This paper presents the design verification for Proposed G + 8 RCC Building For

General Commercial Apartment at Hyderabad, Telangana as per the relevant codes

and standards. The dimension of the structure is 12.5 m * 8.3 m and its shown in
Fig. 1, Fig. 2.The concrete structure is designed and analysed using Limit state
design philosophy as per IS 456:2000 on ETABS 2017, Staad.Pro and is used for
the analysis and design of the structure . This Design verification of this paper
describes the methodology for structural analysis and design to satisfy functional
requirements and ensure structural integrity of the structure as envisaged in the
applicable safety standards . The scope of this paper is to describe the structures
functional requirements, loads and load combinations, material properties and
methodology used for analysis and design of structure. This paper summarizes the
results of the analysis and design of G + 8 in Staad.Pro & ETABS 2017. In order to
develop technique and creativity in Analysis and designing here investigated a live
project located in Hyderabad . The Building which is chosen here is an apartment
of plot area 190 square yards was undertaken by IVRCL Ltd. Building information
states that it is G + 8 storey building, base area is about 150 square yards with total
height of 32.0 m and floor to floor clear height is 4.00 m for all floors. The building
consists of two lifts and two main stairs while terrace floor included overhead
water tank and lift room . Among these the cellar is provided with retaining wall.
For the part of drafting floor plans, of AUTO CAD undergone in the investigation.
After fixing floor plan, structural framing is followed by defining cross-section for
columns, beams . On basis of support conditions and dimensions slabs are adopted,
analysed these beams, columns and slabs by using STAAD. Pro and ETABS.[1]

In recent years, to address the ever-increasing demand for environmental-friendly

buildings and the sharp rise in labor costs, prefabricated concrete structures have
been regarded as a favorable solution for their standardized and modularized
construction and are widely utilized in residential, public, and industrial buildings.
However, the integrity and safety of joints in prefabricated structures remain an
issue, especially in prefabricated frame structures in areas with high seismic
activity. Many researchers have tried to solve this issue by strengthening the
connection capacities using high-strength materials increasing the size of the frame
section, etc. However, the damages to the major structures are not reduced
prominently because these methods still rely on plastic deformation of the
structural components to dissipate earthquake energy. Alternatively, utilizing
additional passive damper devices can be a reasonable selection

Passive dampers that serve as supplementary components can consume the input
seismic energy and reduce the seismic damage to the primary structure. Currently,
there are mainly four dominant passive dampers, including metallic dampers],
friction dampers viscoelastic dampers and viscous dampers]. Among the four types
of dampers, the velocity-relevant viscous damper (VD) that produces no additional
stiffness to the primary structure has been long been considered an ideal choice for
earthquake engineering and has been applied for more than 50 years of history in
different conditions: such as large bridge structures steel structures frame structures
The frame is almost the commonest structure ever used in people's daily life. At
present, some scholars are committed to using viscous dampers to obtain better
damping performance for a frame structure. Constantinou et al. conducted
experimental research on frame structure specimens equipped with viscous
dampers, and the results showed that viscous dampers can significantly reduce the
seismic response of frames. Kang et al. improve the shock absorption effect by
optimizing the installation method of the viscous damper. K im et al. found that
using viscous dampers in special truss moment frame (STMF) structures
constrained the maximum inter-story drifts below the desired target point. Pavlou
et al. also proved that viscous dampers reduced the nonstructural damage of a
frame structure by diminishing the floor accelerations, which could save the repair
cost on the full structures after earthquake hazards Chalarca et al. then
recommended the use of the floor absolute acceleration response spectra for
acceleration-sensitive components. However, seldom documents can be retrieved
for improving a prefabricated frame structure by using viscous dampers. In recent
years, He et al. conducted a comparison test on a pair of prefabricated frame
specimens with and without a viscous damper and proved that the viscous dampers
played well in a prefabricated frame and could improve the structural seismic
performance favorably. However, this study did not consider and compare the
possible different effects of a viscous damper applied to a reinforced concrete (RC)
frame and a precast concrete (PC) frame. And this difference might even be
multiplied in the elastic-plastic stage. To better utilize the viscous dampers in a PC
frame, it is necessary to study this subject because the current VD utilization
criteria are mainly built based on RC structure performance.

The purpose of this article lies in exploring the different seismic performances of a
PC and RC frame equipped with a viscous damper (VD). Two VD-reinforced
frame specimens of RC and PC configurations were produced and subjected to
dynamic loading tests. The seismic performances of failure mode, bearing
capacities, ductility, and energy consumption of the two specimens were [2]

Light steel framing systems have become quite popular in most of the parts of the
world. Majority of buildings in India are low-rise buildings for which total height
is less than 15 m. Traditional RCC method of construction is used for these types
of buildings.As India is a developing country, new methods of construction should
be used and we need to explore modern techniques of construction where steel
should be used as a construction material wherever it is appropriate to use. The
behaviour of steel–concrete composite system has been studied in the past and it is
now becoming one of the latest trends in the field of civil engineeringUse of steel
is increasing year by year in various construction sectors owing to its high ductility
and higher strength/ weight ratio On the other hand, composite structure combines
the merits of both steel and concrete materials and is increasingly being used in
construction sector In the present study, it is found that the seismic performance of
building depends upon different factors such as stiffness, ductility, lateral strength
and overall configuration of the building. This study focuses on comparing the
seismic behaviour of RCC, light steel frame buildings and composite structures for
G + 3 residential building situated in earthquake zone II. IS:1893–2002 is
considered for seismic analysis and finite element analysis software ETABS-2016
is used for modelling and analysis of structures. IS:875 (Part 1 and Part 2) are used
for considering dead loads and live loads.The aim of the present study is to
compare the seismic behaviour of a G + 3 residential building situated in
Earthquake Zone II. Three types of options are considered for comparative study,
i.e., RCC, light steel & composite structures. Same gravity loads were used for all
3 framed structures and the seismic analysis was carried out using Equivalent
Static Analysis. The major objective of this research was to determine the
deflection of members and their material consumption (steel and concrete) with
respect to each other as well as to ensure that all these structures were safe under
seismic load and all the parameters were within the permissible limits of IS code.
[3]

Earthquakes are one of nature's most prominent risks to life on this planet and have
decimated incalculable urban areas and towns on for all intents and purposes each
landmass. They are one of man's most dreaded regular marvels because of real
seismic tremors delivering relatively immediate pulverization of structures and
different structures. Furthermore, the harm caused by Earthquakes is on the whole
connected with synthetic structures. As in the instances of avalanches, seismic
tremors likewise cause passing by the harm they instigate in structures, for example,
structures, dams, spans and different works of man. Sadly huge numbers of
Earthquakes give almost no or no notice before happening and this is one reason why
Earthquake building is complex

Nowadays the townhouse building is basic work of the social advance of the province.
Everyday new procedures are being produced for the advancement of living
arrangements financially, rapidly and satisfying the prerequisites of the gathering
specialists and creators do the crease work, arranging and design, and so on, of the
developments. Prepared representatives are trustworthy for doing the illustration
works of working with respect to the way of architects and fashioners The prepared
laborer should secure his activity and could likewise be capable to agree to the
guideline of the architect and might likewise pull in the coveted illustration of the
building, site designs and format designs and numerous others, with respect to the
necessities

Earth quake resistant method is one of the impotent technology to design structure or building
for reducing the damage rates. There are several methods are there to decrease the damage
rate they are bracings, dampers, shear walls, base isolation systems and etc. But shear walls
and bracings systems has more advantage then other methods due to its simple construction
methods and easy installation process in the construction site

A braced frame is a steel member which is commonly used to reduce the deflection of
buildings or structures due to the effect of lateral loads such as seismic load and wind loads.
There are various steel bracings are there depending upon the usage like forward bracings,
backward bracings, V bracings, Inverted V bracings and X bracings. The efficiency
of X bracings is more than remaining bracing systems due to its connection with vertical and
horizontal members of buildings
Shear walls are vertical stiffening elements designed to resists the lateral loads like seismic
loads and wind load effects. The shape and location of shear walls will be varies depending
upon the installation process. These shear wall resist horizontal forces because their high
rigidity as deep beams, reacting to shear and flexure against overturning.[4]

Software's primary objective is methodical multi-story building design and analysis. An

earthquake- and wind-pressure-affected building was designed and analyzed using ETABS
software. In this scenario, the eight-story, 18 m × 18 m structure is simulated using the
ETABS software. Ten towers, each 3 m (31 m) high, make up the whole building Study and
design methods of studio houses in regions III and IV G. The structure that determines the
main escape, period., and the maximum land displacement cost of the project Structures can
be designed and built to withstand large ground movements. A shell during an earthquake.
ETABS can be used to analyze any structure, whether static or dynamic, simple or complex,
or both. From simple 2D frames to complex ETABS, it is one of the best building system
design software for structured and productive analysis and design In a storey, less than 80%
of the combined stiffness or less than 70% of the lateral stiffness have been taken into
account for analysis. Both static and dynamic linear methods are used. For the structure
models, symmetrical development under unidirectional power has been recorded. When
various models' torsion, rotation, displacement, base shear, and storey shear are examined, it
becomes abundantly clear that bracing enhances the stiffness of the structure and provides
stability in dynamic conditions Investigate the impact of a structure that is analyzed in terms
of 2-D frames, taking into account various floor heights and bay counts, with the help of the
structural analysis software ETABS. Both the X and Y directions were used for the analysis.
The various bay counts and girds are the subject of investigation. The column's torsion, shear,
and axial forces are contrasted with the components' stiffness. In sloping terrain construction,
the bending moment of step back buildings is significantly reduced. The long and short
columns have bending moments that are approximately 22% different from one another. This
is connected to the ground-slope effect, which makes one side of the building more rigid than
the other, causing the short column effect to have an effect on bending moment variation In
the dynamic analysis, the creep values of the layers G 10 and G 25 are 22–25% lower than in
the static analysis. The code indicates that all values are within the allowed range. As the
layer height increases, the displacement values continue to increase..The movement value of
the upper stroey is the largest in both the X and Y axes. In the dynamic analysis, the
movement of the layers of the structures G 10 and G 25 is 22% and 26% less than in the static
analysis A slope has a different structural behavior than a slope built on flat ground. They are
asymmetrical in nature because they draw more force than a typical flat structure. Three-
dimensional room frame estimates of the two hill buildings, which consider the aspect ratio
of the plan, are made by changing the level and height of the models, with the same
geometries and material properties, about 26 corners are simulated. Degrees on an inclined
plain. Bays and the direction of the slope is different. The models are: a) step models b)
buildings with steps back. Subsequent arrangements This study focuses on the effect of
multiple vertical anomalies on the seismic response of the structure. Using IS 13920 which is
equivalent to RC building frame response spectrum analysis and regular and irregular history
analysis (THA).) and Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA), the project aims to implement
resilience-based design. The results of the study of irregular and regular structures are
compared. The purpose of this essay. Is to analyze reinforced concrete structures with an
irregular plan in both static and dynamic connections. Four G 15 shadow structure models
were selected for the test, one of which was regular and the others randomly arranged. R.C.C.
the FE-based software ETABS 9.5 is used in the buildings. In situations such as shear forces,
a reaction axis is used; layer cut, bottom cutting and layer deviation The analysis parameters
for this bearing are displacement, bending moment and axial force. In order to construct
earthquake-resistant structures and ensure safety from the seismic loads of high-rise
buildings, research on seismic analysis is necessary. In the seismic study, his two cases of
conventional micro-counteredges and abnormal micro-counterfairings were considered This
essay contains figures from a comparative study of static loads on a 5-story and his 10-story
multi-story building. The goal of this task is to estimate the design loads of structures. They
conclude that the deflection of rebar increases as the number of floors increases. A 10-story
building clearly has greater axial forces than a 5-story building The distribution of mass and
stiffness in the horizontal and vertical planes of an analytical structure for vertical
gravitational loads and lateral loads such as seismic and wind loads determines the seismic
behavior of a building, considering the following factors: Type of frame, number of storeys,
number of bay windows, hill slope Studies of tall buildings have shown that floor overturning
moments shift in opposite directions with floor height. A dynamic analysis is used to create
the eigenmodes from which it is derived that the asymmetric design deforms more than the
symmetric design (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8,
Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 16).[5]

Precast concrete structures have proven to be a viable alternative to cast-in-situ

concrete structures because of the advantages of prefabricated components, which
can lead to high quality and workmanship of materials and can be effectively used
to meet the green development requirements of construction industries and to
increase the speed of capital returns for investors The demand and interest for the
use of precast concrete frames as high-quality structural systems has increased
However, the complexity and reliability of inner and seismic-resistant forces,
respectively, at beam-to-column joints subjected to earthquake action have become
the focus of many studies on precast concrete frame structures.

Some scholars have attempted to connect precast components through mechanical

connections, such as bolted or welding connections. Nzabonimpa et al. introduced
an extended end plate with bolts for the beam-to-column joint assembly and
expected these extended end-plates to provide a fully restrained moment capacity
between the connected members under cyclic loadings. The experimental and
simulated results indicated that under large cyclic loadings, the extended end-plates
with bolts exhibited prying action and failed to provide fully restrained moment
connection. Ghayeb et al. developed a hybrid connection of the precast concrete
and obtained that a structural drift of up to 9.0%. However, deterioration occurred
at a drift of 4.5%. Korkmaz et al. experimentally studied the seismic behaviour of
precast concrete beam-to-column welding joints and suggested that more attention
should be paid to welding quality to prevent premature rupture near welding zones.
For high welding quality, the seismic behaviour of precast beam-to-column
welding joints was better than that of the bolted connections reported by Wang et
al. which were prone to show gaps and required strict machining accuracy.
However, irrespective of whether bolting or welding was used for precast beam-to-
column joints, their defects hinder dry mechanical connections applied to the
prefabricated manufactures.
The beam-to-column joint stressed together through post-tensioned (PT) tendons is
considered a highly effective method of connecting precast elements. In the U.S.
PRESSS program, various ductile ‘dry’ joints, obtained through the unbonded
post-tensioning techniques, have been developed. Pampanin et aldeveloped an
unbonded post-tensioned precast frame building, called the ‘Brooklyn’ system, for
incorporating the structural efficiency of cable-stayed or cable-suspended bridge
systems in multi-storey buildings. By considering a progressive collapse in an
unlikely event of anchorage failure, Priestley et al. suggested the use of the
prestressed steel strands debonded through beam-to-column joints at a certain
distance on either side of a column. To improve energy dissipation and self-
centring capacities, the unbonded PT force is moved to the beam centroid. Nakano
et al. and Kurosawa et al. have investigated the connection of the precast members
by using the bonded PT strands that pass through a beam and column and is
anchored at the end of the beam. Their results indicated that the precast frame with
the bonded PT strands was more robust than that with the unbonded PT strands and
exhibited high restoration capacity and well-controlled cracking. The bonded steel
strands were prestressed to 40%–50% of nominal yield strength. In beam-to-
column joints and precast beams, the PT strands often are arranged as the upper
and lower straight or separated lines, which are inconsistent with the envelope of
the internal force and lead to complex construction procedures and an increase in
the construction investment.

In practice, ideal connections should achieve adequate stress transfer and restrain
relative displacements between precast elements, providing long-term stability to
structures. Thus, closure grout materials between adjacent elements are
considerably crucial for the structural continuity The most commonly used
connection grouts with well performance include low-shrinkage cement mortars,
which are widely employed in joint fillers grouted splice sleeves dowels and post
cast section of precast concrete frames. However, the congestion problem of steel
bars at the grouted sleeve areas, a large amount of grouting in post-cast connection
regions, and dowel connections that are only suitable for single-storey frames
substantially hamper the application of these connections.

To overcome the aforementioned limitations of the existing precast concrete frame

structures, a novel frame structure at beam-to-column joints connected using PT
steel strands, PT or nonprestressed grouted steel bars, and cast-in-place fillers was
proposed. Fig. 1 presents the details of the beam-to-column joints. The column-to-
foundation, column-to-column, and precast slab joints adopt existing mature
connection solutions. Moreover, for short-medium span length beams, the beam-
to-column joints connected through the PT or nonprestressed grouted steel bars and
cast-in-place fillers are adopted.[6]

The connection solution is generally based on a combination of the following three

categories: (1) dowel; (2) grouted splice sleeve; and (3) PT steel strand
connections. Corrugated metal duct splices are used to combine the corrugated
metal ducts between the precast column and beam as a whole unit to simplify
construction. Continuous PT tendons with an appropriate longitudinal profile,
anchored at the exterior columns of frames, are tensioned to approximately 75% of
ultimate strength to obtain an adequate moment resistance at critical sections. PT
or nonprestressed grouted steel bars situated at the top and bottom of the cross-
section through beam-to-column joints guarantee the transmission of shear strength
to columns. The cast-in-place filler can absorb the dimensional tolerances
characteristics of precast concrete elements.

This is the first study to verify and analyze the seismic behaviour of the connection
solution through experiment and simulation. The seismic behaviour of the precast
PC frames, including failure process, lateral load–displacement responses, stiffness
degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation ability, were analysed and discussed.
A cost-effective ABAQUS-simulated method with adequate accuracy was
developed and calibrated on the basis of the test results. Subsequently, because the
ABAQUS-simulated model showed strong agreement with the experimental
results, the parametric analysis of potential reasons affecting the seismic behaviour
of the precast PC frame was conducted, based on which suggestions for seismic
design optimisation were made.[6]

Precast RC structures consist of durable and quick-installed prefabricated members

which are widely identified as cost-effective, high-quality and eco-friendly
building structures Compared to cast-in-situ structures, precast ones have the
advantages of large-scale industrial production, quality assurance of components,
and less wet work on construction site. In regions of high seismic hazard, the
seismic performance of precast RC structures has remarkably affected their
reliability and development In recent years, scholars have carried out extensive
research on precast structures in seismic regions by developing design guidelines,
creating innovative structural systems, proposing design methodologies and
enriching connection details In the 1990s, the Precast Seismic Structural Systems
(PRESSS) program was initiated to develop innovative materials, technologies and
comprehensive recommendations for the serviceability of precast RC structures in
different seismic zones In particular, for Phase Ⅲ of this program, a large-scale
five-story precast concrete building was designed and tested under simulated
seismic loading. Most recently, prestress technology provides precast structures a
good way to enhance connection capacity and possess extra resilience after seismic
deformation [9]. Combined with this technology, precast structures have been
given self-centering behavior to perform better in seismic regions [In addition, the
application and development of artificial intelligence in civil engineering also
provide new technique for the study of precast structures

Among various structural components in precast buildings, connections play a

crucial role in load transferring, dominating their seismic behavior Recently,
scholars have put tremendous attention to the design methodology and new forms
of precast beam-column connections wall connections Usually, the energy
dissipation capacity of conventional precast connections is comparatively poorer
than cast-in-situ ones. In order to address this issue, precast connections with
various kinds of energy dissipation devices have been proposed and experimentally
validated by researchers These comprehensive connections using steel yielding
components or supplemental damping devices enhance the seismic performance of
precast structures. Morgen et al. presented the connection scheme with friction
dampers for unbonded post-tensioned moment-resisting precast frame. This type of
device improves the energy dissipation capacity of precast connection and the
displacement responses of structure could be reduced. Wang et al. proposed a new
precast beam-column connection with an additional all-steel bamboo-shaped
energy dissipator. Its stable hysteretic behavior and excellent self-centering
capabilities were validated by experimental studies.

From the perspective of construction technology, precast connections could be

characteristically divided into two segments, dry and wet connection. Namely, the
wet connection would contain wet work at the construction site, whereas the dry
connection typically adopts welding-, bolt- or dowel-connecting methods
Generally, pure cast-in-situ wet connections have close behavior to monolithic
ones. However, their construction is time-consuming and not friendly to
environment. On the other hand, hybrid connections, combining the wet and dry
techniques, also perform satisfactory seismic performance. There are many
innovative hybrid connections developed in recent years Pure dry connections have
the potential to fulfill the objectives of fast construction and friendly environment,
highlighting the advantages of precast structures. Inevitably accompanied with
drawbacks, pure dry connections have more vulnerability than the aforementioned
wet or hybrid connections. But pure dry connections which are exquisitely
designed still work well in seismic regions, performing efficient ultimate bearing
and energy dissipation capacities

Theoretically, simpler connection details contribute to faster structure erection. In

this regard, simple dry mechanical connections obviously prevail over wet and
sophisticated hybrid connections, whereas the worry toward seismic performance
comes to designers. Hence, researchers have initiated extensive tests and studies on
dry mechanical connections to improve their performance Şenol et aldeveloped a
novel fuse-type mechanical connector (FTMC) for use in moment resisting beam-
to-column connections. The plastic deformation of this connector would
accumulate on the fuse element and extensive energy could be dissipated. All
components of FTMC are demountable which is beneficial to the reuse of precast
members. Aninthaneni et al. proposed two types of beam-column connections,
utilizing removable steel or tube as medium and bolts as connectors. The two
simple connections performed well in the tests and their hysteretic characteristics
were captured by cyclic loading tests and finite element analysis. Zoubek et al.
analyzed a dowel-type connection prevalent in Europe to explore its seismic
behavior. Its numerical model was established and revised according to the results
of experimental investigation. Based on this, corresponding reverse cyclic as well
as monotonic responses of this dowel-type connection were obtained. Additionally,
Vidjeapriya et al. tested two simple mechanical precast beam-column connections
through reverse cyclic loading, which were designed with one-third-scale relation.
The test results revealed that although their ultimate load carrying capacities were
inferior to those of the monolithic specimen, they still exhibited satisfactory work
behavior.

Differing from abovementioned research conducting cyclic loading tests or

numerical analyses of connections, global model test is another essential research
method capable of investigating the seismic capacity of a whole structure. A large
quantity of pseudo-dynamic tests on a full-scale three-story precast concrete
building were implemented by Negro et al. These tests studied four different
structural configurations of this model, considering traditional as well as
innovative connections and the presence or absence of shear walls along with the
frame structure. Moreover, shaking table test technique suitable for scaled global
models also plays an important role in seismic research of buildings. Belleri et al.
[47] conducted a shaking table test on a three-story half-scale precast concrete
building to achieve its damage assessment and modal identification. Lu et al.
[proposed an innovative bolt-connected precast RC wall panel structural system
and implemented a shaking table test on a full-scale two-story model to study this
system's seismic performance. Recently, a two-story low-damage concrete wall
building was tested by Henry et al. [49], providing evidence to support the
development of post-tensioned low-damage concrete structure.

It's true that different complicated joint details and post-tensioned technologies
could be employed to improve the seismic performance of precast RC frame.
Considering the convenience of real engineering application, precast RC frame
with simple joints, for example the bolt-connected joints, which are described in
the handbook of precast building structures is welcome by the construction
industry. This paper specifically focuses on a type of bolt-connected precast RC
frame and the key influence factors of its seismic performance. From a new
perspective of equal stiffness and stiffness distribution along the height, the cast-in-
situ reference frame which has close fundamental periods to the precast frame was
designed. Extensive shaking table tests on the 1/5-scale precast model and cast-in-
situ model were conducted. The differences of dynamic characteristics, seismic
responses and failure patterns of the two models were presented. The hysteretic
behavior and damping property of the two models were analyzed. Finally, the
seismic performance of the bolt-connected precast frame compared with the
reference frame was discussed, and some seismic design recommendations were
presented.[7]

With an ever-increasing demand for infrastructure and stringent handover

deadlines, contractors and construction engineers are compelled to adopt newer,
quicker, sustainable methods of construction such as Pre-casting. Compared to
cast-in-place construction, pre-casting saves up to 35 % of the construction time
with advantages such as less on-site labour, better quality control, durability etc.,A
typical precast construction involves dividing the structure into discrete units (such
as columns, beams, walls etc.,), fabricating them in the casting yard and finally
transporting them to the site and erecting them in their final position. In Precast
structures, by virtue of the method of construction, the continuity between the
elements is lost. Hence, a conscious effort must be made to design the connection
to safely transfer the stresses to the subsequent load-resisting system There are two
types of connections in Precast viz., emulative connection and jointed connection.
In an emulative connection, the connection is stronger than the connecting
elements whereas, in a Jointed connection, the connection is weaker than the
connecting elements. The structural performance of an emulative connection is
equivalent to that of a cast-in-place connection and is widely used in seismically
active countries for their superior performance under seismic loading. However,
this connection can be used wherever monolithic RCC structures are suitable In
this study, an irregular precast building is considered and the critical connections
are identified based on the analysis results. An emulative connection is presented
for these critical connections. The use of micro concrete, Engineered cementitious
materials, and ultra-high performance is proposed to reduce the cracking in the
connection zone. Also, the structural response parameters like story displacement,
story drift ratio, story shear, modal mass participation etc., are discussed.[8]

The modular construction method is a process in which a building fabrication

occurs off-site, under measured environmental conditions, and it practices the same
codes, standards, and building by-laws to the same materials and design structures
as orthodoxly built projects but in a short period as compared to a conventional
construction project. Mass-production of buildings in “modules” that, when
assembling on-site, they look precisely like conventional building. At present
modular construction for facilities or buildings today can be constructed to any size
and any specification from a simple one to a multifaceted one. On the fabrication
of building modules, they are then be transported to the construction site for their
finishing installation. One of the big pluses of modular construction is that it is
very fast, and it can be less costly than site-built construction. Also, matters like
severe weather cannot restrict modular construction, and modular buildings are
more likely to resist earthquake forces since they are mass-produced under control
plant environments

Unlike conventional construction projects, these special construction techniques

(Precast construction and modular construction methods) require additional
considerations in terms of economic aspects such as cost, time, and associated
benefits such as quality, and safety. These parameters are to be perceived in detail
to draw meaningful consensus. To aid the decision making and to derive
substantial advantages of these special systems, a neoteric construction project
methodology known as Constructability is ordained. Constructability is the only
project management technique developed by the construction industry to be used
solely for construction projects Quantifying constructability criteria are an essential
part of the assessment and that requires a comprehensive mathematical framework
with the computer simulation of building models.[12]

Due to an increase in population, there is an increase in demand for shelter and

homes, which is one of the basic needs of human beings. To cope with the demand
multi-story structures are being constructed. Manual Analysis and Design of multi-
story structures are very tedious and time-consuming as it might take up about
weeks and even a month. In the modern world, it is essential to learn and practice
the use of software for construction. Software’s are created to reduce the workload
and help achieve better results. By using software, we are reducing manpower and
time, it provides accurate results, multiple tasks can be achieved at once like values
of shear force, bending moment, reinforcement, deflection, quantity and cost
estimate of the building. The software comes with built-in code books which help
the user to design and analyse a building according to the required code.
Everything from the designing of columns, beams, slabs, reinforcement steel, type
of concrete is inbuilt in the software which helps the user to design a building as
per their requirement. Different analytical methods can be used for analyzing the
structures, and various load combinations can also be defined as per the
requirements for analysis and design.

For the construction of a structure, the major criteria which play an important role
are safety and construction cost. These two principles are defined and assessed in
the pre-construction stage. The pre-construction stage is divided into the planning
phase, design phase, analysis phase, schedule, and quantity phase. In the planning
phase survey of the site is done to know the SBC of soil, accurately record the
length and breadth of the plot. In the design phase, a typical 2D layout is made
with general parameters of a building in reference to government by-laws. The
analysis phase involves the calculation of bending moment, shear force,
reinforcement details are checked manually and by software, all these parameters
need to satisfy the safety parameters laid down by the government organizations.
The schedule and quantity phase involves the calculation of the time required for
construction, total material required, cost of construction. Pre-construction should
be carried out by structural engineers and architects. The software used during this
phase is generally Revit structures, Robot structures, and E-Tabs.

Revit structures is a building information modeling (BIM) tool. In this software,

we can make 4D (planning, analysis, design, and estimation) model of a building.
The analysis of the building is carried out in the extended software of Revit
structures which is Robotic structures. In this software we can design beams,
columns, walls, slabs, which are checked for their safety, reinforcement is
provided, and estimation of the building is also done.
E-Tabs is an engineering software where multi-story building can be designed, it is
an analytical software where it calculates the shear force, bending moment of the
building using the load combination, in this software the building is designed and
checked with the parameters laid down by the standards, different country
standards are available for cross-referencing. In this the safety of beams, columns
are checked with the guidelines laid down by the IS code, and reinforcement is
provided as per the requirements.[14]