Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Rural Development and

Cooperation
B.Com - III

Ms. Sapna Nawar

Deptt. of Commerce and Management
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

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Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 • Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any
mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of
that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of
any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by :

Biyani College Printing Department

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 Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the

students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and
adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language
of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
This book covers basic concepts related to the microbial understandings about
diversity, structure, economic aspects, bacterial and viral reproduction etc.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers
for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept
provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour.
They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and
spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the
quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions
to the under mentioned address.

Author

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 CHAPTER-1

Concept and Significance of

Rural Development

Q.1. Write a short note on concept Rural Development?

Ans.: "Rural development is a strategy by which more employment opportunities are
created in rural areas and efforts are made to increase the level of income and
there by raising the standard of living of rural masses.
According to International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) :
"Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social
life of a specific group of people the rural poor. The group includes small and
marginal farmers, tenants and landless labonrers."

Q.2. Give any 5 features of Rural Development.

Ans.: 1. Continuous process.
2. Quantitative and Qualitative changes
3. Improvement in standard of living.
4. Exhaustive Development.
5. Attention to specific groups
6. Better utilization
7. Reduction in disparities.

Q.3. Explain why there is need for Rural Development in India.

Ans.: Introduction : "India is country of villages where most of the people resides in
rural areas about 72% of the country lives in these villages which contribute 54%
share in national income. Which means a large amount of population of India is
in small areas which contribute a small share of national income.
Main feature of population living in rural areas are –
• Pre – dominance of agriculture – agriculture main occupation.
• Old methods of agriculture.

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• Low standard of living.
• Low per capets income.
• Vicious circle of poverty.
• Market imperfection etc.
So, if India wants to develop it will have to start form the path of agriculture
development.
In the words of M. P. Todaro : If India wants to be on-the path of development,
it'll have to start from path of rural development in particular and agriculture in
general.
All to Father of Nation : "India's soul exists in villages. The country cannot
develop until villages are developed and villages are self-reliant”.
Why Rural Development : After independence India has achieved a high rate of
economic growth. The country has done commendable progress in spite of
several hindrances. After independence we mainly focused on agriculture in first
plan but our stress diverts to industries in reward plan known as Mahalanobis
model So, after independence we have achieved self-reliant in industries to some
extent.
We have also achieved self sufficiency in agriculture due to use of new
agriculture strategy as a result of which agriculture product increases 3 – 4 times
which is known as 6 seen revolutions. But we have achieved self sufficiency
without ending hunger.
The concentration of economic power has increased doing last 5 decodes.
Regional disparities unemployment increased. Personal income despaulces
increased due to developmental work.
Vast difference is evident in the consumption level between urban and rural
population of the country. Today one can see a clear distinction between Bharat
(Rural India) and India (Urban India).
So, if India wants to develop it must start from the path of development of rural
areas.

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Q.4. Explain the significance of Rural Development.
Ans.:
Economic Sector Social Sector Political Sector
1. Development of Expansion of education Political
agriculture awakening
2. Industrial development Expansion of medical & National character
health facilities
3. Transport development Social uplebtment Decentralization of
power.
4. Trade development Emancipation of casteism
5. Support promotion Establishment of social
values
6. Increases in Solution of the problems of
employment urbanization.
7. Increase in PCNNP Population control
8. Optimum use of Qualitative change in
human resources population
9. Removed of Poverty
10. Removed of economic
disparities

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Q.5. Explain scope or subject matter of Rural development.
Ans.: The scope of rural development is very vast. But this can be divided into four
parts.
Scope of Rural Development

Agriculture of Rural Social Infrastructure

allied activates Industries Services

1. Agriculture Khadi & Education Transport

Handloom
2. Animal husbandryHandicrafts Health & family Communication
interfere
3. Forestry Pot – making Water supply Banking
4. Fisheries Gur and Housing Insurance
Khandsari
5. Poultry Farming Oil industry Electric supply Co-operative
institutions
6. Mining and Carpenlary Sanitation Panchayati Raj
quarrying Institutions.
7. Others Leather Industry Others Others
8. Tools and
Equipments
9. Other Rural
Industries

Q.6. Define objectives of rural development.

Ans.: 1. Removal of Poverty
2. Raise standard of living
3. Removal of Unemployment
4. Educational Development
5. Drinking water supply
6. Rural Sanitation

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 7. To check migration from villages
8. To reduce unemployment
9. Development of transport
10. Development of communication

Q.7. Explain Main fractures of rural economy.

Ans.: 1. Pre dominance of agriculture
2. Poverty
3. Disguised Unemployment : Disguised unemployment exists in rural areas.
The labour whose marginal product becomes zero is disguised unemployed
for en: if there is need of 5 workers on a firm and there one 7 workers
engages and total production of 5 workers is 100 units and of 7 workers is
also 100 units then the 2 workers are contributing nothing to total
production and their marginal product is zero so there are disguisedly
unemployed.
Ace to Nurture :
X
N N1 are disguised unemployment

Total Production A Tp Curve

0 Y
No. fo laboures
Y
N N1 are disguised unemployment

Total Production A B Tp Curve

0 N N2 X
No. fo laboures

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 4. Seasonal unemployment
5. Lack of infrastructure
6. Indebtness
7. Economic Disparities
8. Lack of Capital
9. Unproductive expenditure
10. Rabid increase in population

Q.8. Give the sequence of Rural Development Programmes in India.

Ans.: 1. Community Development Programme, 1952.
2. IADP : Intensive agriculture District Programme, 1961.
3. TAD : Tribal Area Development Programme, 1962.
4. IAAP : Intensive Agriculture Area Programme, 1964.
5. HYV : High yielding verities seeds Programme, 1966.
6. SFDA : Small Farmer’s Development Agency, 1969.
7. Agency for Development of Marginal.
8. Rural Works Programme, 1970.
9. DPAP : Drought Prone Area Programme, 1970.
10. Minimum Needs Programme, 1974.
11. Twenty Point Programme, 1975.
12. Special Livestock Production Programme, 1975.
13. Food for Work Programme, 1977.
14. Antyodaya Programme, 1977.
15. Desert Development Programme, 1977.
16. IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme, 1978.
17. DWCRA : Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas.
18. CAD : Command Area Development Programme, 1978.
19. TRYSEM : Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment.
20. NREP : National Rural Employment Programme, 1980.
21. BIO - Gas Programme, 1981.
22. SEEUY : Self Employment for Educated Unemployment Youth, 1981.
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 23. RLEGP : Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme, 1983.
24. JRY : Jawahar Razgar Yojana, 1989.
25. EAS : Employment Assurance Scheme, 1993.
26. SJGSY : Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, 1999.
27. JGSY : Jawahar Gram Samriddhhi Yojana, 1999.
28. NSAP : National Social Assurance Programme.
29. NREGS : National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.
30. Bharat Nirman.
31. National Rural Health Mission.

Q.9. Explain the changing scenario of Rural Economy in India.

Or
Has Rural Development Programmes started in rural areas succeeded? If yes,
then to what extent.
Ans.: A large number of rural development programmes has started in rural areas in
India for their development which we have already mentioned in our above
questions under the head sequences of Rural Development Programmes. Now,
we are going to discuss whether they have succeeded in India to what extent.
Positive Changes :
1. Land Ownership to Tiller
2. High Priority to Rural Development.
3. Communalization of Agriculture
4. Technological Changes
5. Self – sufficiency in food gains
6. Development of Communication
7. Development of Infrastructure
8. Development of Social Services.
9. Development of Consumers Culture
10. Removal of Castism
Negative Changes :
1. Deforestation
2. Disputes

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 Corruption
End of Rural Skill
End of Rural Culture

Q.10. Objectives of Rural development?

Ans.: The main objectives of Rural development is to remove all the hindrances in the
way of development of rural areas. After removing these hindrances to put it on
the path of development. Main objectives are :
1. Removal of Poverty. (Nearly 27.09%population is living below poverty line)
2. Raise Std. of living.
3. Removal of Unemployment : There is mainly disguised unemployment in
rural areas which can be uses as a important sources of human capital
formation.
4. Educational Development.
5. Drinking Water Supply.
6. Rural Sanitation.
7. To check migration from villages.
8. To reduce under employment.
9. Development of infrastructure.
10. Other objectives :
(i) Environmental Development
(ii) Development of Medical health and family welfare facilities in
rural area.
(iii) Healthy Living Conditions.

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 CHAPTER-2

Strategy for Rural Development :

Current Issues -1

Q.1. In how many part strategy for Rural Development can be divided?
Ans.: The strategy for Rural Development cane be divided in to three categories:

Policies relating to Rural Development Government’s

Rural Development programmes facilities for Rural
Development

Q.2. What is Green Revolution

Ans.: In 1966, the use high yielding varieties seeds HYV seeds was started. And many
institutional like land reforms and technological changes were introduced as a
result of which agriculture production increases 3 – 4 times. The increase was so
conspicuous and sudden that some economists termed it as Green Revolution.

Q.3. Write the name of the programmes started for the development of rural areas.
Ans.: ACC to Uma leli : “Rural development is definer as improving living standards
of the mass of the low income population residing in rural areas ad making the
process of their development “Buff – Sustaining”. Programmes is started in rural
areas for their development were mainly related to removal of poverty,
unemployment, agriculture development, education, health and medical
programmes, transport, communication etc.
Rural development has two important aspects.
1. Economic development through mutual close co – ordination in various areas
and
2. Upliftment of rural poor people.

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 Policies

Policies relating to Rural Development Government’s

rural development programmes facilities for rural
development
→ IAAP (Intensive → Integrated Rural → Financial facilities
agriculture area development Programme NABARD
programme) (IRDP) RRBS etc.
→ HYV (Green → TRYSEM → KSC
Revolution of New → JRY → Subsidy
agriculture Strategy)
→Agriculture price policy → JGSY → RIDF
→ Agriculture marketing → EAS → MFDF
→ Agriculture Finance → PMGY → Socio economic
(Recently in New Budget → Gramin Awas infrastructure
govt. has announced to → IAY → Panchayates
give Rs. 6000 Cr. To → DWCRA Co – operatives
remove agriculture
→ MWS → Committees
incleblness to farmers) → Schools
→ PMGSY
→ AAY → Rural sanitation
scheme
→ SGRY
→ DPAR
→ DDP

Policies relating to Rural Development : Agriculture development in India was

considered as important from the very beginning of planning era. For that many
changes have been made which are :
A. Institutional changes : These relates to changes mode in land.
B. Technological charges : These relates to changes mode through
improved technology.
The main aim of institutional changes was to “Give land to the real toiler of
soil.” Many changes like.
Zamindari Abolition
Ternary Reforms
Carling on land holdings

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 Comolidation of land : These all steps were taken to prepare the agriculture
land. So that technological changes can be made.
New agricultural strategy : After making the changes needed, the technological
changes were made in land.
Like IAAP (Intensive agriculture Area Programme) : In this programmes the
areas which has potentialities of growth were relected to install technological
changes. The areas were selected on the basis of following qualities.
Which has irrigation facilities?
Which has potentities of growth?
Which has no natural hazards like floods deserts etc?
Which has Panchayats.
HYV : Already explained under green revolution.

Q.4. Short Notes : Rural development Programmes :

Ans. 1. IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme was started from 1978-79
for the poverty eradication and rural development. Initially it was started in
certain blocks of the country but form 2 Oct. 1980 it was implemented in all
blocks of the country.
2. TRYSEM : Training of rural youth for self employment started on 15th August
1979 with a objective to remove unemployment among rural youth the
persons in the age group of 18 – 35 years necessary skill and technology
was provided to rural youth.
3. JRY : Jawahar Rozgar Yojana : A single village employment programme was
launched form 1st April, 1989 through the merger of National Rural
Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP) and Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee (RLEGP). This programme was named as Jawahar
Rozgar Yojana has be restructured and streamlined from April, 1999.
4. JGSY (Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana) : Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) has
been reconstructed and streamlined with effect form 1999 and has been
renamed as JGSY.

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 Objects

Primary Category Secondary Category

Creation of infrastructure Generation of supplementary

and durable Assets employment
5. EAS (Employment Assurance Scheme) : Launched form 2nd Oct. 1993 with
the objective to provide employment to all people in rural area who are below
poverty line and welling for employment but unable to get same.
Object :
(i) Primary objective (ii) Secondary Objective
Main aim was to provide Sustain future
employment opportunities employment and development though
during the period of acute creation of durable community, social
shortage of wage employment and economic assets.
6. PMGY (Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana) : Five elements of social and
economic infrastructure are critical to quality of life specially in rural areas :
a. Education
b. Health
c. Drinking Water
d. Housing and
e. Roads.
ACC to Sauvik Chakarverti : Our planners are keeping the villages poor by
not connecting them to the cites _ _ _ _ to ads matter.
Hence the Govt. of India has launched the PMGY for the yr. 2000 with the
objective of undertaking time bound programmes to fulfill these critical needs
of the rural poor.
7. Rural Housing (Gramin Awas) : This was launched to meet the growing
housing needs of rural habitants for this a number of programmes were
launched like Indira Awas Yojana (IAY).

Credit Cum Subsidy Scheme

Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme.

Equity support to HUDCO.

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Help from co-operative sector.
(i) Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) : This was launched to provide fincacial
assistance to rural poor who are below poverty line for the
construction of dwelling units.
(ii) Credit cum subsidy scheme : Under this scheme assistance is
provided to the facilities with an annual income of below Rs. 32,000
per annum. An amount of Rs. 92 cr. was provided in the budget 2000-
01 for this scheme.
(iii) Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme : Under this scheme
National Housing Bank provides reference to bank and finance
companies for construction of houses in rural areas.
(iv) Equity support to HUDCO : During the ninth plan period to improve
the availability of housing finance in rural areas Govt. has decided to
provide equity support of Rs. 350 cr. to HUDCO.
(v) The co-operative sector and voluntary agencies etc also provide
assistance for the construction of dwelling units in rural areas.
8. Rural Drinking Water Project : The main objective of this project was to
provide drinking water facilities in all rural habitations in the next 5 years.
9. Other Programmes
(i) DWCRA : Development of women and children in Rural Areas. This
programme was started in Sept. 1982 for the development of women
and child in Rural Areas (DWCRA).
Main Objectives : Its objective was to concentrate upon women
members of target families for increasing their income and providing
such facilities through which they could start works for earning.
(ii) MWS (Million Wells Scheme) : 1 Jan. 1996, main purpose was to
provide wells free of charges to SC/ST/small and marginal
farmers/bonded laborers/non SC and ST BPL (Below Poverty Line)
for irrigation purpose.
(iii) PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) : Labncheo by former
Prime minister ‘Atal Bihari Vajpayee’ on 25th Dec, 2000. This was
mainly started to provide road facilities in rural areas.

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 (iv) AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana) : AAY was also launched by A. B.
Vajpayee on 25th Dec. 2000 for ensuring food security for all
involving an annual subsidy of Rs. 2300 cr.
(v) SERY (Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana) : It launched w. e. f. 2001
(Sept.)
(vi) Food for work programme :
“Government facilities for Rural Development”
(i) Financial Facilities : The arrangement for finance for agriculture and rural
development has been made through co-operative banks, land development
banks, commercial banks and RRBs :
NABARD (National Agriculture Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development) : It was established on 24th July, 1982 with aim to fulfill
institutional gap in finance. The main aim of the bank was to meet long and
medium term credit requirements of regional rural. Being on apex bank it is
not directly involved in giving finance direct to farmers but it provider
credit to farmers through indirect channel (through other banks)
RRBs (Regional Rural Banks) : it were established in 1975 to meet short
term credit requirements to rural farmers. At present there are 193 regional
rural banks working in country.
Subsidy : for various functions like :

Fertilizer

HYV seeds

Diesel & Kerosene

Loans and food grains etc provided to locker sections on concessional
rates.
(ii) RIDF : Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
(iii) MFDF : Mircro Finance Development Fund
(iv) KCC : Kishan Credit Cards
(v) Socio Economic Infrastructure
(vi) Panchayats Co-operatives, Committees and Schools
(vii) Rural Sanitation Scheme

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Q.5. Has Rural Development strategy succeeded?
Ans.: After independence a specific strategy was adopted for the rural development in
India. The main objective of this strategy was to impure the socio economic life of
rural poor following points shows the success of these strategies.
1. Population control : One of main problem of India is its cop idly growing
population. About ¾ th of population resides in villages rural people are
trapped in the vicious circle of poverty and unemployment due to large size
of the families.
Diagram 1 showing vicious circle of poverty and unemployment.

Large sized
Rural Family

Illiteracy, diseases More family

mal-nutrition expenses illiteracy,
blend forth Mal nutrition and
diseases

Low
Poverty and
Income
Indebtness
Unemployment,
low living
standard and low
productively

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 Diagram 2. Size of the family and Division of agricultural land

1. First generation 100 Acre Land

2. Second generation 50 acre 50 acre

3. Third generation →each 10 Acre← 25 acre 25 acre

4. Fourth Generation →each 2.5 Acre← 25 acre 25 acre

Smaller the size of family greater the prosperity are progress as the family.
2. Eradication of Poverty
3. Removal of Rural Unemployment
4. Expansion of Education
5. Environmental Protection
6. Development of Infrastructure
7. Development of Social Services
8. Credit Facility
9. Permanent solution of famine and Drought
10. Agriculture Policy

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 CHAPTER-3

Rural Development Administration :

Rural Development Agencies

Q.1. What is meant by rural development administration?

Ans.: Meaning of Administration : The word administration has different
connotations. Presently it refers to the Government.
ACC to Encyclopedia : “Administration” is a process of managing and
performing functions.
Meaning of Rural Development Administration : That form of administration
which is concerned with rural development is called as rural development
administration.
Definition : “Rural development administration connotes that arrangement in
which planning, organization, co-ordination and control of available human and
physical resources is done for exhaustive development of rural areas.

Q.2. Significance of Rural Development administration.

Ans.: 1. Rapidity in Rural Development
2. Co–ordination between rural development agencies.
3. Efficient Direction
4. Efficient use of financial Resources
5. Development according to Government Priorities.
6. Balanced Rural Development.
7. Personnel Management

Q.3. Explain the hierarchy of rural development administration.

Ans.: While studying rural development administration is essential to study its
hierarchy.

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 Hierarchy of Rural Development administration in India

Cabinet Minister of Rural Minister of State for Rural

Development Development

Administrative Secretary
Rural Development

Zila Parishad Minister of Rural

(District Council) Development

Additional District Collector

(Development) & Project Directors

District Planning Others

Officer Administrative & Assistant Various Subject
(Project Officer) Officer Personnel Engineer Experts

Executive Accounts Officer Assistant Project Credit Plan

Engineer Officer Officer

Q.4. Structure of Rural Development administration in India.

Ans.: Structure of rural development administration can be divided into following
categories.
A. Structure at the Centre/National Level.
B. Structure at State Level.
C. Structure at District Level.
D. Structure at Block Level.
E. Structure at Village Level.

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A. Rural Development structure at Centre/National Level : Organisation of
rural development administration at Centre/ National Level.

Administration Wing

Rural Employment Wing

Integrated Rural Development Wing

Land Reforms Wing

Ministry of
Rural
Development
Finance Wing

NIRD Wing

DMI Wing

CART

PADI

B. Rural Development Administration at State Level :

Diagram 3. Rural Development administration at State Level.

Ministry Rural NIRD Wing

Development and
Panchayati Raj
DMI Wing

Administrative secretary CART

of Rural Development
& Panchayati Raj.
PADI

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C. Rural Development Structure at District Level :

Governing Council or Board of

Directors of District Rural
Development Agency

Zila Parishad
(District Council)
Executive Committee of DRDA

Zila Pramukh Executive Director – DRDA

(District Collector)

Project Director – DRDA

(Additional District Collector
Development)

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 CHAPTER-4

Rural Development at District Level

Q.1. By which name the chairman of Zila Parishad in Rajasthan is known?

Ans.: The chairmen of Zila Parishad in Rajasthan is Known as Zila Pramukh.

Q.2. Why Zila Parishads are constituted?

Ans.: Zila Parishads are constituted to control the working and co-ordinate the
functions of gram Panachayats in fact Zila Parishads acts as a link between state
Government and Panchayats.

Q.3. What are the ordinary functions of Zila Parishad?

Ans.: Following are the main functions which Zila Parishads has to perform.

Prepare plans for economic development.

Social justice in district and

To a certain integrated implementation of such plans including the areas
enumerated in the following items →
1. Agriculture
2. Small irrigation under – ground water resources and development of water
distribution.
3. Horticulture
4. Statistics
5. Rural electrification
6. Soil conservation
7. Social forestry

Q.4. What do you know about Zila Parishad?

Ans.: In the hierarchy of organisation of Panchayat Raj institutions Zila Parishad
(District Level) is at the top level. So Zila Parishad is the highest body in the three
tier system of Panchayat Raj. It is constituted in the each district of the state. It is
known as Zila Parishad in Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orirsa and
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 Maharastra. Zila Parshad is known by different names in other states it is known
as Zila Panchayat in Madhya Pradesh and Gujrat. Mahakoma Parishad in Assam
and Zila Vikas Parishad in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Q.5. What do you know about rural development administration at district level?
Explain.
Ans.: We have already discussed about rural development administration at district
level in earlier question.
Zila Parishads District Level

Panchayat Samiti Block Level

Gram Panchayat
Village Level
The hierarchy of organisation of Panchayat Raj institution Zila parishads comes
at the top level and is highest body. Different names are given in different states
for this.
The constitution and organisation of Zila Parishads is not uniform in all the
states. But the ellcted cheir persons of Panchayat Samities who are known as
pradhan or Pramukh are usually members are elected from each panchayat
samiti as per rules. In addition chairpersons of act municipalities, Director of
District co-operative Bank, Director of Bank nominated by the State Government
representatives of some co-operative societies maximum three members having
cultural & literacy interest all MLAs of the district, M. P. members of legislative
council and some co-opted members form women & SC& ST are the members of
Zila parishad. Each Zila parishad has an elected chairperson and vice-chair
persons.

Q.6. Explain functions performed by Zila Parishds.

Ans.: 1. Ordinary functions
2. Agriculture
3. Small irrigation under-ground water resources and development of water
distribution.
4. Horticulture
5. Statistics
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6. Rural Electrification
7. Soil Conservation
8. Soil forestry
9. Animal Husbandry and Diary
10. Fisheries
11. Domestic and cottage Industry
12. Rural Roads and Buildings
13. Health
14. Rural Housing
15. Education
16. Social welfare and welfare of weather sections.
17. Poverty Eradication Programme
18. Social reform Activities.
19. Ordinary (General) Powers of Zila Parishad

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 CHAPTER-5

Rural Development Administration at

Village & Bock Level

Q.1. Which are three levels of Panchayati Raj?

Ans.: The system of Panchayati Raj institutes is three tier. In the hierarch of
organisation of Panchayat Raj Institutions.

(At Top Level – District Level)

Zila Parishads

Panchayat Samiti (At Middle Level – Block Level)

Gram Panchayat At Lowest Level –Village Level)

However, some minor distinctions are evident in the organisation of Panchayati

Raj Institutions in the various states of the country.

Q.2. Organisation structure of Panchayat Raj Institutes?

Ans.: Zila Parishads (District Level)

Panchayat Panchayat at Panchayat Panchayat

at Samiti – Samiti – A at Samiti – at Samiti –
A (Block Level) C D

Gram Panchayat (Village Level)

Gram Panchayat

Gram Panchayat

Gram Panchayat
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Q.3. What are the main sources of income of Panchayats?
Ans.: Sources of Income :
1. Government Grant
2. Tax on building and vet hides
3. Tax on commercial crops
4. Passenger Tax
5. Octroi on animal and goods
6. Shop Tax
7. Any State tax approval by the Government
8. Loans and Gifts
9. Income from market land and water tanks.
10. Charges on use of rent house
11. Rate on water supply
12. Miscellaneous.
Q.4. Why is meant by Gram Sabha?
Ans.: An assembly of all adult residents of a villages is constituted which is called
‘Gram Sabha’.

Q.5. Who elects ‘Gram Panchayat’.

Ans.: The ‘Gram Panchayat’ is elected by ‘Gram Sabha’. The election of Gram
Panchayat is held after the duration of every 5 every through select ballet by the
votes. The members of Panchayat are called Panch.

Q.6. Write any two function of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans.: The Gram Panchayats have been assigned all those functions through which the
foundation of democracy is strengthened. Hence all the functions related with
the development and public welfare in rural areas are performed by the
Panchayat.
Functions of Gram Panchayat :
1. General or Ordinary function :
(i) To prepare annual plans for the development of Panchayat area.
(ii) To prepare annual Budget.
2. Administrative function :
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 (i) Numbering of campuses.
(ii) To conduct census.
3. Agriculture including Agriculture extension.
4. Animal husbandry, Dairy and poetry farming.
5. Fisheries.
6. Social and farm forestry, minor forest produce fuel and fodder.
7. Small irrigation.
8. Khadi, village and cottage industry.
9. Rural Housing.
10. Drinking Water.
Q.7. Who is the chief executive of a Gram Panchayat?
Ans.: The Sarpanch acts as a chief executive of Gram Panchayat. He is assisted by Up-
sarpanch and Panchayat secretary. The Sarpanch is elected directly by the voters
of the Gram Panchayat. Hes is responsible for the budgets maintence of records
and accounts and the funds of the Panchayat.
Q.8. By which name middle level of Panchayat Raj is Known?
Ans.: Panchayat Samities.

Q.9. What do you mean by Panchayat samiti and write down its function?
Ans.: Panchayat Samiti is the intermediate level of Panchayati Raj System. The middle
level is called as Panchayati samiti in several State of Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh Maharastra and Orisa. The future of Panchayat Samiti is 5 years.
The main functions the mentioned below.

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