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Introduction to Python
Master 4.0

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2

HISTORY Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python was created by Guido van Rossum, and first released on February 20, 1991
as Python 0.9.0.
While you may know the python as a large snake, the name of the Python
programming language comes from an old BBC television comedy sketch series
called Monty Python’s Flying Circus.
Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to
the ABC programming language.
Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0 released in 2008, was a major
revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python latest
version 3.11.2 released on Feb 8, 2023.
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages.

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3

PYTHON Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python is a general purpose, open source, high-level programming language and

also provides number of libraries and frameworks. Python has gained popularity
because of its simplicity, easy syntax and user-friendly environment.

Python is strongly typed (i.e. types are enforced), dynamically, implicitly typed (i.e.
you don’t have to declare variables), case sensitive (i.e. ybi and YBI are two
different variables) and object-oriented (i.e. everything is an object).

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4

REASONS THAT MAKE PYTHON

Learn . Practice . Upskil atGREAT FOR LEARNING
Ybi Foundation

• It is easy to learn – the time needed to learn Python is shorter than for many other languages;
this means that it’s possible to start the actual programming faster
• It is easy to use for writing new software – it’s often possible to write code faster when using
Python
• It’s open source, is easy to obtain, install and deploy – Python is free, open and multiplatform;
not all languages can boast that.
• Some languages require you to modify code to run on different platforms, but Python is a
cross-platform language, which means you can run the same code on any operating system
with a Python interpreter.
• It’s extendable. Python code can be written in other languages (such as C++), and users can
add low-level modules to the Python interpreter to customize and optimize their tools.
• It has a multiple standard library. This library is available for anyone to access and users don’t
have to write code for every single function—they can access built-in modules that help with
issues in everyday programming and more.

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5

USAGE OF PYTHON
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• Desktop Applications
• Web Applications
• Data Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• Scientific Computing
• Robotics
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Gaming
• Mobile Apps
• Data Analysis and Pre-processing

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6

COMPANIES USING
Learn . PracticePYTHON
. Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• Google (Components of Google spider and Search Engine)

• Yahoo (Maps)
• YouTube
• Mozilla
• Dropbox
• Microsoft
• Cisco
• Spotify

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7 August 28, 2023

Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Introduction Google Colab

https://colab.research.google.com/

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8 August 28, 2023

GOOGLE COLAB
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• Google Colab is an online representation of Jupyter Notebook.

• While Jupyter Notebook needs installation on a computer and can uses local machine
resources, Colab is a full-fledged cloud solution for Python coding.

• Google Colab allows anybody to write and execute python code through the browser on
laptop or mobile.

• You can write Python codes using Colab on your Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox or any
other web browser.

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9 August 28, 2023

HOW TO OPENLearnGOOGLE COLAB

. Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• Step 1: Open any browser

• Step 2: Login to your Google account
• Step 3: Search for Colab in google search
• Step 4: Click or open URL ' https://colab.research.google.com/ '
• Step 5: Click on New Notebook option in bottom right of pop up or from File
menu

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10 August 28, 2023

How to CreateLearn
New Notebook
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11 August 28, 2023

GOOGLE COLAB
Learn .LAYOUT
Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

1.Rename File
2.Menu
3.Table of content
4. Add code & text cells
5.Share file or add comments
6.Connect
7.Move cells up & down, add comments, delete cell
8.Text cell
9.Code cell

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 Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python Variables
A Python variable is a symbolic name that is a reference or pointer to an object. Once an object
is assigned to a variable, you can refer to the object by that name. But the data itself is still
contained within the object.

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WHAT IS A VARIABLE
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A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be

measured or counted.
•Age (17, 25, 42, ...)
•Gender (male, female)
•Income (₹ 20000, ₹ 35000, ₹ 45000, ...)
•House price (₹ 350000, ₹ 570000, ...)
•Country of birth (India, Russia, USA, ...)
•Eye colour (brown, green, blue, ...)
•Vehicle make (TATA, Maruti, ...)
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VARIABLES Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• A variable is used to store information that can be

referenced later.

• We can assign data and outputs to a variable and can create

an unlimited number of variables, but we have to make sure
to give each variable a unique name.

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DEFINE A VARIABLE
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Variables are used to store information and represent your data input.

We defined a variable x that is equal to the

value of 5 and then ask the computer to tell the
value of that variable.
Type x equals 5, i.e. write x and then execute
the cell, and we get the output: 5.

We assigned to y a value 8 and use the print()

function as print(y), the machine will simply
execute this command and provide the output
as value of y.

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STRINGS Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Type single or double quotation

marks around the name Ybi
Foundation. Python displays ‘Ybi
Foundation’ if you don’t use the
print() function. Should you use
print(), the output will be shown
with no quotes – you’ll be able to
see plain text.

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VARIABLE NAMING
Learn . RULES
Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python allows Names to be a combination of

• lowercase letters (a to z) or
• uppercase letters (A to Z) or
• digits (0 to 9) or
• an underscore (_).
Names are case sensitive and cannot start with a number.
Names in Python cannot use any special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc.
They can contain letters, numbers, and underscores.
ybi YBi _ybi _2_ybi_ ybi_2 YbI
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Allowed VariableLearn
Names. Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

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Not Allowed Variable Names
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Reserved Key Words for Variable
Learn . Practice Names
. Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• Reserved words (also called keywords) are defined with

predefined meaning and syntax in the language.

• These keywords have to be used to develop programming

instructions.

• Reserved words can’t be used as identifiers for other

programming elements like name of variable, function etc.

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Reserved Key Words for Variable
Learn . Practice Names
. Upskil at Ybi Foundation

['False', 'None', 'True', '__peg_parser__', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async',

'await', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except',
'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda',
'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
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SYNTAX Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• Python has no mandatory statement termination characters

and blocks are specified by indentation.
• Indent to begin a block, dedent to end one.
• Statements that expect an indentation level end in a colon
(:).

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ADD COMMENTSLearn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation
• Comments are sentences not
executed by the programming
language i.e. not read them as
instructions.

• Put a hash sign (#) at the beginning of

each line to work as a comment.

• For comments on two or more lines,

place the hash sign at the beginning
of each line.
• Comments start with the pound (#)
sign and are single-line, multi-line
strings are used for multi-line
comments.

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LINE CONTINUATION
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• To write code in multiple

lines, so that program read it
as one command.
• This could be achieved by
putting a back slash (\) at the
end of the first line. It
indicates the continuation of
the same code on a new line.

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INDEXING Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python is a zero index language

Use square brackets and specify the

position/index of the letter to extract.

Y b i F o u n d a t i o n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

- - - - -
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
14 13 12 11 10

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STRUCTURE YOUR
Learn .CODE WITH
Practice . Upskil INDENTATION
at Ybi Foundation

• Indentation is important as it will define the hierarchy of

codes for execution in python.
• In the example code, def and return clearly in
distinguishable blocks of code or blocks of
commands.
• Everything that belongs to same function is written
with one indentation to the inside. Once you decide
to code something new, start on a new line with no
indentation.
• The indented blocks of code are clear and visibly
clarifies the logic to solve problem.
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THE DOUBLE EQUALITY
Learn . Practice .SIGN
Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• The equals sign means “assign” or “bind to”.

• For instance, assign 2 to the power of 3 to a
variable y. Hence y, will be equal to 8.
• To check equality between values, use double
equality sign. With possible outcomes as
True or False.
• Values are assigned (in fact, objects are
bound to names) with the equals sign (“=”),
and equality testing is done using two equals
signs (“==”).
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REASSIGN VALUES
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• If you assign the value of 1 to a variable

x, your output after executing x will be 1.
• After that, if you assign 3 to the same
variable x, x will be equal to 3, not 1
anymore.
• Python reassigns values to its objects.
Therefore, remember the last command
is valid, and older commands are
overwritten.

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HELP Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

• Help in Python is available right in the

interpreter.
• To know how an object works use
help(<object>)
• Also useful are dir(), which shows you
all the object’s methods
• <object>.__doc__ shows
documentation string

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 Learn . Practice . Upskil at Ybi Foundation

Python Data Types

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PYTHON LANGUAGE DATA
Learn . Practice . UpskilTYPES
at Ybi Foundation

• Numerical Data
1. Integer
2. Float
3. Complex
• Boolean
• Date time (A date in Python is not a data type of its own, but we can import a module
named datetime to work with dates as date objects.)
• Sequence Data
1. str
2. bytes
3. bytearray
4. Range
• None Type

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Name Operator Example

Addition + x+y 10+3 = 13
Subtraction - x-y 10-3 = 7
Multiplication * x*y 10*3 = 30
Division (float division) / x/y 10/3 = 3.33
Division (floor
// x // y 10//3 = 3
division)
Modulus (return the
% x%y 10%3 = 1
reminder)
Exponentiation ** x ** y 10**3 = 1000
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 COMPARISON OPERATORS
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Name Operator Example

Equal == x == y

Not equal != x != y

Greater than > x>y

Less than < x<y

Greater than or equal to >= x >= y

Less than or equal to <= x <= y

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LOGICAL OPERATOR
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Description Operator Example

Returns True if both

and x < 15 and x < 20
statements are true

Returns True if one of the

or x < 15 or x < 20
statements is true

Reverse the result, returns

not not(x < 15 and x < 20)
False if the result is true

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