State Institutions: Importance of Education in the non-formal education, individuals

society acquire the knowledge, skills, and

Key state institutions in the Philippines values necessary to engage responsibly
include the Armed Forces of the Formal Education: in civic life and contribute positively to
Philippines (AFP), Local Government their communities.
Units (LGUs), and the Department of ◆ Formal education refers to the
education (DepEd). These bodies structured learning experiences This includes understanding democratic
uphold governance, maintain public provided within traditional institutional principles, respecting diversity,
order, and ensure educational settings, such as schools, colleges, and exercising critical thinking, and
standards, respectively. State universities. These institutions follow participating in civic duties such as
institutions, under government control, standardized curricula and employ voting and community service.
serve the interests of the nation, qualified teachers or instructors to Education plays a vital role in fostering
enforcing laws and policies even in deliver instruction. Formal education a sense of civic responsibility and
contentious situations like martial law typically leads to recognized empowering individuals to become
declarations. qualifications, such as diplomas, informed and engaged citizens.
degrees, or certificates, upon
Non-State Institutions: completion of specified requirements.
It often involves a systematic Self-Actualization:
Non-state institutions encompass a progression from one level to another,
broad spectrum, including banks, such as from elementary school to high ◆ Self-actualization is the process of
corporations, trade unions, school, and then to higher education realizing one’s full potential and
cooperatives, development agencies, institutions. pursuing personal goals and aspirations
civil organizations, and transnational through education and personal
advocacy groups. They operate Examples of formal education development. Education provides
independently of direct government include: individuals with opportunities to
control, influencing various aspects of ◆ attending classes, explore their interests, develop their
society: ◆ participating in lectures, talents, and pursue their passions. It
◆ completing assignments, empowers individuals to set and
Trade Unions: Representing workers’ ◆ and taking standardized assessments. achieve personal and professional
interests, trade unions advocate for goals, fostering a sense of fulfillment
improved labor conditions through Non-formal Education: and purpose in life.
collective bargaining and, if necessary, ◆ Self-actualization involves
strikes. ◆ Non-formal education encompasses continuous growth and self-
learning experiences that occur outside improvement, driven by intrinsic
Cooperatives: Formed around shared of formal institutional settings. Unlike motivations and a desire for personal
interests, cooperatives provide formal education, non-formal education fulfillment. Education serves as a
members with access to essential is more flexible and adaptable, catering catalyst for self-discovery and personal
services and resources, promoting to the specific needs or interests of empowerment, enabling individuals to
mutual assistance and empowerment. learners. It may take place in various lead meaningful and fulfilling lives.
settings, such as community centers,
Development Agencies: These entities libraries, workplaces, or online Fundamental Human Right:
facilitate progress through project platforms. Non-formal education
implementation and policy dialogue, programs often target specific groups ◆ Education is recognized as a
often with international support, or address particular skills or fundamental human right, as enshrined
contributing to infrastructure knowledge gaps. in various international declarations
development and socio-economic and treaties. It emphasizes the intrinsic
advancement. Examples of informal education value of education in promoting
include: individual well-being, societal progress,
Civil Organizations: Including ◆ vocational training programs, and global peace and stability.
academia, media, religious groups, and ◆ adult education classes, Governments have an obligation to
grassroots movements, civil ◆ community workshops, ensure universal access to quality
organizations inform public discourse, ◆ and online courses. education for all individuals, regardless
advocate for marginalized of their background, socioeconomic
communities, and hold governments Non-formal education provides status, or geographical location.
accountable for their actions. opportunities for lifelong learning and ◆ Education is essential for realizing
skill development beyond the confines other human rights, such as the right to
Transnational Advocacy Groups: of traditional schooling. work, the right to health, and the right
Operating globally, these organizations, to participate in cultural life. By
like Greenpeace and Human Rights guaranteeing access to education, states
Watch, campaign for issues often Productive Citizenry: can empower individuals to lead
overlooked by national governments, dignified lives, contribute to their
exerting pressure for policy change and ◆ Productive citizenry refers to the role sommunities, and participate fully in
social justice. of education in preparing individuals to the social, economic, and political life
actively participate in society, of society.
contribute to the economy, and uphold
democratic values. Through formal and
 are granted more power, land, and Sociologists distinguish between two
Concept, characteristics and forms of prestige than others. forms of systems of stratification:
stratification systems using
sociological perspectives social 2. It is Ancient 1. Closed systems
stratification
✓ The system for stratification is very ➢ It accommodate no change to social
◆ In the social sciences, social old. Also, in the small wandering status.
stratification is a concept used to define bands, stratification is present. ➢ It is described as a place where
the relative social status of individuals ✓ Age and sex carry the primary individuals can do little or nothing to
within a given social group, category, stratification factors. Almost every alter their social status.
geographical area, or other social units. ancient civilization gave distinction ➢ They do not allow people to change
◆ It is derived from the Latin word between rich and poor, powerful and levels and do not facilitate social
“strātum” (plural; parallel, horizontal humble, freemen and slaves. interactions between levels.
layers) that refers to the categorization ✓ Social philosophers have been ➢ Example: The caste systems and
of its people by a given society into deeply concerned with economic, slavery are closed systems of
socio-economic rankings based on social, and political inequalities since stratification in which individuals may
factors, such as wealth, income, social the times of Plato and Kautilya do little or nothing to alter their social
status, occupation and power. status.
◆ Social stratification refers to the 3. It is Universal
classification of individuals by a 2. Open System
society into socioeconomic category ✓ The social stratification is universal.
rankings based on various factors, ✓ The difference between rich and ✓ It focus and allow layers and classes
including wealth, income, ethnicity, poor is noticeable everywhere. to move and interact.
education, and power. ✓ Stratification is quite present in non- ✓ It is based on success, allowing
◆ Moreover, the term stratification literate communities. layers and classes to move and interact.
refers to a mechanism by which ✓ Example: A person from a lower or
individuals and classes are classified in 4. It is in Diverse Forms middle class background can rise
a status hierarchy that is more or less through achievement to join the middle
permanent. ✓ In all cultures, social stratification class or upper class, respectively.
has never been standardized.
Sociological Perspective: ✓ The Aryan society was divided into Concept Note: Social Organizations
four Varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
◆ Social stratification is a horizontal Vaishyas and the Sudras; the ancient ◆ Social Inequality
differentiation of society into higher Greek society into freemen and slaves;
and lower social units, according to and the ancient Chinese society into ➢ Is referred to as the existence of
Murray (1947) in his book entitled mandarins, traders, farmers and uneven opportunities and rewards for a
Introductory sociology. soldiers. diverse social positions or statuses
◆ Further, Tumin (1953) also stated ✓ The ancient Roman society was within a group or society.
that social stratification refers to stratified into two strata: The Patricians ➢ It occurs when resources in a given
structures in a hierarchy of roles in any and the Plebeians. society are distributed unevenly,
social group or community that are ✓ The general forms of stratification generally through norms of allocation,
unequal in terms of power, property, found in the modern world tend to be that bring about specific patterns along
social assessment, and/or social class and land. lines of socially defined categories of
gratification. persons.
5. It is Consequential
CHARACTERISTICS OF ◆ As inspired by Karl Marx’s analysis
STRATIFICATIONS ✓ The Stratification System has its in the rise of industrialization, he
own implications. Due to stratification, defined social inequality as the
The following social stratification the most important, most desirable, and difference in the distribution of social
characteristics were described by sometimes the scarcest items in human desirables such as wealth, power, and
Melvin M. Tumin in his publication life are distributed unequally. prestige. It also refers to the unequal
entitled American Sociological Review ✓ The method has two types of opportunities of individuals based on
(1953): implications: (i) Life chances and (ii) their social status. Social Inequality
lifestyle. Such topics as infant mortality includes:
1. It is Social rates, lifespan, physical and mental
illness, marital problems, separation, 1. Access to social, political,
✓ Stratification is social in the sense and divorce apply to life chances. and symbolic capital
that it does not reflect biologically ✓ The lifestyle however, include living
mediated discrimination in social. modes, residential areas, education, Social Capital
✓ It is true that variables such as leisure practices, parent-child
power, intellect, age, gender also may relationships, modes of transportation, ➢ refers to the capacity of a collective
serve as the bases from which status is and so on. to act together to seek after a common
classified. objective.
✓ But these differences alone are not FORMS OF SOCIAL
enough to justify why some societies STRATIFICATION: Political inequality
➢ The distance between masses and Two ways by which social Philippines is a signatory to these
the decision makers, the more layers of inequalities can be addressed in agreements, which bind other
authority and the decision, the greater Local and National Government in signatories to a standard protocol. Any
the political inequality. the Philippines: violation of these agreements can be
used as a basis to appeal to the
Symbolic Capital 1. Through policy legislation International Court of Justice (ICJ).
➢ For example, China’s incursion to
➢ Refers to the resources available to a ➢ Laws that ensure the rights of ethnic our territories is presumed to be a
group or individual on the basis of minorities can be passed. The violation of the United Nations
honor, prestige, recognition, and serves Philippines, for example, has in place Convention on the Law of the Sea
as the value that holds within a culture. the Indigenous People’s Rights Act that (UNCLOS).
seeks to protect the rights of our
2. Gender Inequality cultural communities (Jimenez 2017).
➢ Laws to protect the rights of the Concept Note: Responses to
➢ In some countries, women are paid persons with disabilities (PWD); the Challenges
relatively lower than men due to their Republic Act 9442 of the Magna Carta
sexuality and biological differences. for Persons with Disabilities that we Social Change is the “transformation of
➢ The LGBT community has always will no longer tolerate anyone who culture and social institutions over
been treated indifferently and humiliates or bullies a PWD and the time” (Macionis, 2012)
discriminatively because they do not right to sue a person who will treat
fall within a biologically gender group. him/her with “disrespect and Characteristics of Social Change:
condescendence.
3. Ethnic Minorities 1. Social change happens all
2. Through promoting cultural the time.
➢ Because some minorities live transformation ✓ Everything in our social world is
traditionalistic lives far away from the subject to change, although some
city and technology, and some may ➢ To promote cultural transformation societies change faster than others.
appear differently than usual, they have and endeavoring to transform the way ✓ Macionis cites William Ogburn’s
been consistently labeled and treated as society looks at women, LGBT, ethnic theory of cultural lag, which states that
people with minimal knowledge and minorities, and PWDs is a way to material culture (things) usually
capabilities. respond to social inequalities. changes faster than nonmaterial culture
➢ The key to this will be to teach the (ideas and attitudes).
4. Other Minorities public, both in formal settings such as ✓ For instance, advances in genetic
schools as well as through well-known technology have developed more
➢ This may include people with media. rapidly than ethical standards on the
disabilities or people with religions that use of the technology.
are less prevalent in society. Three ways to address Global Social
➢ Persons with Disability (PWD) are Inequalities: 2. Social change is sometimes
those who have long-term physical, intentional but is often
mental, intellectual or sensory 1. Formation of regional unplanned.
impairments which in interaction with groups ✓ Today’s high-income societies
various barriers may hinder their full generate many kinds of change. Yet, it
effective participation in society on an ➢ such as the Association of Southeast would be impossible to envision all the
equal basis with others. Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the consequences of the changes that are
➢ Minority groups are composed of ways to address global social set in motion.
less-dominant classifications in society inequality. The assumption, which is ✓ Example, telephones (invented in
that experience disproportionately not always the case, is that the 1876) have taken on different forms
lower opportunities than their dominant formation of regional groups can and uses over time.
counterparts. provide strength in numbers.
3. Social change is
5. Global inequality 2. To enter into bilateral controversial.
treaties and pacts with other ✓ Social change brings both good and
➢ Inequality does not only exist countries
bad consequences, and thus could be
between social orders and states, but
welcomed by some and opposed by
also among states. Some states are ➢ Like the mutual defense agreement
others.
wealthier and more effective than other between the Philippines and the US
✓ Karl Marx and Max Weber have
states. These privileged states most could be done in order to respond to
chronicled the transformations brought
likely become more powerful within global social inequality.
about by the industrial Revolution
the worldwide community.
✓ The capitalists welcomed the
➢ Hence, it leads to a circumstance of 3. The recourse to
Industrial Revolution because new
global inequality, where poorer and less international treaties and
technology meant increased
powerful states are being controlled agreements
productivity and profits.
and influenced by the wealthier and
✓ However, workers opposed it as
more powerful states. ➢ Sets contracts on issues as varied as
they suffered alienation and the
climate change, transnational crime,
dehumanization brought about by
and international development. The
newer techniques and social relations ✓ The realization of the grave impact present is a sign of the impact of
of production. of climate change on societies has led economic factors on the migration of
to calls for immediate action. Filipinos. Though overseas workers are
4. Some changes matter more ✓ Sustainable energy resources such source of benefits for the Philippines,
than others. as solar and wind power are considered such as financial remittance, many
✓ Some changes such as fashion fads important solutions to climate change. OFWs and Filipino migrants face
only have passing significance, while The use of renewable energy sources dangers and challenges such as abuse,
others such as major medical and the reduction or even complete human trafficking, and exploitation.
discoveries and inventions may change elimination of the use of coal and other Addressing these concerns requires
the world. fossil fuels are campaigned too. economic reforms which will enable
Information and awareness is also an Filipinos to gain employment in the
Causes of Social Change important aspect in responding to the country and no longer look to migration
challenge of climate change. as the only way to better their lives.
1. Culture and Change
✓ Invention- creation of something. 2. Transitional Migration and
✓ Discovery- finding something that Overseas Filipino Workers
has existed but previously not known. (OFWs)
✓ Diffusion- spread of cultural ✓ Life has been moving so fast and
attributes from one culture to another people as well are changing residences
through contact between different as rapidly.
cultural groups. ✓ Migration is the movement of
people from one place to another for
2. Conflict and Change the purpose of temporary or permanent
✓ Inequality and conflict in a society residence. Migration involves the
also produce change. movement of people across long
✓ Karl Marx foresaw that “social distances.
conflict arising from inequality
(involving not just classbut also race Types of Migration
and gender) would force changes in
every society to improve the lives of • Emigration refers to the movement
working people.” of people out of their native country.
• Immigration refers to the movement
3. Ideas and Change of people into a country that is not their
✓ Weber traced the roots of most social native land.
• Internal migration refers to the
change to ideas.
movement of people within their
✓ Example, charismatic people such as
country like transferring from one city
Mahatma Gandhi or Jose Rizal had
or locality to another.
political ideas that change society.
Types of Migrants
4. Demographic Change
✓ Population patterns such as • Permanent migrants are those who
population growth, shifts in the acquired residency or citizenship to the
composition of a population, or new country.
migration also play a part in social • Temporary migrants are those who
change. stay abroad for employment and have
✓ An increasing population may work visa.
encourage the development of new • Irregular migrants are those who do
products and services, but it can also not possess legal documents but
have ecological and social implications continue to stay in the foreign country
such the conversion of more because they need to work.
agricultural land to residential
subdivisions. Challenges to Human • Refugees are those who are forced to
Adaptation and Social Change move into another country because they
are displaced by wars, disasters, and
1. Global Warming and political persecution.
Climate Change
✓ refer to the drastic change in climate • Transnational migrants are those
patterns all over the world. persons who have migrated from one
✓ these changes are attributed to nation-state to another, live their lives
certain human practices such as the use across borders, participating
of fossil fuel, rampant logging, simultaneously in social relations that
pollution, and the use of chemicals embed them in more than one nation-
called greenhouse gases. state. Filipinos have had long history of
migration brought about the economic
concerns. The prevalence of OFWs at