Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

CHAPTER 10 – VARIANCE ANALYSIS

10.1 RECONCILE
A company makes a single product and uses standard absorption costing. The
standard cost per unit is as follows:
Rs. per unit
Direct materials 8
Direct labour 6
Fixed production overheads 12
26
Budgeted production is 14,000 units per month. Last month, actual production was
14,800 units, and actual costs were as follows:
Total costs Rs.
Direct materials 125,000
Direct labour 92,000
Fixed production overheads 170,000
387,000
Required
Prepare a statement for the month that reconciles budgeted costs, standard costs
and actual costs

10.2 SIMPLE VARIANCES

(a) Z Company uses a standard costing system and has the following labour cost
standard in relation to one of its products:
4 hours of skilled labour at Rs.6.00 per hour: Rs.24.00
During October, 3,350 units of this products were made, which was 150 units
less than budgeted. The labour cost incurred was Rs.79,893 and the number
of direct labour hours worked was 13,450.

Required
Calculate the direct labour rate and efficiency variances for the month.
(b) Company J uses a standard costing system and has the following data
relating to one of its products:
Rs. Rs.
per per
unit unit
Selling price 9.00
Variable cost 4.00
Fixed cost 3.00
7.00
Profit 2.00
The budgeted sales for October Year 5 were 800 units, but the actual sales
were 850 units. The revenue earned from these sales was Rs.7,480.

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Cost and management accounting

Required
Calculate the sales price and sales volume variances for October using:
 standard absorption costing
 standard marginal costing.
(c) The budget was to produce 15,000 units. The standard fixed production cost
of a product is Rs.20, which is 4 hours at a rate of Rs.5 per direct labour hour.
Actual production was 14,600 units and actual fixed production overhead
expenditure was Rs.325,000. The production output was manufactured in
58,000 hours of work.

Required
Calculate:
 the fixed production overhead total cost variance
 the fixed production overhead expenditure variance and volume
variance
 the fixed production overhead efficiency variance and capacity variance

10.3 OVERHEAD VARIANCES

A company operates a standard overhead absorption costing system. The standard
fixed overhead rate per hour is Rs.25. The following data relate to last month:
Actual hours worked 8,250
Budgeted hours 9,000
Standard hours of actual production 7,800
Actual fixed overhead expenditure Rs.211,000
Required
Calculate for the month:
(a) the fixed overhead capacity variance
(b) the fixed overhead efficiency variance
(c) the fixed overhead expenditure variance.

10.4 MANUFACTURING COST VARIANCE

A manufacturing company uses a standard absorption costing system in accounting
for its production costs.
The standard cost of a unit of product is as follows:
Standard Standard Standard
quantity price/rate cost
Rs. Rs.
Direct materials 5 kilos 6.00 30.00
Direct labour 20 hours 4.00 80.00
Variable production overhead 20 hours 0.20 4.00
Fixed production overhead 20 hours 5.00 100.00

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 Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

The following data relates to Period 1:

Budgeted output 25,000 units
Actual output - produced 20,000 units
Units sold 15,000 units
Materials put into production 120,000 kilos
Materials purchased 200,000 kilos
Direct labour hours paid 500,000 hrs
Due to a power failure 10,000 hours were lost.
Cost of materials purchased and used Rs.825,000
Rate per direct labour hour Rs.5
Variable production overhead Rs.70,000
Fixed production overhead Rs.2,100,000
Required
Calculate, for Period 1:
1 the material price variance
2 the material usage variance
3 the direct labour rate variance
4 the direct labour idle time variance
5 the direct labour efficiency variance
6 the variable overhead total cost variance
7 the fixed overhead expenditure variance
8 the fixed overhead volume variance
9 the total manufacturing cost variance.

10.5 VARIANCES AND OPERATING STATEMENTS

Standard data per unit of Product Q is as follows:
Rs. per Rs. per
unit unit
Standard sales price 6.00
Direct labour cost 0.64
Direct material cost 3.00
Variable production overheads 0.16
3.80
Contribution 2.20
Fixed overheads 0.20
Profit 2.00

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Cost and management accounting

The budgeted production and sales volume for Product Q was 12,000 units. Budget
for 2,400 direct labour hours (12,000 units):
 5 units to be produced per hour
 Standard labour cost is Rs.3.20 per hour
 Standard material cost is Rs.1.50 per kilogram and each unit requires 2 kilos
 Budgeted fixed overheads Rs.2,400
 Budgeted variable overhead cost per direct labour hour = Rs.0.80.
Actual results for the same period:
 11,500 units were manufactured
 2,320 direct labour hours were worked, and cost Rs.7,540
 25,000 kilos of direct material were purchased (and used) at a cost of Rs.1.48
per kilogram.
Other information:
 Inventory is valued at standard cost of production.
 Actual variable overheads were Rs.1,750
 Actual fixed overheads were Rs.2,462
 10,000 units were sold for Rs.62,600.

Required
Prepare operating statements for the period using:
(a) standard absorption costing and
(b) standard marginal costing.
To prepare the absorption costing operating statement, you should show the
variable overhead expenditure and efficiency variances, and the fixed overhead
expenditure and volume variances.

10.6 VOLUME AND EXPENDITURE VARIANCES

A production manager is studying the cost report for the six-month period that has
just ended. The production department incurred overhead costs of Rs.680,000 and
had under-absorbed overheads of Rs.46,400. The actual direct labour hours worked
in the department were 48,000 hours, which was 2,000 hours less than budgeted.

Required
(a) Calculate the budgeted absorption rate per direct labour hour.
(b) Calculate the budgeted overhead expenditure.
(c) Calculate the overhead expenditure and overhead volume variances in the
period.

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 Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

10.7 LETTUCE
Lettuce makes a product – the vegetable guard. It is the organic alternative to slug
pellets and chemical sprays.
For the forthcoming period budgeted fixed costs were Rs.6,000 and budgeted
production and sales were 1,300 units.
The vegetable guard has the following standard cost:
Rs.
Selling price 50
Materials 5kg  Rs.4/kg 20
Labour 3hrs  Rs.4/hr 12
Variable overheads 3hrs  Rs.3/hr 9

Actual results for the period were as follows:

1,100 units were made and sold, earning revenue of Rs.57,200.
6,600kg of materials were bought at a cost of Rs.29,700 but only 6,300 kg were
used
3,600 hours of labour were paid for at a cost of Rs.14,220. The total cost for
variable overheads was Rs.11,700 and fixed costs were Rs.4,000.
The company uses marginal costing and values all inventory at standard cost.
(a) Produce a statement reconciling actual and budgeted profit using appropriate
variances. (15)
(b) Assuming now that the company uses absorption costing, recalculate the fixed
production overhead variances (6)
(c) Discuss possible causes for the labour variances you have calculated. (4)
(25)

10.8 MOONGAZER
MoonGazer produces a product – the telescope. Actual results for the period were:
 430 units made and sold, earning revenue of Rs.47,300.
 Materials: 1,075 kg were used.
 1,200 kg of materials were purchased at a cost of Rs.17,700
 Direct labour: 1,700 hours were worked at a cost of Rs.14,637
 Fixed production overheads expenditure: Rs.2,400.
 Variable production overheads expenditure: Rs.3,870.
The standard cost card for the product is as follows:
Rs.
Direct material 2 kg  Rs.15 30
Direct labour 4hrs  Rs.8.50 34
Variable overhead 4hrs  Rs.2.00 8
Fixed production overhead per unit 5
77

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Cost and management accounting

The standard unit selling price is Rs.100. The cost card is based on production and
sales of 450 units in each period.
The company values its inventories at standard cost.

Required
Produce an operating statement to reconcile budgeted and actual gross profit. (14)

10.9 BRK
BRK operates an absorption costing system and sells three products, B, R and K
which are substitutes for each other. The following standard selling price and cost
data relate to these three products:
Selling
price per
Product unit Direct material per unit Direct labour per unit
B Rs. 14·00 3·00 kg at Rs. 1·80 per kg 0·5 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
R Rs. 15·00 1·25 kg at Rs. 3·28 per kg 0·8 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
K Rs. 18·00 1·94 kg at Rs. 2·50 per kg 0·7 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
Budgeted fixed production overhead for the last period was Rs. 81,000. This was
absorbed on a machine hour basis. The standard machine hours for each product
and the budgeted levels of production and sales for each product for the last period
are as follows:
Product B R K
Standard machine hours per unit 0·3 hrs 0·6 hrs 0·8 hrs
Budgeted production and sales (units) 10,000 13,000 9,000
Actual volumes and selling prices for the three products in the last period were as
follows:
Product B R K
Actual selling price per unit Rs. 14·50 Rs. 15·50 Rs. 19·00
Actual production and sales (units) 9,500 13,500 8,500
Required
Calculate the following variances for overall sales for the last period:
(i) sales price variance;
(ii) sales volume profit variance; (10)

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 Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

10.10 CARAT
Carat plc, a premium food manufacturer, is reviewing operations for a three-month
period. The company operates a standard marginal costing system and
manufactures one product, ZP, for which the following standard revenue and cost
data per unit of product is available:
Selling price Rs. 12.00
Direct material A 2.5 kg at Rs. 1.70 per kg
Direct material B 1.5 kg at Rs. 1.20 per kg
Direct labour 0.45 hrs at Rs. 6.00 per
hour
Fixed production overheads for the three-month period were expected to be Rs.
62,500.
Actual data for the three-month period was as follows:
Sales and production 48,000 units of ZP were produced and sold for Rs.
580,800
Direct material A 121,951 kg were used at a cost of Rs. 200,000
Direct material B 67,200 kg were used at a cost of Rs. 84,000
Direct labour Employees worked for 18,900 hours, but 19,200
hours were paid at a cost of Rs. 117,120
Fixed production overheads Rs. 64,000
Budgeted sales for the three-month period were 50,000 units of Product ZP.

Required
(a) Calculate the following variances:
(i) sales volume contribution and sales price variances;
(ii) price, mix and yield variances for each material;
(iii) labour rate, labour efficiency and idle time variances. (15)
(b) Prepare an operating statement that reconciles budgeted gross profit to
actual gross profit with each variance clearly shown. (5)
(c) Suggest possible explanations for the following variances:
(i) material price, mix and yield variances for material A;
(ii) labour rate, labour efficiency and idle time variances. (5)
(25)

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Cost and management accounting

10.11 HEXA LIMITED

Hexa Limited uses a standard costing system. The following profit statement
summarizes the performance of the company for August 20X3:
Rupees
Budgeted profit 3,500
Favourable variance:
Material price 16,000
Labour efficiency 11,040 27,040
Adverse variance:
Fixed overheads
Material usage (16,000)
Labour rate (7,520) (29,520)
Actual profit 1,020

The following information is also available:

Standard material price per unit (Rs.) 4.0

Actual material price per unit (Rs.) 3.9

Standard wage rate per hour (Rs.) 6.0

Standard wage hours per unit 10

Actual wages (Rs.) 308,480

Actual fixed overheads (Rs.) 316,000

Fixed overheads absorption rate 100% of direct wages

Required
Calculate the following from the given data:
(a) Budgeted output in units
(b) Actual number of units purchased
(c) Actual units produced
(d) Actual hours worked
(e) Actual wage rate per hour (15)
(b) State any two possible causes of favorable material price variance,
unfavourable material quantity variance, favorable labour efficiency variance
and unfavourable labour rate variance. (04)

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 Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

10.12 EXCELLENT LIMITED

Excellent Limited makes and sells a single product. The standard cost card for the
product, based on normal capacity of 45,000 units per month is as under:
Rupees
Material 60 kgs at Rs. 0.60 per kg 36.00
Labour ½ hour at Rs. 50.00 per hour 25.00
Variable factory overheads, 30% of direct labour cost 7.50
Fixed factory overheads 6.50
Total 75.00

Actual data for the month of August 20X3 is as under:

Work in process on August 1, 20X3 (60% converted) Units 10,000
Started during the month Units 50,000
Transferred to finished goods Units 48,000
Work in process on August 31, 20X3 (50% converted) Units 10,000
Material purchased at Rs. 0.50 per kg Rs. 1,750,000
Material issued to production Kgs 3,100,000
Direct labour at Rs. 52 per hour Rs. 1,300,000
Factory overheads (including fixed costs of Rs. 290,000) Rs. 600,000
The company uses FIFO method for inventory valuation.
All materials are added at the beginning of the process. Conversion costs are
incurred evenly throughout the process. Inspection takes place when the units
are 80% complete. Under normal conditions, no spoilage should occur.

Required
(a) Prepare a quantity and equivalent production schedules for material and
conversion costs.
(b) Calculate material, labour and variable overhead variances. (Assume that the
material price variance is calculated as materials are used rather than as they
are purchased).
(c) Calculate the over(under) absorption of fixed production overhead and
analyse it into expenditure variance and volume variance.
(d) Analyse the fixed production overhead volume variance into efficiency and
capacity variances. (20)

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Cost and management accounting

10.13 WATOOL LIMITED

You have recently been appointed as the Financial Controller of Watool
Limited. Your immediate task is to prepare a presentation on the company’s
performance for the recently concluded year. You have noticed that the records
related to cost of production have not been maintained properly. However, while
scrutinizing the files you have come across certain details prepared by your
predecessor which are as follows:
(i) Annual production was 50,000 units which is equal to the designed
capacity of the plant.
(ii) The standard cost per unit of finished product is as follows:

Raw material X 6 kg at Rs. 50 per kg

Raw material Y 3 kg at Rs. 30 per kg
Labour- skilled 1.5 hours at Rs. 150 per hour
Labour- unskilled 2 hours at Rs. 100 per hour
Factory overheads Variable overheads per hour are Rs. 100 for skilled
labour and Rs. 80 for unskilled labour. Fixed
overheads are Rs. 4,000,000.

(iii) Data related to variation in cost of materials is as under:

Material X price variance Rs. 95,000 (Adverse)
Material Y actual price 6% below the standard price
Material X quantity variance Nil
Material Y quantity variance Rs. 150,000 (Adverse)

(iv) Opening raw material inventories comprised of 25 days of standard

consumption whereas closing inventories comprised of 20 days of standard
consumption.
(v) Actual labour rate for skilled and unskilled workers was 10% and 5% higher
respectively.
(vi) Actual hours worked by the workers were 168,000 and the ratio of skilled and
unskilled labour hours was 3:4 respectively.
(vii) Actual variable overheads during the year amounted to Rs. 16,680,000.
Fixed overheads were 6% more than the budgeted amount.

Required
(a) Actual purchases of each type of raw materials.
(b) Labour rate and efficiency variances, variable overhead rate and efficiency
variances and fixed overhead expenditure variance. (20)

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 Question bank: Objective test and long-form questions

10.14 ABC LIMITED

ABC Limited produces and markets a single product. The company operates a
standard costing system. The standard cost card for the product is as under:
Sale price Rs. 600 per unit
Direct material 2.5 kg per unit at Rs. 50 per kg
Direct labour 2.0 hours per unit at Rs. 100 per hour
Variable overheads Rs. 25 per direct labour hour
Fixed overheads Rs. 10 per unit
Budgeted production 500,000 units per month
The company maintains finished goods inventory at 25,000 units throughout the
year. Actual results for the month of August 20X3 were as under:
Rupees in ‘000
Sales 480,000 units 295,000
Direct material 950,000 kgs 55,000
Direct labour 990,000 hours 105,000
Variable overheads 26,000
Fixed overheads 5,100
Required
Reconcile budgeted profit with actual profit using relevant variances. (18)

10.15 STANDARD COST SHEET

The following data relates to actual output, actual costs and variances for the four-
weekly accounting period number 4 of a company which makes only one product.
The value of work-in-progress at the end of period 4 was the same as the value of
work-in-progress at the beginning of the month.
Actual production of Product XY 18,000 units
Actual costs incurred: Rs.000
Direct materials purchased and used (150,000 kg) 210
Direct labour costs (32,000 hours) 136
Variable production overhead 38
Rs.000
Variances:
Direct materials price 15 Favourable
Direct materials usage 9 Adverse
Direct labour rate 8 Adverse
Direct labour efficiency 16 Favourable
Variable production overhead expenditure 6 Adverse
Variable production overhead efficiency 4 Favourable
Variable production overhead varies with labour hours worked.
A standard marginal costing system is operated.

Required
Present a standard product cost sheet for one unit of Product XY, showing how the
standard marginal production cost of the product is made up.

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 Answers

CHAPTER 10 – VARIANCE ANALYSIS

10.1 RECONCILE
Reconciliation statement
Rs.
Budgeted costs for the month (14,000 units  Rs.26)
364,000
Extra standard costs of additional production (800 units  20,800
Rs.26)
Standard costs of actual production (14,800 units  Rs.26) 384,800
Cost variances
Direct materials total cost variance 6,600 (A)
Direct labour total cost variance 3,200 (A)
Fixed overheads expenditure variance 2,000 (A)
Fixed overheads volume variance 9,600 (F)
Actual total costs in the month 387,000

Workings
Direct materials total cost variance
Rs.
14,800 units should cost ( Rs.8) 118,400
They did cost 125,000
Direct materials total cost variance 6,600 (A)

Direct labour total cost variance

Rs.
14,800 units should cost ( Rs.6) 88,800
They did cost 92,000
Direct labour total cost variance 3,200 (A)

Fixed production overheads total cost variance

Rs.
14,800 units: standard fixed overhead cost ( Rs.12) 177,600
Actual fixed overhead cost 170,000
Fixed production overheads total cost variance 7,600 (F)

Note: The fixed overhead total cost variance can be divided into:
(a) an expenditure variance
(b) a volume variance
Fixed production overheads expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (14,000  Rs.12)
168,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 170,000
Fixed production overheads expenditure variance 2,000 (A)

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Cost and management accounting

Fixed production overheads volume variance

units
Budgeted units of production 14,000
Actual units produced 14,800
Fixed production overheads volume variance in units 800 (F)

Standard fixed overheads per unit Rs.12

Fixed production overheads volume variance in Rs. Rs.9,600 (F)

10.2 SIMPLE VARIANCES

(a)
Direct labour rate variance
Rs.
13,450 hours should cost ( Rs.6)
80,700
They did cost 79,893
Labour rate variance 807 (F)

Direct labour efficiency variance

hours
3,350 units should take ( 4 hours) 13,400
They did take 13,450
Efficiency variance in hours 50 (A)

Standard rate per hour Rs.6

Direct labour efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.300 (A)

(b)
Sales price variance Rs.
850 units should sell for (× Rs.9) 7,650
They did sell for 7,480
Sales price variance 170 (A)

Sales volume variance, absorption costing

units
Actual sales volume (units) 850
Budgeted sales volume (units) 800
Sales volume variance in units 50(F)

Standard profit per unit Rs.2

Sales volume variance (profit variance) in Rs. Rs.100 (F)

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 Answers

Sales volume contribution variance, marginal costing

Sales volume variance in units 50 (F)

Standard contribution per unit (Rs.9 - Rs.4) Rs.5

Sales volume variance (contribution variance) Rs.250 (F)

(c)
(i)
Fixed production overhead total cost variance
Rs.
Standard fixed overhead cost of 14,600 units ( Rs.20) 292,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 325,000
Fixed overhead total cost variance (under-absorption) 33,000 (A)

(ii)
Fixed production overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (15,000  Rs.20) 300,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 325,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 25,000 (A)

Fixed production overhead volume variance

units
Budgeted production volume 15,000
Actual production volume 14,600
Volume variance in units 400 (A)

Standard fixed overhead rate per unit Rs.20

Fixed production overhead volume variance in Rs. Rs.8,000 (A)

(iii)
Fixed production overhead efficiency variance
hours
14,600 units should take  4 hours) 58,400
They did take 58,000
Efficiency variance in hours 400 (F)

Standard fixed overhead rate per hour Rs.5

Fixed production overhead efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.2,000 (F)

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Cost and management accounting

Fixed production overhead capacity variance hours

Budgeted hours of work (15,000  4 hours) 60,000
Actual hours of work 58,000
Capacity variance in hours 2,000 (A)

Standard fixed overhead rate per hour Rs.5

Fixed production overhead capacity variance in Rs. 10,000 (A)

10.3 OVERHEAD VARIANCES

Fixed production overhead capacity variance
hours
Budgeted production hours of work 9,000
Actual production hours of work 8,250
Capacity variance inhours 750 (A)
Standard fixed overhead rate per hour Rs.25
Fixed production overhead capacity variance in Rs. Rs.18,750 (A)

Fixed production overhead efficiency variance

hours
Standard hours produced 7,800
Actual hours worked 8,250
Efficiency variance in hours 450 (A)

Standard fixed overhead rate per hour Rs.25

Fixed production overhead efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.11,250 (A)

Fixed production overhead expenditure variance

Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (9,000 hours × Rs.25) 225,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 211,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 14,000 (F)

10.4 MANUFACTURING COST VARIANCE

Material price variance
Rs.
120,000 kilos of materials should cost ( Rs.6) 720,000
They did cost 825,000
Material price variance 105,000 (A)

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 Answers

Material usage variance

kilos
20,000 units should use ( 5 kilos) 100,000
They did use 120,000
Material usage variance in kilos 20,000 (A)

Standard price per kilo of material Rs.6

Material usage variance in Rs. Rs.120,000 (A)

Direct labour rate variance

Rs.
500,000 hours should cost ( Rs.4) 2,000,000
They did cost ( Rs.5) 2,500,000
Labour rate variance 500,000 (A)

Direct labour idle time variance =

10,000 hours (A)  Rs.4 per hour = Rs.40,000 (A)
Direct labour efficiency variance
hours
20,000 units should take ( 20 hours) 400,000
They did take (500,000 – 10,000) 490,000
Efficiency variance in hours 90,000 (A)

Standard rate per hour Rs.4

Direct labour efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.360,000 (A)

Variable overhead total cost variance

Rs.
20,000 units should cost ( Rs.4) 80,000
They did cost 70,000
Variable overhead total cost variance 10,000 (F)

Fixed production overhead expenditure variance

Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (25,000 units  Rs.100) 2,500,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 2,100,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 400,000 (F)

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Cost and management accounting

Fixed production overhead volume variance

units
Budgeted production volume 25,000
Actual production volume 20,000
Volume variance in units 5,000 (A)
Standard fixed overhead rate per unit Rs.100
Fixed production overhead volume variance in Rs. Rs.500,000 (A)

Summary
Variance Favourable Adverse
Rs. Rs.
Material price 105,000
Material usage 120,000
Direct labour rate 500,000
Direct labour idle time 40,000
Direct labour efficiency 360,000
Variable overhead cost 10,000
Fixed overhead expenditure 400,000
Fixed overhead volume 500,000
410,000 1,625,000
Manufacturing cost total variance Rs.1,215,000 (A)

10.5 VARIANCES AND OPERATING STATEMENTS

(a) Standard absorption costing
Budgeted fixed overheads = Rs.2,400
Budgeted labour hours = 2,400 hours
Budgeted fixed overhead rate per hour = Rs.1.
Materials price variance
Rs.
25,000 kilos of materials should cost ( Rs.1.50) 37,500
They did cost ( Rs.1.48) 37,000
Material price variance 500 (F)

Materials usage variance

kilos
11,500 units of Product Q should use ( 2 kilos) 23,000
They did use 25,000
Material usage variance in kilos 2,000 (A)
Standard price per kilo of material Rs.1.50
Material usage variance in Rs. Rs.3,000 (A)

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 Answers

The material price variance and the material usage variance add up to the
material total cost variance.
Direct labour rate variance
Rs.
2,320 hours should cost ( Rs.3.20) 7,424
They did cost 7,540
Labour rate variance 116 (A)

Direct labour efficiency variance

hours
11,500 units of Product Q should take ( 0.20 hours) 2,300
They did take 2,320
Efficiency variance in hours 20 (A)
Standard rate per hour Rs.3.20
Direct labour efficiency variance in Rs. 64 (A)

Variable overhead expenditure variance

Rs.
2,320 hours should cost ( Rs.0.80) 1,856
They did cost 1,750
Labour rate variance 106 (F)

Variable overhead efficiency variance

= 20 hours (A)  Rs.0.80 per hour = Rs.16 (A).
Fixed production overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure 2,400
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 2,462
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 62 (A)

Fixed production overhead volume variance

units
Budgeted production volume 12,000
Actual production volume 11,500
Volume variance in units 500 (A)
Standard fixed overhead rate per unit Rs.0.20
Fixed production overhead volume variance in Rs. Rs.100 (A)

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Cost and management accounting

Sales price variance Rs.

10,000 units should sell for ( Rs.6) 60,000
They did sell for 62,600
Sales price variance 2,600 (F)

Sales volume profit variance

units
Actual sales volume (units) 10,000
Budgeted sales volume (units) 12,000
Sales volume variance in units 2,000 (A)

Standard profit per unit Rs.2

Sales volume variance (profit variance) Rs.4,000 (A)

Operating statement (standard absorption costing)

Rs.
Budgeted profit (12,000 units  Rs.2) 24,000
Sales price variance 2,600 (F)
Sales volume variance 4,000 (A)
22,600
Cost variances (F) (A)
Rs. Rs.
Direct materials price 500
Direct materials usage 3,000
Direct labour rate 116
Direct labour efficiency 64
Variable production overhead
expenditure 106
Variable production o’head efficiency 16
Fixed production overhead expenditure 62
Fixed production overhead volume 100
Total cost variances 606 3,358 2,752 (A)
Actual profit 19,848

(b) Standard marginal costing

Sales volume contribution variance
Sales volume variance in units 2,000 (A)

Standard contribution per unit Rs.2.20

Sales volume variance (contribution variance) Rs.4,400 (A)

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 Answers

Operating statement: standard marginal costing

Rs.
Budgeted profit 24,000
Add budgeted fixed costs 2,400
Budgeted contribution 26,400
Sales price variance 2,600 (F)
Sales volume variance 4,400 (A)
24,600

Variable cost variances (F) (A)

Rs. Rs.
Direct materials price 500
Direct materials usage 3,000
Direct labour rate 116
Direct labour efficiency 64
Variable production o’head expenditure 106
Variable production o’head efficiency 16
Total variable cost variances 606 3,196 2,590 (A)
Actual contribution 22,010
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure 2,400
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 62 (A)
Actual fixed production overheads 2,462
Actual profit 19,548

Note: The difference in profit is accounted for by the difference in the increase in
closing inventory (1,500 units × Rs.0.20 per unit fixed overhead in inventory,
absorption costing = Rs.300).

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Cost and management accounting

10.6 VOLUME AND EXPENDITURE VARIANCES

(a)
Rs.
Actual overhead expenditure 680,000
Under-absorbed overhead (46,400)
Absorbed overhead 633,600

Hours worked 48,000

Therefore budgeted absorption rate per hour Rs.13.20
(Rs.633,600/48,000)

(b)
hours
Actual hours worked 48,000
This was less than budget by 2,000
Budgeted hours 50,000

Absorption rate per hour Rs.13.20

Budgeted overhead expenditure
(50,000 hours × Rs.13.20) Rs.660,000

(c)
Volume variance in hours 2,000 hours Adverse
Absorption rate per hour Rs.13.20
Volume variance in Rs. Rs.26,400 Adverse

Rs.
Actual overhead expenditure 680,000
Budgeted overhead expenditure 660,000
Expenditure variance 20,000 Adverse

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 Answers

10.7 LETTUCE
(a) Materials price variance: based on quantities purchased since
inventories are valued at standard cost
Rs.
6,600 kg of materials should cost ( Rs.4) 26,400
They did cost 29,700
Material price variance 3,300 (A)
Materials usage variance
kg
1,100 units produced should use ( 5kg) 5,500
They did use 6,300
Usage variance in kg 800 (A)
Standard price per kg Rs.4
Usage variance in Rs. Rs.3,200(A)
Labour rate variance
Rs.
3,600 hours of labour should cost ( Rs.4) 14,400
They did cost 14,220
Labour rate variance 180 (F)
Labour efficiency variance
hours
1,100 units produced should take ( 3 hours) 3,300
They did take 3,600
Efficiency variance in hours 300 (A)
Standard rate per hour Rs.4
Efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.1,200(A)
Fixed overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead costs 6,000
Actual fixed overhead costs 4,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 2,000 (F)
Variable overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
3,600 hours should cost ( Rs.3) 10,800
They did cost 11,700
Variable overhead expenditure variance 900 (A)
Variable overhead efficiency variance
300 hours (A)  Rs.3 per hour = Rs.900 (A).
Sales price variance
Rs.
1,100 units should sell for ( Rs.50) 55,000
They did sell for 57,200
Sales price variance 2,200 (F)

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Cost and management accounting

Sales volume (contribution margin) variance

Budgeted sales volume in units 1,300
Actual sales volume in units 1,100
Sales volume variance in units 200 (A)
 Standard contribution per unit Rs.9
Sales volume variance in Rs.contribution Rs.1,800 (A)
Budgeted profit
Rs.
Budgeted contribution Rs.9.00  1,300 units 11,700
Budgeted fixed costs (6,000)
Budgeted profit 5,700
Actual profit
Rs. Rs.
Sales 57,200
Materials 29,700
Less closing inventory (300kg  Rs.4.00) (1,200)
28,500
Labour 14,220
Variable overheads 11,700
Fixed costs 4,000
Total (58,420)
Actual loss in the period (1,220)
Operating statement
Rs.
Budgeted profit 5,700
Sales volume variance 1,800 (A)
Sales price 2,200 (F)
6,100
Cost variances
F A
Rs. Rs.
Materials price 3,300
Materials usage 3,200
Labour rate 180
Labour efficiency 1,200
Variable overhead rate 900
Variable overhead efficiency 900
Fixed overhead expenditure 2,000
Total 2,180 9,500
Total cost variances 7,320 (A)
Actual loss (1,220)

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 Answers

(b) Tutorial note

If the company uses absorption costing with a direct labour hour absorption
rate, we can calculate an expenditure, capacity and efficiency variance for
fixed production overheads.
The first step is to calculate a budgeted absorption rate per hour
Budgeted labour hours: 1,300  3 = 3,900 hrs
Budgeted fixed cost Rs.6,000
Budgeted absorption rate: Rs.6,000 /3,900 = Rs.1.54
Fixed overhead expenditure variance
Same as in (a): Rs.2,000 (F).

Fixed overhead capacity variance

hours
Budgeted hours of work 3,900
Actual hours worked 3,600
Capacity variance in hours 300 (A)
Standard fixed overhead rate per hour Rs.1.54
Fixed overhead capacity variance in Rs. Rs.462 (A)
Fixed overhead efficiency variance
Efficiency variance in hours = 300 hours (A) – see answer to (a).
Fixed overhead efficiency variance = 300 hours (A)  Rs.1.54 = Rs.462 (A).
(c) Labour rate
The labour rate variance is favourable indicating a lower rate per hour was
paid than expected. This is perhaps because more junior or less experienced
staff were used during production. Though less likely, it is possible that staff
had a pay cut imposed upon them. Finally, an incorrect or outdated standard
could have been used.
Labour efficiency
This is significantly adverse, indicating staff took much longer than expected to
complete the output. This may relate to the favourable labour rate variance,
reflecting employment of less skilled or experienced staff. Staff demotivated
by a pay cut are also less likely to work efficiently.
It may also relate to the reliability of machinery as staff may have been
prevented from reaching full efficiency by unreliable equipment.

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Cost and management accounting

10.8 MOONGAZER
(a) Tutorial note
A good place to start with an operating statement is to calculate the budgeted
and actual profits for the period and then from this to calculate variances.
Budgeted profit
Budgeted gross profit = (Rs.100 – Rs.77)  450 = Rs.10,350.
Actual gross profit
Rs. Rs.
Sales 47,300
Materials 17,700
Less closing inventory (125  Rs.15) (1,875)
15,825
Labour 14,637
Variable overheads 3,870
Fixed costs 2,400
Cost of sales 36,732
Actual profit 10,568

Sales price variance

Rs.
430 units should sell for ( Rs.100) 43,000
They did sell for 47,300
Sales price variance 4,300 (F)
Sales volume (profit) variance
units
Budgeted sales volume 450
Actual sales volume 430
Sales volume variance in units 20 (A)

Budgeted profit per unit Rs.23

Sales volume (profit) variance Rs.460 (A)
Materials price variance
Rs.
1,200 kg of materials should cost ( Rs.15) 18,000
They did cost 17,700
Materials price variance 300 (F)

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 Answers

Materials usage variance

kg
430 units of output should use ( 2) 860
They did use 1,075
Materials usage variance in kg 215 (A)

Standard price per kg of materials Rs.15

Materials usage variance (Rs.) 3,225 (A)
Labour rate variance
Rs.
1,700 labour hours should cost ( Rs.8.50) 14,450
They did cost 14,637
Labour rate variance 187 (A)
Labour efficiency variance
hours
430 units of output should take ( 4) 1,720
They did take 1,700
Labour efficiency variance in hours 20 (F)

Standard rate per labour hour Rs.8.50

Labour efficiency variance in Rs. 170 (F)
Variable overheads expenditure variance
Rs.
1,700 hours should cost ( Rs.2) 3,400
They did cost 3,870
Variable overhead expenditure variance 470 (A)
Variable overhead efficiency variance (same in hours as labour efficiency
variance)
= 20 hours (F)  Rs.2 per hour = Rs.40 (F).
Fixed overheads expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (450  Rs.5) 2,250
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 2,400
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 150 (A)
Fixed overheads volume variance
units
Budgeted production 450
Actual production 430
Volume variance in units 20 (A)

Standard fixed overhead cost per unit Rs.5

Fixed overhead volume variance Rs.100 (A)

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Cost and management accounting

Operating statement
Rs.
Budgeted gross profit 10,350
Sales volume 460 (A)
9,890
Sales price 4,300 (F)
Actual sales less standard cost of sales 14,190
Cost variances F A
Rs. Rs.
Materials price 300
Materials usage 3,225
Labour rate 187
Labour efficiency 170
Variable overhead expenditure 470
Variable overhead efficiency 40
Fixed overhead expenditure 150
Fixed overhead volume 100
Total 510 4,132 3,622 (A)
Actual gross profit: 10,568

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 Answers

10.9 BRK

a) Variances
Before sales volume variances can be calculated standard profits have to be
determined.
Calculation of standard profit
Budgeted machine hours:
(10,000 × 0·3) + (13,000 × 0·6) + (9,000 × 0·8) = 18,000 hours
Overhead absorption rate
81,000
/18,000 = Rs. 4·50 per machine hour
Product B (Rs.) R (Rs.) K (Rs.) Total
Direct material
3 × 1·80 5·40
1·25 × 3·28 4·10
1·94 × 2·50 4·85
Direct labour
0·5 × 6·50 3·25
0·8 × 6·50 5·20
0·7 × 6·50 4·55
Fixed production
overhead
0·3 × 4·50 1·35
0·6 × 4·50 2·70
0·8 × 4·50 3·60
Standard cost 10·00 12·00 13·00
Selling price 14·00 15·00 18·00
Standard profit per unit 4·00 3·00 5·00
Budgeted sales volume 10,000 13,000 9,000 32,000
Rs.
40,000 39,000 45,000 124,000

Sales price variance

B R K Total
Actual sales Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
9,500 × Rs. 14.5 137,750
13,500 × Rs. 15.5 209,250
8,500 × Rs. 19 161,500
Should have sold for
9,500 × Rs. 14 133,000
13,500 × Rs. 15 202,500
8,500 × Rs. 18 153,000
4,750 (F) 6,750 (F) 8,500 (F) 20,000 (F)

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Cost and management accounting

Sales volume
B R K
Actual sales 31,500 9,500 13,500 8,500
Budgeted sales 32,000 10,000 13,000 9,000
(500) 500 (500)
Standard profit per 4 3 5
unit
(2,000) 1,500 (2,500) (3,000) (A)

10.10 CARAT
(a) Sales volume contribution per unit
Rs. /unit Rs. /unit
Standard sales price 12·00
Material A (Rs. 1·70 × 2·5) 4·25
Material B (Rs. 1·20 × 1·5) 1·80
Labour (Rs. 6·00 × 0·45) 2·70
8·75
Standard contribution 3·25

Sales volume variance Units

Budgeted volume of sales 50,000
Actual volume of sales 48,000
Variance 2,000 (A)
Unit contribution Rs. 3.25
Variance (Rs.) Rs. 6,500 (A)

Sales price variance Rs.

Budgeted revenue for actual sales (Rs. 12 × 48,000) 576,000
Actual sales revenue for actual sales: 580,800
Variance: 4,800 (F) (F)

Direct material price variances

Material A price variance Rs.
Actual quantity × actual price 200,000
Actual quantity × standard price (Rs. 1·70 × 121,951) 207,317
Price variance 7,317 (F)

Material B price variance Rs.

Actual quantity × actual price 84,000
Actual quantity × standard price (Rs. 1·20 × 67,200) 80,640
Price variance 3,360 (A)

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 Answers

Materials mix and yield variances

Standard cost of input and output
kg Rs. /kg Standard
cost

Material A = Rs. 1·70 × 2·5 = 2.5 Rs. 1.7 4·25

Material B = Rs. 1·20 × 1·5 = 1.5 Rs. 1.2 1·80
4.0 6·05
Standard cost of input = Rs. 6.05/4kg

Standard cost of output = Rs. 6.05/unit

Material mix
Actual Standard Standard Mix Standard Mix
mix ratio mix variance cost per variance
(kg) kg (Rs. )
A 121,951 2.5 118,220 3,731 1.7 6,343 (A)
B 67,200 1.5 70,931 (3,731) 1.2 (4,477) (F)
189,151 189,151 1,866 (A)
Material yield variance
Units
189,151 did yield 48,000
189,151 should have yielded (÷ 4kg) 47,288
Extra yield 712
Standard cost of a unit Rs. 6.05
Yield variance Rs. 4,309 (F)

Alternative calculation
AQ AM SC
A 121,951 × Rs. 1.7/kg 207,317
B 67,200 × Rs. 1.2/kg 80,640
189,151 287,957
MIX
(1,866)
(A)
AQ SM SC
189,151 × Rs. 6.05/4kg 286,091
YIELD
4,309 (F)
SQ SM SC
192,000 × Rs. 6.05/4kg 290,400
48,000 × 4kg

or 48,000 units × 6.05

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Cost and management accounting

Labour variances
Labour rate Rs.
Actual hrs × actual rate 117,120
Actual hrs × standard rate (19,200 × Rs. 6) 115,200
Rate: 1,920 (A)

Labour efficiency Rs.

Actual hrs worked × standard rate
18,900 hours × Rs. 6 113,400
Standard hrs × standard rate
48,000 units × .45 hrs × Rs. 6 129,600
Efficiency: 16,200 (F)

Labour idle time Hours

Actual hrs paid for 19,200
Actual hrs worked 18,900
Idle time (hours) 300
Standard rate Rs. 6
Idle time (Rs. ) 1,800 (A)

(b) Budgeted profit: (50,000 units x Rs. 3.25) - Rs. 62,500 Rs. 100,000
Actual profit Rs. 580,800 – (Rs. 200,000 + Rs. 84,000 + Rs. 117,120 + Rs.
64,000) = Rs. 115,680
Rs. Rs. Rs.
Budgeted gross profit (50,000 units x Rs. 3.25) - Rs. 62,500 100,000
Sales volume contribution variance (6,500)
(A)
Sales price variance (F) 4,800
98,300
Cost variances F A
Materials price A 7,317
Materials price B 3,360
Material mix 1,866
Material yield 4,309
Labour rate 1,920
Labour idle time 1,800
Labour efficiency 16,200
Fixed overhead expenditure 1,500
Total 27,827 10,446 17,380
Actual profit Rs. 580,800 – (Rs. 200,000 + Rs. 84,000 + Rs.
117,120 + Rs. 64,000) 115,680

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 Answers

(c) The favourable material A price variance indicates that the actual price per
kilogram was less than standard. Possible explanations include buying lower
quality material, buying larger quantities of material A and thereby gaining bulk
purchase discounts, a change of supplier, and using an out-of-date standard.
The adverse material A mix variance indicates that more of this material was
used in the actual input than indicated by the standard mix. The favourable
material price variance suggests this may be due to the use of poorer quality
material (hence more was needed than in the standard mix), or it might be that
more material A was used because it was cheaper than expected.
The favourable material A yield variance indicates that more output was
produced from the quantity of material used than expected by the standard. This
increase in yield is unlikely to be due to the use of poorer quality material: it is
more likely to be the result of employing more skilled labour, or introducing more
efficient working practices.
It is only appropriate to calculate and interpret material mix and yield variances if
quantities in the standard mix can be varied. It has also been argued that
calculating yield variances for each material is not useful, as yield is related to
output overall rather than to particular materials in the input mix. A further
complication is that mix variances for individual materials are inter-related and so
an explanation of the increased use of one material cannot be separated from an
explanation of the decreased use of another.
The unfavourable labour rate variance indicates that the actual hourly rate paid
was higher than standard. Possible explanations for this include hiring staff with
more experience and paying them more (this is consistent with the favourable
overall direct material variance), or implementing an unexpected pay increase.
The favourable labour efficiency variance shows that fewer hours were worked
than standard. Possible explanations include the effect of staff training, the use of
better quality material (possibly on Material B rather than on Material A),
employees gaining experience of the production process, and introducing more
efficient production methods. The adverse idle time variance may be due to
machine breakdowns; or a higher rate of production arising from more efficient
working (assuming employees are paid a fixed number of hours per week).

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Cost and management accounting

10.11 HEXA LIMITED

(a) (i) Budgeted output in units
Actual Fixed Overhead Rs. 316,000
Less: Adverse Fixed Overhead Variance Rs. 16,000
Budgeted Fixed Overhead Rs. 300,000
Direct wages per unit (Rs. 6 x 10 hours) Rs. 60

Budgeted output in units (Rs. 300,000/60) 5,000 units

(ii) Actual number of units purchased

Material Price Variance – Total Rs. 16,000
Price Variance per unit (Rs. 4.0 – Rs. 3.9) Re. 0.1

Units purchased (Rs. 16,000 / 0.1) 160,000

(iii) Actual units produced

Standard Wages (308,480 – 7,520 + 11,040) Rs. 312,000
Standard Labour Cost (Rs. 6 x 10 hours) Rs. 60

Units produced (Rs. 312,000 / Rs. 60) 5,200

(iv) Actual hours worked

Actual Labour Costs Rs. 308,480
Less: Labour Rate Variance 7,520
Actual Labour Costs at Standard Rate 300,960
Standard Rate per hour Rs. 6.00

Actual hours worked (300,960 / 6) 50,160

(v) Actual Wages / Actual Hours = Rs. 308,480 / 50,160 = Rs. 6.15

(b) Possible causes of favourable material price variance

Fortunate buy
Inferior quality materials
Unusual discount due to bulk quantity purchase
Drop in market price
Less costly method of transportation

Possible causes of unfavourable material quantity variance

Carelessness
Poorly adjusted machines
Unskilled workers
New equipment
Inferior quality materials

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 Answers

Possible causes of favourable labour efficiency variance

Use of better skilled workers
High quality material
New equipment
Possible causes of unfavourable labour rate variance
Use of workers with better skills
Change in pay scales
Overtime

10.12 EXCELLENT LIMITED

(a) Preliminary working
Units in process at beginning 10,000
Units started during the month 50,000

Total possible units 60,000

Normal loss 

Expected good output: 60,000

Actual good output:
Started in the previous period but finished in this period 10,000
Started and finished in this period (balance) 38,000
Finished in this period (given) (48,000)
Closing WIP (10,000)

Loss of units (Balance quantity) 2,000

Units made in period Total Percentage Materials Conversio

units complete n cost
Started last period
Opening WIP 10,000
Materials 0%
Conversion 40% 4,000
Started and finished in period 38,000 100% 38,000 38,000

Good output 48,000

Started but not finished
Closing WIP 10,000
Materials 100% 10,000
Conversion 50% 5,000
Abnormal loss 2,000
Materials 100% 2,000
Conversion 80% 1,600

Units made in period 50,000 48,600

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Cost and management accounting

(b) Material, labour and variable overhead variances

1) Material price variance Rs.

3,100,000 kgs should cost (@ 0.6 per kg) 1,860,000
3,100,000 kgs did cost (@ 0.5 per kg) 1,550,000
Material price variance (F) 310,000

2) Material quantity variance Kgs.

Making 50,000 units should use (@60 kg per unit) 3,000,000
Making 50,000 units did use 3,100,000
Material quantity variance in kgs (A) (100,000)
Standard cost per kg (Rs.) 0.6
Material quantity variance in Rs. (A) (60,000)

3) Labour rate variance Rs.

25,000 hrs should cost (@ 50 per hr) 1,250,000
25,000 hrs did cost (@ 52 per hr) 1,300,000
Labour rate variance (A) (50,000)

W: Labour hours worked = Rs.1,300,000 ÷ Rs. 52 = 25,000 hrs

4) Labour efficiency variance hrs.

Making 48,600 units should use (@ 0.5 hrs per unit) 24,300
Making 48,600 units did use 25,000
Labour efficiency variance in hrs (A) (700)
Standard rate per hr (Rs.) 50
Labour efficiency variance in Rs. (A) (35,000)

5) Variable overhead rate variance Rs.

25,000 hrs should cost (@ 15 per hr) 375,000
25,000 hrs did cost (Rs.600,000 less Rs.290,000) 310,000
Variable overhead rate variance (F) 65,000

6) Variable overhead efficiency variance hrs.

Making 48,600 units should use (@ 0.5 hrs per unit) 24,300
Making 48,600 units did use 25,000
Variable overhead efficiency variance in hrs (A) (as above) (700)
Standard rate per hr (Rs.) 15
Variable overhead efficiency variance in Rs. (A) (10,500)

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 Answers

(c) Over(under) absorption of fixed production overhead

Note: Fixed overhead absorption rate is Rs.6.5 per unit. Each unit takes 0.5 hrs.
Therefore the fixed overhead absorption rate is Rs. 13 per hour.
1) Over(under) absorption Rs.
Amount absorbed (48,600 units at Rs. 6.5 per unit) 315,900
Actual expenditure 290,000
Over absorption (F) 25,900

2) Fixed production overhead expenditure variance Kgs.

Budgeted expenditure (45,000 units @ Rs. 6.5 per unit) 292,500
Actual expenditure 290,000
Expenditure variance in Rs. (F) 2,500

3) Fixed production overhead volume variance Rs.

Budgeted volume 45,000
Actual volume 48,600
Volume variance in units (F) 3,600
Standard rate per unit (Rs.) 6.5
Labour efficiency variance in Rs. (F) 23,400

(d) Analysis of volume variances

1) Fixed overhead efficiency variance hrs.
Making 48,600 units should use (@ 0.5 hrs per unit) 24,300
Making 48,600 units did use 25,000
Fixed overhead efficiency variance in hrs (A) (as above) (700)
Standard rate per hr (Rs.) 13
Fixed overhead efficiency variance in Rs. (A) (9,100)

2) Fixed overhead capacity variance Rs.

Budgeted hours (45,000 hours at 0.5 hr per unit) 22,500
Actual hours worked 25,000
Capacity variance in hrs (F) 2,500
Standard rate per hr (Rs.) 13
Capacity variance in Rs. (F) 32,500

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Cost and management accounting

10.13 WATOOL LIMITED

(a) Actual quantity purchased: Material X
Standard consumption quantities (50,000 units  6kg per unit) 300,000
Usage variance 0
Actual usage 300,000
Opening inventory (300,000 kgs  25/365) (20,548)
Closing inventory (300,000 kgs  20/365) 16,438
Inventory movement (4,110)
Actual purchase quantity (kgs) 295,890
Actual cost of purchase:
Standard rate (Rs. per kg) 50
Actual quantity purchased at standard rate (Rs.) 14,794,500
Price paid above / (below) the standard rate
{adverse / (favorable) price variance} 95,000
Actual cost of purchase 14,889,500

Actual quantity purchased: Material Y

Standard consumption quantities (50,000 units  3kg per unit) 150,000
Usage variance (Rs.150,000 @Rs.30 per kg) 5,000
Actual usage 155,000
Opening inventory (150,000 kgs  25/365) (10,274)
Closing inventory (150,000 kgs  20/365) 8,219
Inventory movement (2,055)
Actual purchase quantity (kgs) 152,945
Actual cost of purchase:
Standard rate (Rs. per kg) 30
Actual quantity purchased at standard rate (Rs.) 4,588,350
Price paid above / (below) the standard rate (6%) (275,301)
Actual cost of purchase 4,313,049

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 Answers

(b) Labour and overhead variances:

Skilled Unskilled
Labour rate variances: labour labour
Actual hours at standard rate
168,000×3/7 72,000
168,000×4/7 96,000
Standard rates per hour 150 100

Actual hours at standard rate 10,800,000 9,600,000

Price variances
10% (A) (1,080,000)
5% (A) (480,000)

Labour efficiency variance:

50,000 units should use
@1.5 hours 75,000
@2 hours 100,000
50,000 units did use 72,000 96,000

Labour efficiency variance (hours) (F) 3,000 4,000

Standard rate per hour (Rs.) 150 100
Labour efficiency variance (Rs.) (F) 450,000 400,000
Variable overhead rate variances:
168,000 hours should cost Rs.
168,000  3/7  Rs.100 7,200,000
168,000  4/7  Rs.80 7,680,000
14,880,000
168,000 hours did cost 16,680,000
Variable overhead rate variance (A) 1,800,000

Variable overhead efficiency variance: Skilled Unskilled

50,000 units should use Hrs Hrs
@1.5 hours 75,000
@2 hours 100,000
50,000 units did use 72,000 96,000
Labour efficiency variance (hours) (as before) 3,000 4,000
Standard rate per hour (Rs.) 100 80

Variable overhead efficiency variance (Rs.) (F) 300,000 320,000

Total (Rs.) (F) 620,000

Fixed overhead expenditure variance Rs.

Budgeted fixed overhead 4,000,000

Variance (6%) 240,000

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Cost and management accounting

10.14 ABC LIMITED

Operating statement
Rs.000
Budgeted gross profit 107,500
Sales volume (4,300) (A)
103,200
Sales price 7,000 (F)
Actual sales less standard cost of sales 110,200
Cost variances F A
Rs.000 Rs.000
Materials price 7,500
Materials usage 12,500
Labour rate 6,000
Labour efficiency 3,000
Variable overhead expenditure 1,250
Variable overhead efficiency 750
Fixed overhead expenditure 100
Fixed overhead volume 200
Total 12,500 18,800 (6,300) (A)
Actual gross profit: 103,900

Budgeted profit
Per unit . Rs.
Sales price 600
Direct material 2.5 kg per unit at Rs. 50 per kg 125
Direct labour 2.0 hrs per unit at Rs. 100 per hr 200
Variable overheads 2.0 hrs per unit at Rs. 25 per hr 50
Fixed overheads Rs. 10 per unit 10
Cost of sales 385
Budgeted profit 215
Budgeted sales (units) 500,000
Budgeted profit (Rs. 000) 107,500

Actual gross profit

Rs.000
Sales 295,000
Materials 55,000
Labour 105,000
Variable overheads 26,000
Fixed costs 5,100
Cost of sales 191,000
Actual profit (Rs. 000) 103,900

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 Answers

Sales price variance

Rs.000
480,000 units should sell for ( Rs.600) 288,000
They did sell for 295,000
Sales price variance 7,000 (F)
Sales volume (profit) variance
units
Budgeted sales volume 500,000
Actual sales volume 480,000
Sales volume variance in units 20,000 (A)

Budgeted profit per unit (Rs.) 215

Sales volume (profit) variance (Rs. 000) (4,300) (A)
Materials price variance
Rs.000
950,000 kg of materials should cost ( Rs.50) 47,500
They did cost 55,000
Materials price variance (7,500) (A)

Materials usage variance

kg
480,000 units of output should use ( 2.5) 1,200,000
They did use 950,000
Materials usage variance in kg 250,000 (F)
Standard price per kg of materials (Rs.) Rs.50
Materials usage variance (Rs. 000) 12,500 (F)

Labour rate variance

Rs.000
990,000 labour hours should cost ( Rs.100) 99,000
They did cost 105,000
Labour rate variance (6,000) (A)
Labour efficiency variance
hours
480,000 units of output should take ( 2) 960,000
They did take 990,000
Labour efficiency variance in hours (30,000) (A)

Standard rate per labour hour Rs.100

Labour efficiency variance in Rs. 000 (3,000) (A)

© Emile Woolf International 177 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Cost and management accounting

Variable overheads expenditure variance

Rs.000
990,000 labour hours should cost ( Rs.25) 24,750
They did cost 26,000
Variable overhead expenditure variance (1,250) (A)
Variable overhead efficiency variance (same in hours as labour efficiency
variance)
= 30,000 hours (A)  Rs.25 per hour = Rs.750,000 (A).
Fixed overheads expenditure variance
Rs.000
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (500,000  Rs.10) 5,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 5,100
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 100 (A)
Fixed overheads volume variance
units
Budgeted production 500,000
Actual production 480,000
Volume variance in units 20,000 (A)

Standard fixed overhead cost per unit 10

Fixed overhead volume variance (Rs.000) 200 (A)

10.15 STANDARD COST SHEET

Standard marginal production cost – Product XY Rs.
Direct materials (8 kilos at Rs.1.50 per kilo) 12.0
Direct labour (2 hours at Rs.4 per hour) 8.0
Variable production overhead (2 hours at Rs.1 per hour) 2.0
Standard marginal production cost 22.0

Tutorial note: This problem tests your understanding of the formulae for calculating
variances. Here, you are given the actual costs and the variances, and have to work
back to calculate the standard cost. The answer can be found by filling in the
balancing figures for each variance calculation.
Workings
Materials price variance
Rs.
150,000 kilos of materials did cost 210,000
Material price variance 15,000 (F)
150,000 kilos of materials should cost 225,000
(The variance is favourable, so the materials did cost less to buy than they should
have cost.)
Therefore the standard price for materials is Rs.225,000/150,000 kilograms =
Rs.1.50 per kilo.

© Emile Woolf International 178 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

 Answers

Materials usage variance

Materials usage variance in Rs. = Rs.9,000 (A)
Standard price for materials = Rs.1.50
Materials usage variance in kilograms = 9,000/1.50 =
6,000 kilos (A)
kilos
18,000 units of the product did use 150,000
Material usage variance in kilos 6,000 (A)
18,000 units of the product should use 144,000
Therefore the standard material usage per unit of product = 144,000 kilos/18,000
units = 8 kilos per unit.
Direct labour rate variance
Rs.
32,000 hours of labour did cost 136,000
Direct labour rate variance 8,000 (A)
32,000 hours of labour should cost 128,000
Therefore the standard direct labour rate per hour = Rs.128,000/32,000 hours =
Rs.4 per hour.
Direct labour efficiency variance
Labour efficiency variance in Rs. = Rs.16,000 (F)
Standard rate per hour = Rs.4
Labour efficiency variance in hours = 16,000/4 = 4,000
hours (F)
hours
18,000 units of the product did take 32,000
Labour efficiency variance in hours 4,000 (F)
18,000 units of the product should take 36,000
Therefore the standard time per unit of product = 36,000 hours/18,000 units = 2
hours per unit.
This number of hours per unit also applies to variable production overheads.
Variable overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
32,000 hours did cost 38,000
Variable overhead expenditure variance 6,000 (A)
32,000 hours should cost 32,000
Therefore the variable production overhead rate per hour = Rs.32,000/32,000 hours
= Rs.1 per hour.

© Emile Woolf International 179 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan