Stuarts

 Dynasty that is originally from Scotland, where they ruled since 14th century
 Ruled in England 1603-1717
 After the Tudor dynasty

James I.

 Ruled 1603-1625
 Related to the last Tudor queen Elizabeth I., cousin twice removed
 Before he became the king of England, he was Scottish king James VI.
 First one who tried to unify the two crowns
 Raised by protestants
 Very educated, liked theatre, Shakespeare, wrote poetry, religious
 Took over the English throne pretty smoothly
 Ended the war between Spain and England by allowing catholic services in England
 Had disagreement with parliament about finance, dismissed the parliament for 7 years
 Married Anne of Denmark and had 9 children

 Gunpowder plot 1605 5th Nov.

 Basement of Westminster palace
 Caught Guy Fawkes
 Plotted mainly by Robert Catesby
 Catholics were trying to get rid of the king and parliament who were protestants

Charles I.

 Tried to marry a Spanish princess to maintain the good relations with Spain
 Unsuccessfully
 On the way back to England married a sister of French king Henrietta Maria
 She was catholic
 English protestants thought his views were to catholic
 Disagreements with parliament about taxes, finance, wars and the church
 Shut parliament for 11 years – 11 years of Tyranny, 1629-1640
 Couldn't raise taxes without parliament
 Had no money to fight the Scottish protestants so he called the parliament
 Parliament complained and refused to cooperate
 He agreed to not shutting the parliament ever again
 1640-1660 Long parliament
 Less power for the king
 1642 he went to parliament with guards to arrest the 5 main members
 They figured it out beforehand and escaped
 Parliament felt unsafe without army
 Beginning of the civil war
 Charles was beheaded for treason after the civil war

Oliver Cromwell
  He was a puritan- banned Christmas during his rule
 Made England a republic – Commonwealth of England
 Was a member of the parliament
 Trained the New Model Army, first professional, paid army in England
 He was the leader of parliament and won the war against royalists
 Titled Lord Protector
 Shut the House of Commons
 1657 was offered the crown by the parliament and refused
 He was reinstalled ceremonially as Lord Protector in Westminster Hall
 Dead of malaria
 After his death there was a huge chaos his son Richard Cromwell tried to take over the title
of Lord Protector but had no real power and wasn't able to rule
 After a year of Richard being in charge parliament decided to restore monarchy and gave the
crown to Charlese's son Charles II.

Charles II.

 Ruled 1645 to 1685.

 Father was Charles I.
 escaped during the war with mom Henrietta Maria to France
 when was 18 when his dad died
 1660 asked by the Parliament to rule
 English restoration
 The merry monarch - changed laws after Cromwell, allowed more freedom
 He was Roman Catholic
 Marriage with Catherine, Princess from Portugal
 Died because of illness
 his son was executed when he tried to take the throne
 After him, his brother James II ruled

1666 Great Fire of London

 Lasted almost 5 days

 80 000 lost homes

James II.

 Last roman catholic king

 Glorious revolution
 Went to exile with his son
 He was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William
 Movement Jacobitism- Jamese's supporters who thought he should be king, Catholics
 1689 tried to invade Ireland and get the crown but lost

Mary II.

 Joint ruler with William

 Protestant, supported the Church of England
 Never had a child, multiple miscarriages, stillborns
 Died in 1694, William continued to rule
William III.

 Dutch
 James II. Who he replaced on throne was his uncle
 Mary was his cousin
 Died in 1702

Anne

 First ruler UK of GB
 Scotland and England united – United Kingdom of Great Britain- 1701
 Sister of Mary II.
 Married prince George of Denmark
 17 times pregnant but none of her children survived until adulthood
 Died because of poor health and obesity
 Next kind was her cousin George I.

The English Civil War

 1642-1651
 King Charles I. vs the parliament
 Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads)

Causes

 Power and money

 Ling had all the power, just needed the parliament for raising taxes
 The king believed he was sent by God to rule the country
 Argued with parliament
 He used legal trick to earn money-ship money
 Religion
 Puritans believed that the Church of England is becoming way too much like the Roman
Catholic Church they originally broke away from
 Puritans didn't want bishops
 Charlse's wife was a French catholic

Build up

 Bishop wars in Scotland cost king a lot of money

 He called parliament to raise taxes
 Members refused
 Tried to arrest members
 They felt unsafe without army and build one against king

1st English Civil War

 1642-1646
 1642 the two sides travelled around the kingdom and gathered their armies and supporters
 Parliament had more supporters in cities and ports, Puritans, Royal Navy
 The king had more supporters in the countryside between the poor and Catholics
 First battle was the battle of Edgehill 1642, ended up being a draw
 Parliament blocked kings access to London
  King had to move his army to Oxford
 Oliver Cromwell got in charge of parliaments army
 Started cavalry called Ironsides
 Helped to the major win of parliament in the battle of Marston Moor – 1644
 1645 started New Model Army
 Kings' largest army was defeated in the battle of Naseby 1645
 Royalists and the king were taken as prisoners

2nd English Civil War

 Parliament was divided on how to rule and lead the church

 Allow churches to be on their own x Presbyterian church (Scottish protestants)

Execution of Charles I.

 Everyone who didn't support parliament was removed from parliament

 75 members left – Rump Parliament
 King was found guilty of treason and beheaded
 Oliver Cromwell stayed in charge
 Formed Commonwealth republic

3rd English Civil War

 1649-1651
 Fight between Scottish and British army in Scotland
 Scots feared that republic wouldn't allow the Presbyterian church
 Cromwell travelled to Scotland and joined Scotland to Commonwealth
 Charles II. Tried to gather the remaining royalist and take the crown
 Definitely beaten by parliament in the battle of Worcester in 1951

The Bill of Rights

 1689
 Set out basic civil rights
 Clarified who will inherit the crown
 Asserts rights of parliament
 Protestant supremacy
 King should get consent from parliament
 Rights of parliament: regular parliaments, free elections
 Rights of individuals: prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments, not having to pay taxes
that weren't approved by parliament
 Signed by Mary and William to get the crown
 Part of uncodified British Constitution
 Model for US Bill of Rights, UN and European conventions of Human Rights