4254

laper : 12321601 5 May 2018

oo Code :
iee Paper : Modern Political Philosophy
Paper
rofthe Course : B.A. (Hons) Political Science III Year
ofthe VI(CBCS)
ester 3 hours Maximum Marks : 75

Attempt anyfour questions.

All questions carry equal marks.
01. Explainthe concept of Modernity. How was it influenced by the
tenmenf tradition?
Ars, SeeQ. 1, Page No.9,
n2Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains," Rousseau, Discuss.
Ans, See Q. 1, Page No. 11,
n4. According to Wollstonecraft the liberation of women is to be found
the home and family. Critically examine the statement.
Ans, See Q. 3, Page No. 45.
04Discuss J.S. Mill's ideas on Liberty.
Ans. See Q. 3, Page No. 64.
05. Write an essay on J.S. Mill's viéws on the subjection of women.
Ans, See Q. 5, Page No. 70.
06.Critically examine Marx's theory of Historical Materialism.
Ans.SeeQ.4, Page No. 84.
07.Analyses Marx's views on the State.
Ans. Karl Marx (181883) attacked the idea of individual-State relations,
Oautonomous individual, liberal view of the State as a neutral arbiter among
Ng Individual.According to Marxist individualexist in relation to others
ature can be understood as social and historical product. To understand
between individual it is important to situate it in the class structure
e
cdasses are creation of history. In a society division onthe basis of class
with generation of surplus because those who gain control of means of
werudiinothe
n form dominant class economically and politically. Workers sell labour
in the market to secure a living and surplus value-the value generated by
process of
Capitalist. production
Class relations are over and above
exploitative andtheir wages conflict
generate is appropriated
because
I ruling
tor of and subordinate class conflict leading to class struggle that form
historical
societies is the development.
history of Thus,
Class Marx said
struggle". The "History of a!lbased
relationship hitherto
on
tation
standigtonand
g ofsubordination
social and economic
structurestructure shapes and
social, political natureeconomic
of Statelife.because
This

nding, Liberal
to MarxDeernocratic
soclandety Worker
ist
this is illusion,
and politics State may not be neutral andthe distinction
tradition State Claimn to represent public interest
is also dubious, The division in society between
is
noic relations and also linked to particular interests.
not result of free contract; State is enmbedded in social
a

Positions referring to class and State are clearly evident in Marxism.

(193)
 AMAR:B.A.(Hons.)IPolitical Science-|I
194

State is not directly linkedto particular

Year (Sen V|
interest domihant
or
degree of power independent of dominant class. It is
State and bureaucracy is an instrument to
dominant class.
relatively{he
coordinate
partiularintetory
According to Marxian analysis
bureaucracy-- a
within the Stateis "States' Consciousness" Marx wrote, "The
itself to be the final end of the State, the aims of the State
aims of bureaus or the aims of bureaus into the aims of the are
of Hegel's Philosophy of Rights 46-47) (David Held, 1989
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Marx analyze rise of
b:34)urcaurarl
Statet'rar(Mstoarro
In tho:
Bonaparte and the way power is accumulated power
in hands of Louisof
portrays State as an institution with the capacity to shape civilthe
control of bourgoisie. His analysis show how State
also promote change, at the same time having a mechanism coordinate ard- socipolexecutetiyticalye
capacity to undermine social movement. Overall in the long forrun surveil anr
of the State, policies are designed to promote the interests of for the
this analysis State is considered as superstructure traders.
developed
onthe fourde
economic, social and political power of the dominant class is very clear wi
famous slogan of the communist Manifesto "The executive of he o
but acommittee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgie
the name of public or general interest overall interest of Bourgeoisie is mira
by the State. One view in the writings of Marx conceives the State as rel:
autonomous-power independent of class interest and the other view ce:
the State as superstructure to uphold the interest of the dominant cass
Marxian Analysis State is central to the integration of class divided socier
identified form of government where proletariat would govern and sociais
would create the conditions when State would wither away leading to e
transition to Stateless and classless society.
In the writings of Lenin "State and Revolution (1917) "State was cone
a mechanism for the oppression of one class by another. The alliance
dominant and ruling class exist because of dependence of the governm system. Im
stock exchange and corruption of ministers and officials in thesstate burea.
work of the government is done out of public view through
Rights available to the individual in a democracy like freedom ofas
hide theinter
Freedom of press, Freedom of speech and expression exist to
independence o
the dominant class because while State claims the dominantc
the
institutions these are controlled directly or indirectly by power hasbeent
In the last few years interest in the analysis of State beenma
contribution
among Contemporary Marxists. Important enmphasizedthatrulin has
Gramsci, Lukacs, Korsch and others. Gramsci elicitationofa
dominat
establishes its domination not only by open coercionleadership
but by portray
or th
Bourgeoisie established'hegemony'
had
State plays an important iideological
process. Nicos Poulantzas through
as a'unifying social role in this class tensions classcha
formation' able
political rights and welfare
to dilute theinteres
Marxist emphasisterm
benefits. Neo
modern State and the way it operates to promote lon8
capitalist and unequal class power.
2. 8. Write short notes on any tw0 ofthe followin8
(a) Discourses on the
Enlightenment
 6.1Paper-XIII: Modern Political Philosophy-lI (Sem-VI)-May 2018 195

d) Rousseau on Inequality.
Wollstonecraft on Education for women.
ià Kollontai's Feminism.
Ans.(a) Discourses on the Enlightenment-Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one
most influential thinkers during theEnlightenment in eighteenth century
Sfthe sfirst major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was
uropegresponse to anessay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in
this work, Roussea argues that the progression of the sciences and arts
750.In the corruption of virtue and morality. This
as caused
discourse won Rousseau
25drecognition, and it laid much of the philosophical groundwork for a
econd,longer work, The Discourse on the Origin of lnequality. The second discourse
e win theAcademy's prize, but like the first, it was widely read and further
tfed Rousseau's place as a significant intellectual figure. The central claim of
e woork is that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted
ythe complex historical events that resulted in present day civil society.
uSseau's praise of nature is a theme that continues throughout his later works
well, the most significant of which include his comprehensive work on the
hilosophy of education, the Emile, and his major work on political philosophy.
he Social Contract: both published in 1762. These works caused great controversy
France and were immediately banned by Paris authorities. Rousseau fled France
nd setled in Switzerland, but he continued to find difficulties with authorities
ad quarrel with friends. The end of Roussess's life was marked in Jarge part by
sgrowing paranoia and his continued attempts to justify his life and his work.
his is especially evident in this later books, The Confessions, The Reveries of the
litary Walker, and Roussean: Judge of Jean-]acques.
Rousseau greatly influenced Immanuel Kant's work on ethics. His novel Julie
the New Heloise impacted the late eighteenth century's Romantic Naturalism
Ovement, and his political ideals were championed by leaders of the French
evolution.
(b) Rousseau on Ineguality The aim of the Discourse is to examine ita
undations of inequality among men, and to determine whether this inequality
authorized by natural law. Rousseau attempts to demonstrate that modern
Oral
inequality, which is created by an agreement between men, is unnatural
urelated to the true nature of man. To examine natural law, Rousseau argues,
erer thsary
the to consider human nature and to chart how that nature has evolved
centuries to
To do this, he produce modern man and modern society.
Ciety and the begins in the imaginary state of nature, a condition before
ation and
this development
development ,
of reason. Discarding the Biblical account of human
Rousseau attempts to conjecture, or guess, what man
d state would be like. He examines man's physical and mental characteristics,
ty finds
and him to be an animal like any other, motivated by two key principles
imals isself-preservation.
his The only real attribute that separates him from the
perfectibility,
0dusseau goes on
and evil, andto describe. Man in the stateis ofvitally
a quality that natureimportant in theonprocess
has few needs, idea of
little contact with other humans. Nevertheless he is happy.
However, man does not remain unchanged. The quality of perfectibility allows
an to be
Ices such shaped
as
by, and to change in response to, his environment. Natural
xeethem to develop
earthquakes and floods drive men into all parts of the globe, and
language and other skills, As men cone into contact more
 8729 MAY 2019
Na. of Q. Paper
niquePaper Code 12321601
of the Paper Modern Political Philosophy (CBCS)
me
me
o fthe Course : B.A. (Hons.) PoliticalScience IIIYear
nester
6
ration 3 hours Maximum Marks :75
Attempt any four questions. All questions carry equal
marks.
1Critically analyse the discourses of Modernity and the impact
enlightenment tradition on modern political philosophy.
Ans, See Q. 1, p 9.
02. Rousseau's theory of General Will is an attempt to differentiate
I wills from actual wills. Explain.
Ans. See p 33 (General will heading)
factors
0.3. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, what are the main
sDonsible for women's subordination in a society? Discuss.
Ans. See Q. 3, p 29.
Q. 4. Do you see J.S. Mill as a champion of minority rights? Give
Our vieWs.
Ans, See Q. 5, p 70.
as
0.5. Define alienation. Discuss difference types of alienation
utlined by Marx.
Ans. See Q. 2, p 79.
Q.6. How is Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism is different
rom other kinds of materialismn? Elaborate.
Ans. See Q. 4, p 84.
4.7. What are Alexandra Kollontai's main disagreements with Lenin
women's issues? Explain.
Ans. Seep97 (B Part)
8. Write short notes on any two of the following
(a) Rousseau on direct democracy.
(b) Wollstonecraft on women's education.
(e) Mill as a liberalfeminist.
(d) Kollontai's feminism.
As. (a)Rousseau on direct democracy. See Q. 2, p 34.
t0) Wollstonecraft on women's education. See Q. 4, p 53.
e) Mill as a liberal feminist. See Q. 5, p 70.
(a) Kollontai'sfeminism. See p 88 (A Part).

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 AMAR:B.A. (Hons.) Political Science III Year (Sem 6) 447

Cood Samaritan Laws are laws that punish people for the failure to aid
bers in dire need, when they could provide such aid at little cost or risk to
isolated
hemselves. For example, Iwitness a severe traffic accident on an
nad. I have a cell phone and could easily call the police, but I drive past the
pushes
arcident and don't place the call. Another example: Suppose that Jones away.
small child who cannot swim into a swimming pool, and then he runs I
out of the
happen to be walking by. I could easily bend over and pull the child that
DOol, but I choose not to because I'm wearing my favourite shirt and worry
version of
getting chlorinated water on my shirtsleeve will ruin it. The first
the second
the harm principle does not support Good Samaritan laws, while with the
version does. Since Mill clearly believes that such laws are consistent
rather than
harm principle, he must understand that principle in the second
the first way.
liberty
Mill is a classical liberal because the "one, very simple principle of citizens
that he defends does seem to require of the state that it guarantees its
deeply about. For
many of the liberties that classical liberalisnm cares so
example, the state should guarantee freedom of religion/conscience, because a
else. Mill would
person's religious beliefs, by themselves, can't harm anyone
no harm if my
agree with a famous saying by Thomas Jefferson: It does me
neighbour worships one God, twenty gods, or no god; it neither picks my pocket
doesn't mean that
nor breaks my leg." My beliefs might offend you, but that
they do or can harm you.
Mill warts to defend classical liberalism as the correct political philosophy
on the grounds.
Q.5. Critically analyse Kollontai's feminism.
Ans. See Q.6. Chapter 4 [Page 89]& (Page 97] "B. Alexandra Kollontia".
in
Q. 6. The socialist revolution according to Marx would where
true freedom and full democracy. Explain.
Ans. See Q. 3. Chapter 4 [Page 82] & Q. 5. [Page 86].
OAmnar
 Unlqne Paper Code : 1232 1601
Paper : Modern Politieal Phllosophy
2022 Course : B.A. (Hons.) Pollthcal Belence iIl Year

Duration : Hours Maximum Marka :75

Attempt any four questions.

Alquestions carry equal marks.
self-inurred
1. 'Englightenment is man's emergence from his vicws on
tutelage". Explain the statement in the context of Kant's
Enlightenment.
Ans. See Chapter- 1, Q. 1., (Page No. 9].
Wollstonecraft's A
Q. 2. Discuss the importance of Mary
Vindication of the Rights of Women in the context of 18th Century
Feminism.
Ans. See Chapter - 2, Q. 5., [Page No. 59).
Inequality.
Q3. Critically analyse Rousseau's views about
Ans. See Chapter -2, Q. 4., [Page No, 42].
empty liberty'.
Q.4. Ernest Barker calledJ.S. Mill a 'prophet of
Do you agree? Explain.
3., [Page No. 64].
Ans, No, we are not agree. See Chapter - 3, Q.
Q 5. "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of
light of Marx's theory
class struggles'. Discuss the statement in the
of historical materíalism.
[Page No. 86].
Ans. See Chapter -4, Q. 4., (Page No. 84] & Q. 5., realm of
6. Hegel considers the realm of state to be the
universal altruism. Explain.
as C.W.E. Hegel or
Ans. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, well known German philosophers.
Hegel (1770- 1831) Was one of the most important far-ranging. He was
His knowledge was encyclopedic, his insight was
very wide,
nicknamed as "the modern Aristotle." His influence was also
sharpest critics of Hegel,
particularly after his death. Karl Mar%, one of thenot
did prevent the father of
Was also influenced by him. Hegel's Idealism inethod in order to build his
Cientific Socialism to accept Hegel'sdialectical words of the great Rus9ian
Wn materialist conception of history. In the "the science of
revolutionist VI. Lenin. according to Marx, dialectics is
and of human thought."
Uhe yeneral laws f motion. both of the external world
ln Lenin's observation, Hegel's philo80phy was adopted by Marx in order to
establiah a revolutionary theory and science. The revolutionary aspect of it
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356 AMAR:B.A. (Hons) Political Science IIIYear [Semester 6i
As an antithesis. in certain sense, Civil Society is an ethical
moment
that is more advanced than Family. In the independence and ind1vidual
consciousness, human freedom is realized more than only dependence
collectivity and lack of individual consciousness This antithesis, howevar
has certain problem. The problem is the placing of human beings in an arena
which makes them to see their fellows as their competitors even the means
in order to pursue and achieve their own interests. According to Hegel. this
antithesis needs to be overcome. The end is not to set aside the progress it
has achieved, that is the independence and individual consciousness, which
is constructive to the society as a whole. The end is to bring that progress
into the higher level. For Hegel, this higher level, as a synthesis of Civil
Society and Family, is the State.
Consequently, individuals are merely tools or means to achieve their own
particular goals. Paradoxically, these particular goals imply universality
These goals are to be attained through an effort which is simultaneous to
the other's welfare. It means that fundamentally particularities are
necessarily conditioned by universality. Therefore, The Civil Society is a
mediation area. Civil Society mediates particular wills through social
interactions. By that way, Civil Society is means to educate individuals to
achieve a higher consciousness, namely universal consciousness. It assures
"free play for every idiosyncrasy, every talent, every accident of birth and
fortune, and where waves of every passion gush forth, regulated only by
reason ghinting through them." This universality is truly manifested in the
State, which expresses rationality and facilitates the individuals' freedom in
the Constitution. The concern is this concept puts positive law, as well as
constitution, as the final form. Moreover, the state functionaries as well as
law enforcer are posed as the people used by the Absolute Idea to manage
Civil Society, It may lead to the deviation ofmandate entrusted by the people.
Q. 7. Do youagree with C. L. Wayper that Mill was 'a reluetant
demoerat? Discuss in the context of Mill's views on Representative
Government.
Ans. Although Mill regarded Considerations on Representative
Government as a mature statement of his theory of democracy, critics have
tended to treat it less seriously than most of his other major works. Dennis
Thompson argues that this neglect has led to inadequate interpretations ot
Mill's thought on democracy. Drawing where appropriate on other writngs
by Mill, the author restores a balançed view by studying the structure of the
theory expounded in Representative Government.
Representative Government is shown to be more coherent and systemate
than has generally been assumed. In the first two chapters the author
examines separately Mill's views of political participation and competenee.
He then considers the philosopher's effort to combine participation au
competence at any particular time in a theory of government and to reaut
 337
Modern Political Philosophy (20221
development. Basic features
annflict between them over time in a theory of modifications are suggested
afMill's vieware subjected to eriticnl scrutiny, and
to overcome the deficiencies noted.
T'hroughout, MilIl's claim8 are com pared
leading to the conclusion
swith the ideas and findings of recent social science,
contemporarythinking ahout
that his theory remainsa valuable resource for
democracy.
Q, 8. Short notes (answer any two):
Marx's views about the role of Statein Capitalist and Socialist
(a)
Societies.
1931|.
Ans. See 5 May 2018, Q.7., [Page No.
Contract
(6) Rousseau's views on Social
34].
Ans. See Chapter -2, Q. 2., [Page No.
Utilitarianism
(c) Mill's views on
[Page No. 78].
Ans. See Chapter - 3, Q. 6.,
on Morality.
(d) Wollstonecraft's views
[Page No. 45].
Ans. See Chapter - 2,Q. 3., OAmar
 Unique Paper Code : 12321601
Name of thePaper
Name of the Course :Modern Political Philosophy
: B.A. (Hons.) III Year
May
Semester :VI 2023

Duration :3 Hours
Maximum Marks : 75
Attempt any five questions
All questions carry equal marks.
Q 1. Discuss Kant's views on
Ans THE IDEA OF Modernity.
MODERNITY
Modernity is generally understood as the period between 1500 to second
halfof the 20th century in the Western worldwhich began with
the
Ages. Modernity was different from the earlier period as it was end of Middle
the rise of capitalism, protestant Christianity and characterised by
modern political philosophy, modernity is associatedpolitical republicanis1m. In
with individualism, liber
alism, social contract, democracy, secularisation and equality. A
materialistic way of life is the basis of modernity whicl avoids scientific and
religious and
spiritual perspective. Other features of modernity involve accelerated communi
cation and financial exchanges. Some of the main
urbanisation, rise of nation states and bureaucracy and proponents
of political
include Thomas Hobbes, John Lockeand Rousseau. There deepening of modernity
are two ways to clas
sify modernity-in terms of time period and its geographical expanse
Interms of
time perios, the three phases ofmodernity are carly modernity (1500-1789),
sical modernity (1789-1900) and late modernity (1900-1989). This clas
has been given by Marshall Berman. In the early modernity, people classification
started to
experierice modern ways of life. In the second phase, means of communication
came up to increase thereach of modern ideas accompanied by rise of capital
ism. In late modernity, globalisation was visible that impacted modern life. On
the other hand, there are three stages of modernity bascd on its
geographical
expanse as explained by Volker H Schmidt. The first stage was of Eurocentric
modernity as it began in parts of NorthWestern Europe and spread to other parts
of Europe later. The beginning was marked by Renaissance and Protestant Ref
ormation. In the second stage, West-centric modernity rose and Europcan mo
dernity was absorbed in west-centric modernity. The US cconony had overtaken
the British economy by the end of the 19th century which signified west-centric
modernity. The third stage is called Polycentric modernity, which began in the
(373)
 6.1 Paper XIll: Modern
Political Philosophy-2023 375
ensure justice at international level.
Q2:Critically
analyse J.S.
Ans. See ch-3, Q3, Page-64 Mill's views on ILiberty.
Q3.All theworth the human being possesses, all
sesses only through the state" spiritual reality, he pos
Ans. See Q Paper-2022, Q (Hegel). Explain.
6, Page-353
Q4. Examine the nature and
Ans. See Ch-2, P-33 cbaracteristics of Rousseau's GeneralWill.
"General Will"
Q5. Discuss Wollstonecraft's critigue of
Ans. See ch-2, Q4, Page-45 Rousseau's idea of Education.
Q6."The mode of production in material life determines the
acter of the social, politicaland spiritual general char
Ans. See ch-4, Q2, Page-78 problems of life.'" Comnent.
Q7. "Man is born free, but
amine Rousseau's attempt to bring everywhere he is in chains." Explain and ex
about reconciliation between Liberty and
Authority.
Ans. See ch-2, Q1, Page-11
Q8. Write short notes on any two of the
following:
()) Marx's theory of Surplus Value.
Ans. See ch-4, Q5, Page-86
(ii) Mill's views on Subjection of Women
Ans. See ch-3, Q5, P-70
(iiü) Wollstonecraft's ideas on Legal
Rights and Representation
Ans. See ch-2, Q5, P-59
(iv) Rousseau on Direct Democracy
Ans. See ch-2, Q2, P-34