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01
Gearing Up for Prototyping
With Arduino
Diode - can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters,
voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators,
ARDUINO signal mixers, signal demodulators, and
“Arduino is a microcontroller board, which is oscillators.
essentially an entire computer on a chip. It has a
processing core, memory, and input and output COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED
controls all in one chip” WITH ARDUINO - INPUT DEVICES
Gas Sensors - MQ 4 Methane Gas Sensor
MICROCONTROLLER Module is a Compressed Natural Gas Sensor
microcontroller is a small computation engine that (CNG), which is mostly made up of methane
“makes a decision” or “monitors a system”. (CH 4), it is suitable for sensing natural gas
It has analog and digital input/output capabilities. concentrations in the air. It can detect natural
often used in applications that have repetitive tasks.
gas concentrations anywhere between 200 -
10, 000 ppm(parts-per-million). This sensor has
ARDUINO ANATOMY. high sensitivity and fast response time.
IR Receiver Sensor - is an electronic device that
can be used to detect and measure Infrared

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radiation in its surrounding environment The
signals detected are converted into electrical
signals. Used to transmit commands over the
air in short distances
Optocoupler - This allows connection to two
circuits that are not powered by the same
source. The LED lights up and the internal
switch closes when you apply voltage to the +
COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED pin.
WITH ARDUINO PIR sensors - (Pyroelectric sensor) in the
Bread Board - used to build electronic circuits. module generates energy when it detects to to
It is like a patch panel that has rows of holes heat.
that let you connect wires and components Photoresistor - photocell ora light-sensitive
together. resistor. It is a variable resistor whose
Jumper Wires - used to connect two points in resistance varies depending on the amount of
a circuit. Frequently used with breadboards light falling on its face.
and other prototyping tools in order to make it
easy to change a circuit as needed. COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED
Capacitors - is a passive electrical component WITH ARDUINO - OUTPUT DEVICES
DC Motor - DC Motor converts electrical
with two terminals. It is used to store and
energy into mechanical energy when there is
release electrical energy in a circuit. Often
electricity applied to its connectors.
placed across power and ground connections
LED - LED is a type of diode that lightens when
close to a motor or a sensor to give more
electricity passes through it.
stability in supplied voltage.

NEVER BACK DOWN, NEVER WHAT!!?? PAGE 01

 ELECTRICAL CURRENT

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LCD - is a type of alphanumeric or graphic is the total amount of charge passing through a wire
display based on liquid crystals. LCDs are over a period while current is the flow of electrons in a
available in many sizes, shapes, and styles. This circuit.
has 2 rows with 16 characters each.
RGB LED-has four pins: one for each color
(Red, Green, and Blue) and one for the RESISTANCE
is crucial in Ohm's Law and electronics because it
common cathode. It contains three different
allows control of current flow and voltage levels. It's
color-emitting diodes that can be blended to used to regulate, limit, and shape electrical signals,
produce a wide range of colors. ensuring device safety, accurate measurements, and
proper functioning.
fundamentals of
2.1 Prototyping
OHM’S LAW
ENERGY Ohm's law is named for German physicist Georg Ohm
Thermal Energy - Thermal energy refers to the (1789-1854).
energy contained within a system that is
responsible for its temperature. Heat is the flow of
thermal energy.
Electrical Energy - The movement of electrons V = VOLTAGE (VOITS )
from one atom to another is what results in I= CURRENT (AMPHERE)
electrical energy. R = RESISTANCE (OHM)

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Chemical Energy - is energy stored in the bonds of
atoms and molecules. Batteries, biomass,
petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of
chemical energy. Ohm's law is a law that states that the voltage across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing
CONDUCTOR through the resistance.
A conductor is a material that allows electric
fundamentals of
charges, like electrons, to move easily through it. 2.2 Prototyping
This means it can carry an electric current. Metals
like copper and aluminum are good conductors of ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
electricity. A circuit is an enclosed path through which
electricity flows. A simple circuit is composed of a
INSULATOR source, conductors or wire, and a load.
An insulator is a material that does not allow
electric charges to move through it easily. It acts as Direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only
a barrier to the flow of electricity. Materials like flows in one direction.
rubber, plastic, and wood are commonly used as Alternating current (AC), changes direction periodically.
insulators to prevent electrical currents from The voltage in AC circuits also periodically reverses
passing through them. because the current changes direction.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 2 TYPES OF E-CIRCUITS

is like a pathway for electricity to flow. It's made up 1. SERIES CUIRCUIT - is an electrical setup where
of wires and components (like switches, lights, or components are connected one after the other in a
batteries) connected in a loop. single pathway. This means that the same current flows
through each component sequentially.
VOLTAGE
Voltage, in simple terms, is like the "push" or
"pressure" that makes electric charges move through
a circuit. It's a measure of the energy carried by these
charges.

@daeinsleif__ PAGE 02
2 TYPES OF E-CIRCUITS ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
2. PARALLEL CUIRCUIT - is an electrical configuration
SYMBOLS

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where components are connected in multiple pathways.
Each components has its own separate connection to
the power source, allowing current to flow
independently through each one. If one component
fails, the others can continue functioning.

RESISTOR
is a passive electrical component to create
resistance in the flow of electricity in a circuit,
reducing current and voltage as a result.

TYPES OF RESISTOR

RESISTOR COLOR CODING

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4 bands: digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.
5 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.
6 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance,
temperature coefficient.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
is a sketch that uses standard electrical
symbols to depict the components of a circuit.
This represents the number of components
and their wiring connections, but not their
physical location.

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 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

03
Void Loop ()
BASICS, TARNSDUCER AND Is a function that arduino integrates as part of
SIGNALS POWERPOINT

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its structure
Every command inside the loop will run
continuously until your program stops
COMPUTER PROGRAM Semicolon ;
Written programming language which enables a
Signifies an end to the command line
computer to perform its function
A written instruction that process input, manipulate
Curly braces {}
data, and output a result
A group of code statements for a function
Specific Conditions
// C
Language in arduino Single-Line Comment //
C Signifies an end in the command line
Was created by Dennis Macalister Ritchie and Ken Short Comment
Thompson
Multi-Line Comment /* */
A group of statements
// C++ One paragraph
Language in arduino
C++
Variables
Was developed by Bjarne Stroupstrup Can store data from a sensor or results in a
calculation
TRANSDUCERS Can be called for later use in the program
Converts physical energy into electrical energy

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In the context of arduino, it can refer to various TYPES OF VARIABLES
types of sensors or detectors that can convert
INTEGER: Int
physical parameters into electrical signals
for whole numbers

TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS FLOATING WINDOW: float

Uses decimals
Sensor - Designed to detect and measure physical
Used for analog signals and continuous
properties
Actuator - Converts an electrical signal to a digital STRING: string
command Grouped letters, words, and special characters
BOOLEAN: bool
TYPES OF SIGNALS True and false

Analog Signal - Any number or values CHARACTER: char

Single letter
Digital Signal - High and low or On and off only

STAGES IN NAMING A
PROGRAMMING SYNTAX VARIABLE
Set of rules used to determine if a certain Declaration
group of words form a valid sentence Giving a variable a name

Initialization
Void Setup () Giving variables values
Where you put any code that needs to run only
once Naming a variable
Name must start in a letter
May contain letters, numbers, and underscores
Should not be a reserved word in the arduino IDE
Should not contain white spaces
No special characters (!@#$%^&*/><.,)

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 PROGRAMMING A CIRCUIT “ROBOTICS”
First used by Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)
pinMode
Is used to configure a specific pin to behave as
input or an output

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LAWS OF ROBOTICS
digitalwrite 1. Cannot harm people
Allows you to send 5v or 0v
2. Must obey orders
Takes two arguments
3. Protect its own existence
delay
interval CHARACTERISTICS OF A ROBOT
Sensing
Movement
Energy
04
Basic programming
Intelligence
syntax
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CREATING
A ROBOT
Objective
Planning/Architecture
Designing/Creativeness
Function/Purpose
Program/Algorithm
Source of power/Energy
Input and output devices
Variables and limitation

IDEAL TASKS FOR ROBOTS (4D’S)

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Dirty
Dangerous
Dull
Difficult for humans to perform

00 Robots ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ROBOTS Any computer that thinks and acts like a
Reprogrammable and multifunctional thing human
Also called a droid
TYPES OF ROBOTS
Capable of carrying out a complex series of Mobile
commands Stationary
Autonomous
Autonomous
Remote
automatic
Virtual
Semi-Autonomous Domestic
Has a controller Competition

“ROBOTS”
From Karel Capek’s RUR (Rossum’s Universal
Robots)
Robot=Robota
Greek word for “Labor” and “Worker”
look up for inspiration, down in
desperation, and left and right for
information

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