in dreams.
there's a good reason for this. People
developed textiles to keep warm, to protects urfaces
and to insulate dwellings. An acolyte or apprentice is trained usually by a relative
and if deemed worthy, the deity Fu Dalo visits her
dreams and reveals original patterns that usually
Textiles are often made through traditional methods like become the signature style of the weaver.
sewing, weaving, and knitting. These methods all have a
basic principle in common --they use thread or yarn to
T'nalak - Woven Fabrics
make or connect pieces of fabric.

T’nalak - One very famous traditional cloth particularly in

In sewing, a single needle and thread
South Cotabato is the; It is made by a group of people in
stitches pieces of cloth together and also add surface
Lake Sebu called the T’bolis.
ornament.

This traditional cloth is handwoven and made of abaca

Weaving involves interlacing two sets of threads.
fibers, which traditionally has three primary colors -
red, black, and the original color of the
These are called the warp, which runs vertically, and the abaca leaves.
weft, which runs horizontally. Weaving requires using a
piece of equipment called a loom.
The colorant of the materials is naturally dyed boiled in
with bark, roots, and leaves of plants. T’nalak, a deep
Loom- a manually operated device that holds the warp brown abaca-based cloth tie-dyed with intricate designs, is
threads steady while filling weft threads are woven through produced by women of T’boli tribe.It is one of the best
them. cultural products of the Philippines.

Knitting is one of the oldest and simplest means of

making a fabric. You don't need
a loom or other fancy equipment. Just yarn and large
T’NALAK WOVEN FABRIC PROCESS
needles, both of which are portable. The process of knitting
involves connecting the yarn by a series of loops. It's
normally done by hand. T’nalak production is a labor-intensive process
requiring knowledge of a range of skills learned from a
young age by women of the tribe.
Crochet is a process of creating textiles by using a
crochet
hook to interlock loops of yarn, thread, or strands of First, the abaca fiber is stripped from the abaca tree,
other materials. cleaned and dried, and separated into strands.

The name is derived from the French term crochet, The T’nalak is then woven, usually in tones of red, brown,
meaning 'small hook'. and black, with the end product requiring months of work
to produce a single, unique weaving.
Hooks can be made from a variety of materials, such
as metal, wood, bamboo, or plastic. The Mandaya of Davao Oriental has the Dagmay-an
abaca -handwoven cloth with intricate designs revolving
Each stitch in crochet is completed before the next one is around man and crocodile, which is one of the most popular
begun, while knitting keeps many stitches open at a time. materials in the culture.

Its mud-dyeing technique is believed to be the only one

existing in the Philippines.
Among the Mandayas (tribe in Mindanao), the dagmay
has been worn as women’s skirts but it is also used
as blankets and wraps for the dead.

The abaca cloth, with maroon and brown ikat designs,

including human figures and crocodiles, is arranged in
vertical stripes with one length folded and roughly basted
alone one long side.

The Pisyabit (head scarf of the Tausug) of Jolo, Mindanao

is displayed at the National Museum, Textile Sections.

Pis Syabit is the traditional cloth tapestry worn as the

covering by the Tausugs of Sulu. It is made of cotton or
silk or with gold-threads characterized with intricate
geometric patterns of colors segmented into the smallest
squares, triangles, and diamonds.

The Seputangan is the most intricate design worn by the

women around the waist or as a head cloth and is patterned
after the colors of the rainbow, worn by the Yakan of
Basilan and Sulu.
 Soul and Space - Compact Structure: main house, the cooking house,
toilet, and bathhouse.

Bahay Kubo (Kamalig, or Nipa Hut)

- Constructed and repaired through a cooperative system
called kayvayvanaan or kamanyiduan.
- It is a type of stilt house indigenous to most of the lowland
cultures of the Philippines.
- Most of the Ivatan houses are built with limestone walls,
reed and cogon roofs, strong enough to withstand the
- Its name is actually from the Spanish phrase cubo,
typhoons and earthquake.
meaning cube, and bahay is the Filipino term for house.

- Some houses have roof nets, which allow the roofs to

- It is made of the ever-reliable bamboo or kawayan and
last from 25 to 30 years.
joined together by organic strings with dried coconut leaves
or cogon grass.

- This native Filipino home exemplifies the Filipino

The Maranao House
concept of shared space and limited privacy.

- A torogan, which literally means "a place for sleep," is

the stately house of the elite members of the Maranao tribe
in the province of Lanao del Sur on the Philippines. island
Ifugao House (Bale')
of Mindanao,
- The house are usually similar in architectural designs, but
- It was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the
they differ in decorative details depending on the tribes.
National Museum of the Philippines in 2008.
- The houses are harmoniously located with the contour of
- It has elaborate engravings of the Maranaw design system
the rice terraces.
called okir.
- The one-room house of the Ifugao, commonly known to
them as bale.

The Houses on Stilts

- Stilt houses or pile dwellings are raised on piles over the

Three Functional Levels
surface of the soil or a body of water.
- Ground-level posts - have wooden discs, which are
- Built primarily as a protection against flooding, but also
called oliang, to prevent rats from entering the house
serve to keep out vermin or pest.
- Second level or the living area - is accessible
- The shady space under the house can be used for
through a removable ladder
work or storage.

- Third level which is used as the granary.

Badjao Houseboat

- Sea gypsies of the Philippines

Batanes House
- Range from 12-60 feet long but not more than 6 feet wide
- A unique vernacular architecture developed in the
province of Batanes.
- Their unique ecological setting and fishing economy
compel the Badjao to adjust to the limited space of
their floating homes where the prows are carved with
ukkil design.

Higaonon Tree House

- In the hinterlands of Agusan and Misamis Oriental, the

Higaonon build their tree houses of lashed sapling nipa or
cogon grass, split bamboo, rattan, and bark of trees.

- The low roof, at times also serve as walls. Wobbling

catwalks connect the smaller houses of about 6 feet by 8 feet
wide to a central communal room where a square box of
earth serves as fireplace and a kitchen.

FILIPINO CONCEPT OF SPACE

THE WAY we live tells us who we are, so our homes

are dead giveaways. The way we arrange our homes
show how we like to live and how we relate to the
other people who live with us. The positioning of
furniture and choice of embellishments are personal choices.
However, the arrangement of the different spaces inside a
house and their varying degrees of privacy demonstrate the
lifestyle patterns of each culture.

- The Filipino prefers a living space that is communal,

surrounding himself with people all the time.

- Every space in the house has multiple uses. And every bit
of space is shared by all. There seems to be no privacy,
as the walls are made of thin bamboo strips.
Conversations are easily overheard since there are usually
no interior doors. Still, there are boundaries.

- Another definition of a space may refer to areas that are set

and planned for community planning as commercial,
business, or residential areas.

- With the passing of time, things have changed. It was then

that we realize because of developments and increase
in the population that some of the zoning adopted
before, as well as the community planning, are no
longer adopted or ideal for the present time.
THE ART OF OKIR/UKKIL SYMMETRY ART

Okir or Ukkil - It is the term for geometric and flowing - Symmetry in art is when the elements of a painting or
designs (often based on an elaborate leaf-and-vine pattern) drawing balance each other out. This could be the objects
and folk motifs that can be usually found in Maranao themselves, but it can also relate to colors and other
and Muslim-influenced artwork in Mindanao, especially compositional techniques. It is a balance that is achieved
in the Sulu Peninsula. by the arrangement of elements on both side of the
center, in other words, the image would look identical on
- It is a decorative design that is used in carving, basketry,
either side, formed through horizontal or vertical division.
pottery, and weaving with patterns similar to the western
style of Arabesque and Art Nouveau.
- Symmetry in art is a formal type of balance that consists
of mirroring portions of an image.
– Ukkil usually has motifs shaped like waves, ropes,
calligraphy, decor, and colors.

- It is a symbol of power and prestige usually adorned

during festivities.

- In Ukkil, they have motifs of creatures, like the

sarimanok, horse, insects, fishes, dragons, flowers,
and even humans.

Some Okir Designs

Leaf of a vine

Sarimanok

Dragon

Ukkil Leaf-and-Vine Pattern

1. Dahun Putsuk or Potiok

2. Dahun Kambangtuli

3. Dahun Andalan

4. Dahun Suwa

5. Dahun Angilan

6. Dahun Paku-paku
 IMPROVISATION that can just come or pop up to mind, body, and spirit
as a stimulation since no preparation or training is
As defined, it is the art and act of improvising or of needed. Yet, improvisation in any life or art form can take
composing, uttering, executing, or arranging anything place more often if it is practiced as a means of
without previous preparation or producing something encouraging artistic or creative behavior.
from whatever is existing or available. Improvisation
in music engages creativity and imagination, and in the Common in the performing arts is the musical
theater, a performer may play dramatic scenes without any improvisation, which is the composition (and
written dialogue and with minimal or no prearranged simultaneous playing) of music, without any prior
dramatic activity. preparation.

Improvisational comedy, which is a theater art

performed throughout the world, has had an on-again, off-
Skills and Techniques in Improvisation again status throughout history,

Improvisational skills can apply to many diverse abilities

dance improvisation is frequently used as a
or forms of communication and expression across all
choreographic tool. Choreography is also regularly used
disciplines, which may be artistic, scientific, physical,
as a tool for improvisation.
cognitive, academic, and nonacademic disciplines.

Techniques of improvisation are widely utilized in

training for the performing arts or activities, particularly in a. Music Improvisation
music, theater, and dance. To "extemporize" or "ad lib" is
basically the same as improvising. Musical improvisation is the creative activity of
immediate musical composition, which combines
Colloquial terms such as "let's play it by ear," "take it as it performance with communication of emotions and while
comes," and "make it up as we go along," are all used to simultaneously playing instrumental, as well as
describe "improvisation." spontaneous response to other musicians.

If the improvisation is intended to solve a problem on a Improvisation can take place as a solo performance, or
temporary basis, and the "proper" solution is unavailable at interdependently in ensemble with other players.
the time, it may be known as a "stop- gap." This applies
to the field of engineering. One notable improvisational pianist is Franz Liszt. The
origins of Liszt's improvisation in an earlier tradition
thinking outside the box The process of brainstorming of playing variations on a theme were mastered and
opens up the minds of the people or participants involved to epitomized by Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus
new, unexpected and possibly useful ideas. Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.

Improvised freestyle rap is commonly practiced as a

part of rappers' creative processes, "finished product for
Improvisation in the Various Art E Forms
release on recordings

b. Improvisational Theater

Often called improv or Impro, it is the form of theater,

1. Performing Arts often comedy, in which most or all of what is performed is
unplanned or unscripted: created spontaneously by the
Improvisation can be thought of as an "on the spot" (at the performers.
moment) or "off the cuff"(impromptu) spontaneous
moment of sudden resourcefulness or inventiveness
- exists in performance as a range of styles of 2. Staccato,
improvisational comedy, as well as some noncomedic
theatrical performances. 3. Chaos,

Improvisational techniques are often used extensively 4. Lyrical, and

in drama programs to train actors for stage, film, and
television and can be an important part of the rehearsal 5. Stillness.
process.
The 5Rhythms, when danced in sequence, are known
Applied Improvisation is being used in classrooms as an as a "Wave." A typical Wave takes about an hour to
educational tool and in businesses as a way to develop dance. The dance explores emotion, the cycle of life,
communication skills, creative problem solving, and the ego, relationships, and spiritual vision.
supportive team-work abilities that are used by
improvisational, ensemble players.

C. Dance Improvisation The 5Rhythms Map

The maps offer a soul journey by exploring embodiment,

It is the process of spontaneously creating movement.
emotions, the life cycle, the psyche, and the archetypes. The
rhythms offer understanding of people's innate powers
CONTACT IMPROVISATION
being, loving, knowing, seeing, and healing.

It is a form of improvised dancing that has been

The first map, "Waves," teaches embodiment of the five
developing internationally since 1972. It involves the
distinct rhythms. To embody the rhythms means to
exploration of one's body in relationship to others by using
access the deep internal wisdom that human bodies
the fundamental of sharing weight, touch, and movement
contain.
awareness.
The "Heartbeat" map teaches how people have embodied
and how they express the emotions of fear, anger, sadness,
joy, and compassion;
5 RHYTHMS IN CONTACT BODY IMPROVISATION
the "Cycles" map provides insight and understanding
It is a movement meditation practice devised by Gabrielle
about how one has internalized conditioning and
Roth in the late 1970s. It draws from indigenous and
relationships throughout the life cycle, specifically in the
world traditions using tenets of shamanistic, ecstatic,
stages of birth, childhood, puberty, maturity, and death.
mystical, and eastern philosophy. It also draws from
Gestalt therapy, the human potential movement and
Insight and understanding of the ego is delivered through
transpersonal psychology.
the psyche map, "Mirrors."

Roth describes the practice as a soul journey, and

says that by moving the body, releasing the heart, and
freeing the mind, one can connect to the essence of the soul, THIRD-WORLD IMPROV
the source of inspiration in which an individual has
unlimited possibility. It is the first school in the Philippines dedicated to teaching
the art and craft of improvisational theater. It conducts
The practice of the 5 Rhythms by Gabrielle Roth is to put classes and workshops on improvisational theater, an
the body in motion to still the mind. The five rhythms (in art form where performers put on shows that are
order) are: completely unrehearsed, unscripted, and created on the
spot.
1. Flowing,
5 Improv Theater Principles Envisioned by Their
School:

1. "Yes, and..."

Accept and say "yes" to the situation or idea, then build on

it. In improv scenes, this means never saying "no" to what
your scene partner has just said or created, and just allowing
it to happen and then building on it.

In a corporate or work setting, this means letting every team

member speak out and say yes to every idea put on the table,
then finding a positive thing to build on.

2. Making your partner look good

In improv, there is no such thing as "laglagan," or leaving

people hanging, or throwing people under the bus.

3. Being average

This means never hogging the spotlight, or talking over any

other improvisers, or pressuring yourself to be brilliant all
the time. It means just doing your part genuinely and
honestly, and letting the scene take off on its own.

4. Active listening

The only way to move any story on stage forward is if you

pay attention to what your scene partner is saying.

5. Everything is a gift

On an improv stage, everything said or done is an offer if

you choose to accept it. The best and most creative
improv scenes start when performers accept the "gifts"
given to them with no judgment.
 THE ART AND CULTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES 2. Bulol

Traditional Filipino art has a great life-improving Bulol, ог "Ifugao rice god," is a carved human statue
function because its aesthetic form speaks not only for wherein a certain class of anito is said to incorporate itself
itself but also for many other levels of importance. when worshipped.

- Bulols are usually placed in the house or granary, and are

commonly made in pairs.
Traditional Filipino and Asian art is multivalued and
multifunctional as compared with modern western art that - Bululs are activated only through a ritual. The bulol is
tends to be monofunctional. It has no other value other than believed to contain spirits capable of ensuring
the aesthetic, or having no other function but to provide abundant harvests, increasing rice yields, and
pleasure and entertainment. protecting them against catastrophes.

- Bulols are carved from red sandalwood and narra trees

believed to be lucky.
The arts provide the clearest idea of who we are as a people,
capturing the widest variety and intensities of the Filipino
creative spirit.
3. Lingling-o

This is a kind of ear pendant made from green nephrite (jade).

PRE-HISPANIC PERIOD

The ancient Filipinos before the arrival of the Spaniards -It is the basic trait of the Early Metal Age. Its basic
were a proud race of civilized people with their own set of description is a ring with a slit in one side to fit the
culture. pierced earlobe.

Art forms served as a means of applying their knowledge - The double-headed pendant found in the Duyong
and beliefs, which were mostly animistic in nature and Cave of Palawan is one of the finest jade ornaments found
varied among the different tribes. in the Philippines. Ear pendants were also recovered
from some other parts of the country, such as the Arku
Cave in Penablanca, Cagayan and from the Uyaw,
Guri, and Rito-Fabian Caves in Palawan.
1. Balangay (Balanghai) or Butuan boat is an
edged- pegged plank type of boat. Hard wood, like
doongon (Heriteriera littoralis), was used to create
the planks. Ear pendants were made not only from jade but also from
shells, clay, and stone.
These prehistoric boats were uncovered in Butuan,
Agusan Del Norte in 1978. Nine of such -The use of lingling-o form made of gold or brass
prehistoric boats exist today. The first boat that pendants and earrings still lives among the Ifugao and
was found was dated 320 A.D, and it is in the site the Igorot in Northern Philippines.
museum in Libertad, Butuan. The balangay can
seat 25 people and was built withstand long-
distance voyages.
4. Arnis weaving to make just about any of the clothing that
was worn.
Arnis or Kali and Eskrima are all but the same. It is the
unique traditional fighting technique of the ancient warriors -Republic Act 9242, or the Philippine Tropical
of the Philippines. Fabrics Law, authored by Senator Loren Legarda
mandated the use of indigenous fibers for the official
- The method of fighting can be without weapons or by uniforms of government officials and employees, with the
using sticks, knives, and any other bladed weapon in end in view of strengthening the local fiber industry.
dealing with the opponent.

7. Batok
5. Prehistoric Pottery
Batek or Batok is a kind of indigenous tattooing of the
Archaeological evidences during the Neolithic Period Kalinga people in the Cordillera
suggest that the way of life of the people in our country had
changed a great deal from the earlier times. - Traditional practices, such as tattooing, were
evidently on the verge of extinction because of the
- Another great change had taken place on the islands as influence of the colonial masters.
proven in the materials that were uncovered from the
archaeological sites. - Upon the arrival of the Spaniards on the Visayan
Islands in 1521, they called the natives of this region
- This period was known not only for the development "pintados," meaning "painted people" or "painted ones," as
of metals but also as the Golden Age of Pottery. most of their entire bodies were covered in tattoos
leaving only their hands and feet bare.
Pottery from the Metal Age was distinguished by
wonderful and intricate patterns and designs revealing -Cordillera Region, collectively known as
complex societies. Some of the known highlights of the "Cordillerans" or "Igorots." They believed tattoos held
Metal Age Pottery were burial jars, which indicated the spiritual powers and magical qualities, which could give
burial custom performed by the ancient people of the them strength and protection.
period.
- Common methods involved attaching a sharpened
object, such as metal, a thorn, wood, or a bone to one
end of a stick and was then either tapped or poked
6. Prehistoric Weaving repeatedly into the skin to apply the ink. Whang-od was
awarded the Haraya Award for Intangible Cultural Heritage
Prior to the arrival of the first Spaniards, the early by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Filipinos had already created intricate designs for (NCCA) in June 2018.
various textiles derived from the abundant natural
fibers.

- Native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca,

8. Kampilan
pineapple, cotton, and bark cloth.
The Maranao kampilan or sword is a single-edged
- Textiles, such as clothes, rugs, and hats were
bicuspid weapon that has an intricate handle made of brass
weaved. Baskets used as vessels of transport and
and ivory.
storage and for hunting were also weaved. Baskets for
various functions were weaved and used to transport
-Human hair strands are hanging at the bottom of the
grain, store food, and catch fish. They had already
handle to adorn the sword handle.
used
- It is greatly known that the Maranaos utilized this Filipinos were modified to suit the taste and teachings
sword as a weapon to cut off heads and to split the of the Christian invaders.
body from top to toe.

Nowadays, the kampilan is used as a symbol of the power,

wealth, and status of the Datu and Sultan and is made purely 1. Bahay na Bato
as a commercialized item.
This was the type of house developed during the
-The sword, which is 1.02 meters long, is considered an Philippines' Spanish Colonial Period.
important item of the Anthropology Division collection
since it is one rare ethnographic material that was - It was an upgraded version of the conventional bahay
produced with a handle craftly made of brass with a v- kubo.
shaped end symbolizing the opened mouth of the
naga or the legendary serpent and a round ornament The bahay na bato was brought about by the socio-
where the eyes of the serpent would be seen. economic developments of the time when Manila was
opened to international trade in 1834.

-The bahay na bato could be described as a house with

9. Kubing wooden legs and a stone skirt.

A type of jaw harp made from a hand-carved piece of - The zaguan is an entrance hall with an abundant space that
bamboo, this is a traditional musical instrument found was also a perfect storeroom for just about everything.
all over the Philippines.

- It is called kubing among the Mindanao and tribes

(Maguindanao Maranao), kulaing in Cotabato, subing in 2. Baroque Churches
the Visayas, barmbaw among the Tagalogs, kollibaw among
the Negritos, kinaban among the Hanunoo Mangyans, The UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993 included the
afiw (made of metal) among the Bontocs, and coding four Spanish Colonial period churches in the
among the Ibaloys and Kalinga. Philippines.

-The epidermis side of the kubing is played facing the - All four churches are designed and known to be of the
audienc. Baroque style.

- The other hand creates sharp plucks, not necessarily strong -The four churches that were built by the Spaniards are
ones. located in Manila: Santa Maria Ilocos Sur; Paoay, Ilocos
Norte, and Miag- ao, Ilo-ilo.
-A sharp release of the frame produces the strongest tone,
usually but not always, pulling the frame toward the player. - Their construction and unique style was the interpretation
of the European Baroque style by the Chinese and
-The kubing can create a vast number of sounds and timbres Philippine artisans.
in the hands of a good player.
- The Baroque Churches of the Philippines were the
four Roman Catholic churches made between the 1
dot 5 ^ 4 and the 18 ^ (ab) centuries in the Spanish
HISPANIC PERIOD period of the Philippines.

Many things changed upon the coming of the - The basic common characteristics of the churches are their
colonizers. The culture and traditions of the ancient squat, monumental, and massive look.
- The churches are either stone or brick, fused with lime. paintings by forming the letters of the patron's name from
figures of people in native costumes doing everyday
- The creation of ceiling paintings in the fromp l'oeil activities.
style as seen in San Agustin Church, Intramuros.
- Damian Domingo in 1821 began the first formal fine arts
school in the country in his house, the Academia de Dibujo.

3. Painting During the Spanish Period - Damian Domingo is recognized for having created the
first self-portrait in the country.
Western painting was introduced by the Spanish friars in the
Philippines to artisans who learned to copy on two-
dimensional form the religious icons that the friars brought
from Spain. 4. Sculpture

- The paintings of saints and religious scenes made by Christian-themed art in the Philippines was common
Boholanos showed figures in frontal and static during the 17th to the 19th centuries when parts of the
positions. country were under the (ca. 1590 ca. 1660) of San
Pablo, Laguna. Some of his existing works could still
- The Boholano painters showed that the more significant be found at the San Agustin Convent museum.
persons should be depicted bigger than the rest of the
figures. Excluding De los Santos, carvers were usually unknown
craftmen before the 19th century.
- Filipino artists did not sign their names on their artworks
and, thus, no record of their names exists. - A good number of Filipino sculptors found fame,
such as Crispulo Hocson, Romualdo de Jesus, Leoncio
-One of the known pioneer painters in Philippine art history Asuncion, and Isabelo Tampinco.
by Josef Luciano Dans has two notable works the Langit,
Lupa, at Impierno made in 1850 and Purgatorio; displayed Tipos del pais sculptures, depicting common people
in the church of Paete, Laguna. doing everyday routines and wearing their native costumes,
became the favorite subject at that time.
-During the initial part of the Spanish colonization, painting
was only for the churches and for religious purposes.

-Tagalog painters Jose Loden, Tomas Nazario, and Because of the inclusion of sculpture in the Academia de
Miguel de los Reyes created the first still-life paintings Pintura, Escultura y Grabado de Manila's curriculum in
in the country and were commissioned in 1786 by a Spanish 1879, there was formalized training in sculpture.
botanist to paint the flora and fauna found in the country.
5. Graphic Arts
-The first-known historical painting created in the
Philippines was a mural at the Palacio Real in Spanish colonizers introduced engraving in the 1590's.
Intramuros, "The Conquest of the Batanes," done in 1783.
It was unfortunately destroyed during the 1863 - The Dominicans published the La Doctrina Christiana
earthquake. en la Lengua Española y Tagala in the 1590's. It was the
first book printed in the country. On the cover was a
woodcut engraving of St. Dominic by Juan de Veyra, a
Chinese convert.

Letras Y Figuras, a style formulated by Jose Honorato -Printing presses were owned and governed mostly by the
Lozano, combines both tipos del pais and genre various religious orders because only prayer books
and estampas were allowed by the ruling colonial - It is an acknowledged national traditional occasion.
government.
- It is a momentous occasion when communities come
- Estampas featured portraits of saints and known together in gratitude for another passing year.
religious pictures.
- The word fiesta in the minds of Filipinos creates
- Estampas and their smaller version estampitas were images of banderitas (flaglets), carrozas (processional
commonly distributed to the natives by friars during carts), marching bands, and a lot of food.
town fiestas.

Filipino engravers, such as Francisco Suarez,

Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay, Laureano Atlas, and AMERICAN PERIOD
Felipe Sevilla, were the first Filipinos to imprint their
signature into their artworks. The coming of the Americans brought in new art forms and a
different kind of outlook in life.
- Common signages given by the Filipinos at that
time were words like Indio Tagala and Filipino Indio. - The Americans educated the Filipinos and, thus
influenced their way of thinking and creativity.
The Filipino engravers were known to be the first to
depict and reproduce brown madonnas. The oldest Marian
image, The Nuestra Señora de Guia, was made in
1711. Architecture During the American Period

The New Philippine Government under General Emilio

Aguinaldo was defeated by the new colonial masters
6. Philippine Dance in the Spanish Period (the Americans) who bought the country from its old
master (the kingdom of Spain) by way of the Treaty of
For the past 300 years, Spain shaped the lives of Paris.
Filipinos in terms of politics, economics, religion, and
culture. - The coming of the Americans in 1898 to the islands was
the start of the invasion. Upon the arrival of the Americans
The hispanization infiltrated even the musical and came a new type of architectural structures.
choreographic practices of the people. Even Native
dances took on the tempo and temper of the European The revival period, which was popular at the turn of the
forms, like the noted Tinikling and the Itik-itik acquired century, became the most-sought-after architectural design
the tempo of the jota and the polka. of the era as seen in such buildings, as the Government Post
Office Building, as well as the Legislative House.
- The most-known was the jota, which later on took on
numerous regional variations. - The arrival of Burnham led to the formation of the
Burnham Plan.
- Another type of dance from Spain was the fandango
that was re- styled as pandanggo; it equaled the jota in
popularity
- In the mid-20's up to the eve of the second world war,
Art Deco became popular for Philippine Architecture
with works, such as the Metropolitan Theater along
7. Fiesta Plaza Aroceros, Perez-Samanillo Building, Crystal
Arcade and Capitol theater along Escolta, State and
Fiesta, the Spanish word for party or festivity, turned pista
in the local dialect.
Avenue Theater along Avenida Rizal, Lide and Times the aesthetic standards, so they tried to develop new idioms
Theater along Quezon Boulevard, and others. in expressing themselves.

Painting During the American Period In 1934, Edades sought two young undergraduates of the
U.P. School of Fine Arts, Carlos "Botong" V. Francisco and
Filipinos greatly suffered from the hands of the Americans. Galo B. Ocampo, to help him create a mural. Together, they
The Americans were determined to make the Philippines made the Triumvirate of Modern Art in the country. They
their new colony in the East.They planned to conquer the created many collaborative murals, such as Interaction. In
Filipinos through education and governance. 1938, Edades, Ocampo, and Diosdado Lorenzo founded the
Atelier of Modern Art in Malate, Manila. Galo B. Ocampo
Advertising and commercial designs Fabian dela Rosa
(1913 1985), created his Brown Madonna in 1938 and, thus,
(1869-1937) was the first famous Filipino painter of the
Filipinized Western canonical iconography. Carlos
20th century.
"Botong" Francisco (1913 1969), an Angono- based painter,
showed Philippine history in his "History of Manila" mural
- He was known for his lifelike portraits, genre, and
at the Manila City Hall. Botong was hailed as National
landscapes in subdued colors.
Artist for Painting in 1973.

His nephew, Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (1892-1972), who

Sculpture During the American Period
would captivate the interest of the public and the buyers. His
paintings, overflowing with yellow- orange and golden
Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) dominated Philippine
sunlight, depicted the Philippine landscape in all its glory.
sculpture for the first decades of the 20th century.
Amorsolo also drew the fanciful rural life of the working
men and women. He portrayed farmers and fisher folks - He was trained in the classical style in Rome. Tolentino's
doing their work without much effort, seemingly enjoying famous masterpieces include the Oblation at the University
themselves in their difficult tasks. His portrayal of the ever- of the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument in
smiling dalagang bukid is another trademark. Caloocan. His creation of the Bonifacio monument is
classical in execution but romantic in content. Andres
Bonifacio was depicted by Tolentino as one who remained
strong amid the turbulent storm of the Revolution.
The University of the Philippines, was founded by the
Americans in 1908.
-Tolentino was hailed as a National Artist for Sculpture in
1973. Many sculptors, such as Anastacio Caedo and his son
- The School of Fine Arts was founded in 1909 with Fabian
Florentino followed the standards set by Tolentino.
dela Rosa as its first Dean. It would serve as the local
academy for art. Amorsolo became a faculty member and
later the Dean of the U.P. School of Fine Arts from 1952 to
1955. During the sixties and seventies, many sculptors followed
the modernist way set by Abueva, such as Solomon Saprid,
Modernism began in the country in the 1890's with Miguel
J. Eizalde Navarro, Lamberto Hechanova, Edgar Doctor,
Zaragosa's two pointillist works. Emilio Alvero later created
Arturo Luz, Eduardo Castrillo, Jerry Araos, Virginia Ty-
many Impressionist still-life paintings. Juan Arellano would
Navarro, and "Francisco Verano. Their probe and
be popular as an architect, but his Impressionist landscapes
experimentation of different materials, techniques, styles,
were as remarkable as his buildings. In the 1920's, many
subject matter,
young painters started questioning the Amorsolo school
style that became the standard for painting. They
wanted to turn away from
and concept ensured a lively atmosphere for sculpture in the is a Maranao design tradition that is typically used in
country. woodcarving.

- Imao produced four contemporary series of the

okir: the sarimanok, the sari-mosque, the sari-okir, and
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ARTS calligraphic sculptures.

The following visual arts are some of the existing art forms
still being practiced in the Philippines and will continue to
the future as they are being passed down to younger These visual art forms are the following:
generations.
Advertising Art - refers to works made of bamboo that
may be used for everyday purposes or for decorations or
ornaments. Thick bamboo is typically used by building
Relief sculpture, this kind of sculpture does not have a sturdy structures, decorations, furniture, containers,
flat horizontal base. and writing materials. On the other hand, thin bamboo
is used in creating musical instruments and personal
- The form is projected from a flat surface.
accessories.

There are two types of relief - low relief or bas-relief

and high relief.
Basketry - refers to the art of creating containers by
The form of a low relief projects slightly from the flat weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials into hollow three-
surface, in contrast to the high relief. Bronze
dimensional shapes that can be used for carrying,
sculptures of Jose Rizal inside the Rizal Park.
storage, and trapping animals.

However, during the 60's and 70's, artists began exploring

the use of different materials and methods, forming new
types of sculpture in the contemporary setting. Some of Costumes - These are garments, hairstyles, and
these are the following: accessories that are worn by individual members or groups
in a particular society.

Use of Glass
Embroidery This refers to the art of stitching ornaments
Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil started the use of glass in
on cloth by hand.
sculpture.

- Orlina used glass in table pieces, murals, and sculptures,

which were usually unified into a framework. On the other
Food Art
hand, Pilapil used glass planes with irregular shapes and
linear patterns. This involves packaging and/ or presentation of food in an
artistic way.

-Food art involves enhancing the food itself or its

Symbolic Sculpture packaging in an artistic way.

A good example of symbolic sculpture is the - This is different from Western garnishing, which
interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on okir design, which involves adding decorative touches.
 This process involves casting and forging pieces of
brass or bronze. Tools, containers, weapons, and
Furniture some other items can be created using this process.
Anting- anting or amulets are also created using this
These are decorative and functional objects that are process.
typically found in a public or private dwelling or building.
These are also known as muebles or kasangkapan.

Multimedia
Komiks and Editorial Cartoon
This consists of works that involve the use of the other
Both komiks and editorial cartoon involve illustrations of senses in appreciating those works aside from the sense of
stories or events. vision.

- An editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration that

may either make fun of political leaders and instituitions or
comment on current events. Conceptual Art

- The komiks - may use single or multiple frames with In this type of multimedia, a visual artist "ideates or
conversations of people or animals placed inside "balloons." sets up a situation, placing philosophical value in the
process itself, while negating the importance of
craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object."

Leaf Art
Installation Art
Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and
modern artistic expressions. In this type of multimedia, the artist puts together materials
and objects in an exhibition space to a cast a new experience
- This makes leaf art different from basketry. The
or idea.
palaspas that is used every Palm Sunday is an
example of leaf art.

Performance Art

Mat Weaving In this type of multimedia, an artist converts himself or

herself into an art object in motion and sound.
This refers to the art of "plaiting strips of organic fibers into
mats." These mats, locally known as banig, are cool, light,
and portable compared to fixed beds.
Paper Art

This is the process of making things out of paper by way of

Metalcraft pasting, cutting, recycling, and constructing objects.

This includes all objects made from metal using the Paper art used to be limited with folk paper art such,
processes of brass casting and blacksmithing, tinsmithing, or as taka and higante from Angono, parol, pastillas
goldsmithing and silversmithing. wrappings, and kites.
 Stoneware

Personal Ornaments This type of pottery is made of clay and feldspar.

Stoneware is usually fired t 2,220-2.230F.
These are objects that are worn on the human body. Jewelry
falls under this form.

These are worn to enhance a part of the body of the Porcelain

wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize
ritualistic and emotional states. Jewelry made in the This type of pottery is made of kaolin, a special type of clay
Philippines is typically described as symmetrical and that is extra fine and white, and feldspar. Porcelain is fired
exhibits formal proportion, with a strong sense of at 2,500-2,700F.
rhythm.

Printmaking
Photography
This refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such
This refers to the process of producing images using a light- as metal or wood, to a pliable surface, such as cloth or
sensitive chemical plate or film. paper, using pressure.

- Photographs are taken to serve as portraits and as -printmaking involves making the plate either by hand or
propaganda. mixed with mechanical means

- Photographs are also used to serve as documentation for - reproduction involves making the plate and printing
travel and research. Aside from these, photography is using only mechanical means.
useful in covering events, as well as for advertising
and fashion. Lastly, a photograph is a highly useful
medium for an artist.
Tattoo Art

This is known as the process of permanently decorating

Pottery one's skin with images by way of a sharp object and a
coloring dyė.
Pottery is a general term for decorative and useful
objects made from clay set off at high temperatures. A tattoo is worn for several reasons. It may serve as
simply a type of clothing or an enhancement of the
There are three types of pottery. These are: physical beauty of the wearer. It may also be worn to
drive away evil spirits and enemies or to express
particular social values and attributes.

Earthenware or Terracotta

This type of pottery is made of clay and is usually fired at 1, Textile Weaving
700 - 2, 100F
This is the art of making cloth by interweaving a sequence
of parallel upright threads with another sequence of
horizontal threads at right angles. Textiles may be plain or
decorated by dyes, emboidery, and applique.
 Artists, like Atienza, who found it hard to get their work
printed in newspapers could publish their work online for
FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE ARTS free. Manix Abrera, maker of the comics strip "Kiko
Machine," calls the Internet an "infinite canvas."
The following are young creative people, festivals, events, Webcomics artists are not compelled by space limits, like in
and places leading in Philippine art preservation, promotion, newspapers. Webcomics artists have the liberty to
recognition, and continuation. experiment with visuals through computer software.

PHILIPPINE HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE ARTS

Komikon

Nestled in the forest of Mt. Makiling, which the former

Komikon (the Tagalized form for comic, and convention)
President Ferdinand E. Marcos formed on the 7th day
is a yearly comic book fan convention in the Philippines
of April in 1976 as a tribute to the Filipino artists, is the
National Arts Center (NAC) atop Mt. Makiling. From
. It was organized by Artist's Den to be the first convention
that time on, the NAC has played a significant role in the
for comic book fans. The first ever convention was
cultural upliftment of the nation through the molding of
conducted at the U.P. Bahay ng Alumni, UP Diliman,
young talents. The NAC on June 11, 1977 became the
Quezon City, on October 22, 2005. From then on, Filipino
official home of the Philippine High School for the Arts
fans have met annually to meet with the country's local
(PHSA) and continues to serve as a training venue for
talents and discuss common interests in the comic book
artistically inclined students.
genre. Some of the best- known artists who have graced the
convention are Gerry Alanguilan, Leinil Yu, Carlo
Pagulayan, Edgar Tadeo, Pol Medina, Jr., Carlo Vergara,
and Carlo J. Caparas among others.
Animahenasyon

It is an annual animation festival and competition held in the

Philippines that started in 2007 and organized by the
Animation Council of the Philippines, Inc. (ACPI).
Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company

The Animahenasyon festival aspires to promote the

The National Dance Company of the Philippines
creation of original content in Philippine animation. The
derived its name from an ancient Filipino tradition
festival recognizes the Filipino talent in the field of
called Bayanihan, which means helping each other for a
animation and urges animators to achieve local and
common good. Dr. Helena Z.
international animation excellence and
competitiveness.
Benitez in 1956 started the Bayanihan Folk Dance Group of
the Philippine Women's University. It was formally
organized the following year as the Bayanihan Folk Arts
Center with the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company as its
Webcomics
performing arm. The center and the dance company were
both charged to research on and preserve indigenous
Webcomics, or comics that are published online, have
Philippine art forms in music, dance, costumes, and folklore.
been steadily increasing in the Philippines for the past 6
As a multi-awarded company, Bayanihan has awakened a
years.
new pride among Filipinos in their cultural heritage both
nationally and internationally. In gratitude and recognition
- A comics artist of 17 years, Ariel Atienza, was one of the
of their efforts and international success that have won 6
first in the Philippines to start a comics blog in 2003.
Grand
prizes in World Dance competitions, the people of the
Philippines through the 10 ^ (tb) Congress enacted R.A.
8626 proclaiming the Bayanihan Philippine Dance
Company as The Philippines National Folk Dance
Company.