"Revitalizing Calle De La Escolta: Architectural Interventions

for Sustainable Regeneration"

By

Clifford James C. Bano

An undergraduate thesis presented and submitted to the Faculty of the

National University, College of Architecture, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

College of Architecture
National University
Sampaloc, Manila

Thesis Adviser:

Ar. Anthony D. Sarmiento

 Abstract

Calle De La Escolta, once hailed as the "Queen of Manila's Streets," bears witness to the rich
tapestry of Philippine history and architectural heritage. However, neglect and urban decay have
tarnished its former glory, prompting urgent calls for revitalization. This thesis embarks on a
comprehensive exploration of Calle Escolta's past, present, and future, employing a multifaceted
approach that integrates historical research, architectural analysis, community engagement, and
design innovation

The research begins with an in-depth study of Calle Escolta's historical significance, tracing its
evolution from a busy commercial space in the Spanish colonial era to a neglected urban corridor
in contemporary Manila. Architectural surveys document the existing built environment,
highlighting the diverse array of architectural styles, materials, and historical layers that
characterize the street.

Ultimately, this study seeks to inspire a renewed commitment to the preservation and
revitalization of Calle De La Escolta, serving as a blueprint for architects, urban planners,
policymakers, and community stakeholders seeking to unlock the full potential of Manila's
historic streetscapes in the new modern era.

Keywords: Calle Escolta, Manila, architectural heritage, urban revitalization, historical research,

community engagement, design innovation, preservation.

 CHAPTER 1

"Revitalizing Calle De La Escolta: Architectural Interventions for Sustainable

Regeneration"

Background of the Study

The architectural heritage of Escolta, Manila, stands as a testament to the rich history and
cultural significance of the area. Escolta, once dubbed 'The Wall Street of Asia,' has evolved
from a bustling commercial district to a vibrant hub for business, education, and industry, as
noted by Veraque (2011). Its streets, lined with a mix of modern structures housing banks and
fast-food chains alongside historic buildings, attract diverse activities and communities.

However, the preservation of Escolta's architectural heritage faces challenges amidst rapid urban
development. Advocates, inspired by initiatives like Barcelona's superblocks, have proposed
solutions to revitalize streets and preserve historic buildings, as highlighted by Cireneo (2019).
Yet, the rise of high-rise construction in nearby areas, particularly in Binondo, poses risks to
heritage structures, as mentioned by Cireneo (2019). The city government's incentives for
demolishing old buildings further exacerbate concerns about heritage preservation.

Amid these challenges, there are notable success stories of adaptive reuse and community
engagement in Escolta. The transformation of the First United Building, spearheaded by Marika
Constantino and 98B COLLABoratory, exemplifies the potential for revitalizing heritage
structures, as detailed by Steekelenburg (2020). Such initiatives breathe new life into historical
buildings, infusing them with renewed vibrancy and creative energy.

The proposed study seeks to explore the comprehensive impact of flooding on architectural
heritage in Escolta, Manila. In recent years, the vulnerability of Escolta's architectural heritage to
flooding has become increasingly apparent. To address this issue, insights from various
stakeholders and experts are crucial.

Urban planner and landscape architect Alcazaren (2022) proposes an alternative solution to
infrastructure development along the Pasig River, emphasizing the preservation of historical
structures and the health of the river ecosystem. However, opposition to projects like the PAREX
expressway, raised by Cruz of Alt Mobility PH and The Renacimiento Manila, underscores the
potential threats to architectural heritage and environmental sustainability.

Furthermore, legal and environmental considerations, as highlighted by Bendaña (2021), are

essential for understanding the implications of proposed infrastructure projects on flood
resilience and heritage preservation.

By integrating insights from stakeholders, experts, and existing literature, this study aims to
provide a comprehensive understanding of how flooding affects Escolta's architectural heritage
and identify strategies for mitigating risks while preserving its cultural and historical
significance.

1.1 Rationale:

Known as "The Wall Street of Asia," Escolta, Manila, has a rich architectural legacy that
emphasizes its cultural significance and historical reputation. It started out as a busy business
district in Manila but has since grown into an established hub of industry, education, and
business. Despite Escolta's rich architectural legacy, there are several challenges in the way of its
preservation. These historical buildings' integrity is at risk due to the rapid urbanization,
especially the rise of high-rise buildings in surrounding areas. Concerns regarding the loss of
historical sites are further intensified by government programs that favor the demolition of older
structures.

1.2: Statement of the Problem

1.2.1 Main Problem

The architectural heritage of Escolta, Manila, faces significant challenges related to urban
development, preservation efforts, and the potential impact of climate and infrastructure projects,
necessitating comprehensive research to formulate strategies for its conservation and promotion.

1.2.A: Research Problem

Escolta, Manila, with its rich architectural heritage, faces significant challenges from both
flooding and urban development. The structural integrity and cultural significance of historical
assets are at risk due to the developing threat of floods, and efforts to preserve heritage become
more difficult by demands from urban growth and major infrastructure projects. This study aims
to comprehensively assess the vulnerability of Escolta’s architectural heritage to flooding,
examining factors such as structural integrity and historical significance. Additionally, it seeks to
identify regulatory and implementation gaps in cultural heritage preservation, analyze the
conflicts between urban development and heritage conservation, and propose strategies for
effective community engagement and adaptive reuse. By exploring the economic and cultural
significance of preserving Escolta's architectural heritage, this research will provide
evidence-based recommendations for policy development and urban planning to address these
multifaceted challenges

1.2.B: Design Problem

How can Escolta, Manila, develop an integrated revitalization strategy that will ensure effective
regulatory implementation, community engagement, and adaptive reuse while preserving and
revitalizing the area's architectural legacy in the face of urban development challenges
1.2.2 Sub-Problems:

Sub-Problem 1: Urban Development Pressures:

Escolta's architectural heritage is increasingly threatened by urban development
initiatives, including high-rise construction and the demolition of old structures, which
raises concerns about the preservation of historical buildings and landmarks.

Sub-Problem 2: Effectiveness of Preservation Policies:

While legislative frameworks such as the National Cultural Heritage Act exist to
safeguard cultural properties, the effectiveness of these policies in ensuring the
preservation of Escolta's architectural heritage remains uncertain due to challenges in
implementation and enforcement.

Sub-Problem 3: Impact of Infrastructure Projects:

Proposed infrastructure projects like the PAREX expressway pose potential risks to
Escolta's architectural heritage, with concerns raised regarding their adverse effects on
historical structures, tourism potential, and environmental sustainability along the Pasig
River.

Sub-Problem 4: Community Engagement and Advocacy:

The engagement of local communities and advocacy groups in preserving Escolta's
architectural heritage is crucial, yet their efforts may face obstacles such as limited
resources and conflicting interests with urban development initiatives.

Sub-Problem 5: Collaborative Conservation Efforts:

Collaboration between governmental agencies, private institutions like the Bank of the
Philippine Islands, and cultural heritage organizations is essential for the effective
conservation and promotion of Escolta's architectural heritage, but challenges related to
coordination and resource allocation may hinder progress.
1.3: Research Goals:

The research aims to comprehensively assess the state of Escolta's architectural heritage,
analyzing its historical significance and vulnerability to climate and urban development
pressures. It seeks to evaluate existing preservation policies, identify gaps, and propose informed
policy recommendations. Additionally, the study intends to investigate the impact of urban
development projects on Escolta's heritage, balancing development needs with preservation
efforts. Community engagement is crucial, and the research will explore grassroots initiatives
and perspectives to foster collaborative preservation endeavors. Ultimately, The goal is to
develop an integrated revitalization strategy for Escolta, Manila, which utilizes the use of
improved legal frameworks, adaptive reuse, community engagement, and the architectural
legacy's cultural and economic value to successfully balance urban development and heritage
preservation.

1.4: Research Objectives:

1.4.1: To assess the current state of Escolta's architectural heritage, including the
condition of historical buildings, landmarks, and cultural sites.

1.4.2: To evaluate the effectiveness of existing preservation policies, specifically the

National Cultural Heritage Act, in safeguarding Escolta's architectural treasures.

1.4.3: To analyze the impact of urban development pressures, such as high-rise

construction and the demolition of old structures, on Escolta's architectural heritage.

1.4.4: To explore the perspectives and experiences of local communities and advocacy
groups regarding the preservation of Escolta's architectural heritage, including their
challenges, initiatives, and aspirations.
 1.4.5: To propose adaptive reuse projects that repurpose historical buildings for
contemporary uses such as cultural centers, commercial spaces, and community hubs,
while preserving their historical features.

1.4.6: To propose holistic strategies and recommendations for the conservation,

promotion, and sustainable development of Escolta's architectural heritage, ensuring its
cultural significance and historical legacy for future generations.

1.6: Significance of the Study:

This study holds significant importance in the revitalization and preservation of Escolta's
architectural heritage, focusing on giving the area a renewed sense of vitality and purpose. By
studying strategies for adaptive reuse and community engagement, the research aims to provide
valuable insights into breathing new life into Escolta's historical buildings and landmarks.
Moreover, by exploring the intersection of heritage preservation and urban development, the
study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable revitalization efforts in urban areas.
Ultimately, the findings of this research are poised to inform policy decisions, inspire
community-led initiatives, and foster a renewed appreciation for Escolta's cultural significance,
ensuring its enduring relevance and vibrancy for generations to come.

1.5:Scope & Limitation :

This study focuses primarily on the preservation of architectural heritage in Escolta, Manila, with
a particular emphasis on the challenges and opportunities for safeguarding historical landmarks
and cultural sites. The scope of the study encompasses various dimensions of architectural
heritage, including historical buildings, cultural landmarks, and urban spaces that contribute to
Escolta's cultural identity.

Scope of the study:

1.5.1: Evaluation of Preservation Policies: The study will assess the effectiveness of
existing preservation policies, such as Republic Act 10066, in protecting Escolta's
architectural heritage. This evaluation will include an analysis of documentation,
identification, and preservation efforts mandated by relevant legislation.
 1.5.2: Impact of Urban Development: The research will investigate the impact of urban
development projects, including high-rise construction and infrastructure developments,
on Escolta's architectural heritage. This assessment will examine how development
pressures threaten historical structures and cultural sites in the district.

1.5.3: Community Engagement: The study will explore the role of local communities
and stakeholders in preservation efforts. This includes examining community
perspectives, experiences, and initiatives aimed at championing heritage preservation and
fostering a sense of ownership over cultural assets.

1.5.4: Policy Recommendations: Based on the findings, the study will propose policy
recommendations and preservation strategies to address the challenges facing Escolta's
architectural heritage. These recommendations may include policy reforms,
community-based initiatives, and adaptive strategies for urban development.

Limitations:

1.5.5: Focus on Escolta: While Escolta serves as a rich case study for architectural
heritage preservation, the study's scope is limited to this specific geographic area within
Manila. Thus, findings and recommendations may not be directly applicable to other
urban contexts.

1.5.6: Temporal Constraints: The study's analysis will be based on data available up to
the present time, with a focus on recent developments and trends. However, temporal
constraints may limit the study's ability to capture long-term trends and historical
perspectives comprehensively.

1.5.7: Resource Constraints: Resource limitations, including time, funding, and access
to expertise, may impact the scope and depth of the study. Efforts will be made to
maximize available resources and leverage interdisciplinary collaborations to address
these constraints effectively.

1.5.8:
1.7: Assumptions:

In conducting this study on the preservation of Escolta’s architectural heritage, several key
assumptions are clarified to provide a clear understanding of the foundational premises guiding
the research. These assumptions help in defining the study's parameters and guiding the
evaluation of potential and challenges for conserving Escolta's historical and cultural assets in
the face of rapid urbanization.

This study assumes that rapid urban development, particularly high-rise construction in nearby

areas like Binondo, threatens the structural integrity of Escolta's historic buildings. Adaptive

reuse is seen as a viable strategy for preserving these buildings, making them relevant and

functional.

Successful preservation relies on the active engagement of diverse stakeholders, including urban

planners, conservationists, government officials, and the community. Legal and environmental

factors are critical in shaping effective preservation strategies.

Preserving Escolta’s heritage is believed to enhance community cultural value, foster identity

and pride, and support local tourism and economic activity. Insights from successful global

preservation efforts can inform local strategies. Despite initial costs, heritage preservation is

expected to be economically viable long-term, supported by strong community backing.

These assumptions, when combined with the scope and limitations of the study, help to provide a

framework for addressing specific problems and achieving the research objectives effectively.

1.8: Hypothesis:

This study suggests that implementing an integrated revitalization strategy that includes adaptive
reuse of historical buildings, enhanced regulatory frameworks, and active community
engagement will effectively preserve and revitalize Escolta's architectural heritage. This
approach will balance the demands of urban development with the need to maintain the area's
cultural and historical integrity, leading to a sustainable and vibrant urban environment.
Specifically, adaptive reuse projects will increase economic viability and cultural significance,
while improved regulatory enforcement and community involvement will ensure the long-term
preservation and appreciation of Escolta's unique architectural legacy.

1.9: Glossary:

Adaptive Reuse: The process of repurposing old buildings for new uses while retaining
their historic features. This strategy is employed to preserve architectural heritage and
provide contemporary functionality.

Architectural Heritage: The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a

group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present, and
bestowed to future generations. In this study, it specifically refers to the historical
buildings and structures in Escolta, Manila.

Cultural Heritage Preservation: The practice of maintaining and managing cultural

heritage, including buildings, monuments, landscapes, and artifacts, to protect their
historical, cultural, and aesthetic values for future generations.
Escolta: A historic district in Manila, Philippines, known for its architectural heritage and
significance as a former commercial hub, often referred to as "The Wall Street of Asia."

Heritage Conservation: The act of preserving and protecting buildings, objects,

landscapes, or other artifacts of historical significance to retain their cultural heritage.

Heritage Trail: A designated route that guides visitors through areas of historical
significance, highlighting important sites and buildings to promote cultural heritage and
tourism.

High-Rise Construction: The building of multi-story structures, typically more than 15

stories tall, which are common in urban development and pose challenges to the
preservation of lower historical buildings.

National Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Act 10066): A Philippine law that provides
for the protection, preservation, and promotion of the nation's cultural heritage, including
historical sites, buildings, and objects.
PAREX Expressway: A proposed infrastructure project in Manila that aims to develop
an expressway along the Pasig River, which has raised concerns regarding its potential
impact on historical and environmental sites.

Public Spaces: Areas such as parks, plazas, and streets that are open and accessible to
the public, playing a crucial role in urban design and community engagement.

Revitalization: The process of injecting new life into a place or structure, particularly in
urban planning, by improving, restoring, and sometimes repurposing existing buildings
and areas.

Sustainable Urban Regeneration: A holistic approach to urban development that seeks

to revive and improve urban areas in a way that is environmentally, economically, and
socially sustainable.

Urban Development: The process of developing land for residential, commercial, and
industrial uses in urban areas, often leading to the construction of new buildings and
infrastructure.

Urban Planning: The technical and political process concerned with the development
and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public
welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and infrastructure.

Vulnerability Assessment: The process of identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing the

vulnerabilities in a system. In this study, it refers to assessing the susceptibility of
Escolta’s architectural heritage to flooding and other environmental or urban
development pressures.
1.10: Conceptual Framework:
 Chapter 2

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

i. Laws and Actions Pertaining of Preserving Cultural Heritage. 2023.

According to TDT. (2023) The National Museum and National Commission for Culture and the
Arts installed a historical marker at the Bank of the Philippine Islands in Escolta branch,
designating it as an Important Cultural Property to ensure its preservation and recognize its
historical significance. BPI Escolta branches are committed to nation- building and supporting
the preservation of the building as the first bank in Southeast Asia to honor our history.

Santos, R (2022) Republic Act 10066, the National Cultural Heritage Act, requires the
documentation and identification of cultural heritage properties, encompassing both built and
movable heritage. However, the law's effectiveness relies on on-ground implementation, and it
alone may not sufficiently promote the preservation of heritage structures. To encourage people
to identify structures or places as a heritage, per Kelvin Tagnipez, an urban planner based in
Manila, the government can suspend activities that they think put the original design of a
building in danger.

According to BPI (2023) The National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 defines ICPs as having
“exceptional cultural, artistic, and historical significance” to the Philippines. The BPI Escolta
branch is the latest addition to the list of BPI branches in the historical landmarks, which was
built in 1894, NMP Deputy Director General for Museums Jorell Legaspi congratulates the Bank
of the Philippine Islands for overseeing the historical location. Acknowledging BPI's role in the
country's economic evolution, Legaspi emphasizes collaboration for the promotion and
preservation of cultural heritage.

The researcher can utilize the information about the designation of the Bank of the Philippine
Islands (BPI) Escolta branch as an Important Cultural Property (ICP) to underscore the
significance of architectural heritage in Escolta, Manila. They can incorporate the National
Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 and Republic Act 10066 to emphasize the importance of
documentation, identification, and preservation efforts. Additionally, insights from urban planner
(Tagnipez, K.) can guide recommendations for safeguarding heritage structures in the face of
flooding. The collaboration between the National Museum, National Commission for Culture
and the Arts (NCCA), and BPI highlights the collective responsibility in promoting and
preserving cultural heritage, offering valuable context for the researcher's comprehensive study
on the impact of flooding on architectural heritage in Escolta.

ii. Current State of Architectural Heritage in Escolta, Manila. 2019.

Veraque, J. S. (2019) Escolta, once a shopping haven for the locals, now thrives as a center for
business, education, and industry. The area, marked by modern structures occupied by banks and
fast-food chains, continues to attract business transactions. Formal establishments, often owned
by foreigners, coexist with vibrant street vendors. However, the presence of informal settlers
highlights the challenges faced by those who come for business but struggle to secure permanent
residences. Escolta is also home to educational institutions, residential and commercial spaces.

According to Cireneo, J. (2019) To revitalize streets and preserve historic buildings in Escolta
since the 1920s, advocates propose a solution inspired by Barcelona's superblocks. By restricting
cars and prioritizing pedestrians, Cireneo said that the plan aims to create vibrant spaces for
various activities, boost foot traffic for ground-level stores, and potentially reduce air pollution in
the area. aligning with the Escolta Block Festival's goal of reintroducing Filipino identity to
future generations. With limited vacant lots in Metro Manila, developers target Binondo for
high-rise construction, putting heritage buildings at risk. The city government's incentive for
tearing down old structures raises concerns, and advocates hope for support for building owners
choosing to preserve their heritage buildings.

Steekelenburg, E.V. (2020) A committed group of young creatives and people who are
enthusiastic about conserving heritage are actively at work amid the bustling city of Manila,
trying to give Escolta new life. " The area, once dubbed 'The Wall Street of Asia,' faced
deterioration post-World War II." An extraordinary turn of events unfolded when Marika
Constantino from 98B COLLABoratory managed to persuade Robert and Lorraine Sylianteng,
the owners of a dilapidated art deco building, to embrace a community of imaginative occupants.
This unlikely alliance paved the way for an astonishing metamorphosis, resulting in the rebirth of
the structure now famously referred to as the First United Building.Today, it stands as a thriving
center that nurtures and fosters the talents of architects, filmmakers, fashion designers, and many
others who contribute to its vibrant atmosphere. The once dull basement was transformed into a
bustling marketplace adorned with charming boutiques, a cozy coffee shop, a trendy barbershop,
and a delightful craft beer café. This remarkable revitalization has surpassed the limitations of
the building's 90-year history, infusing it with a renewed sense of youthful vibrancy and
boundless creative energy, thereby breathing new life into the heart of Escolta.

The researcher can incorporate the information to highlight the multifaceted nature of Escolta
and its architectural heritage. Veraque, J. S. (2021) insights about Escolta being a center for
business, education, and industry, with a mix of formal establishments and vibrant street vendors,
provide a baseline understanding of the area's dynamics. Cireneo, J. (2019) proposal for
revitalization through superblocks and the challenges posed by high-rise construction underscore
the delicate balance between development and heritage preservation. Steekelenburg, E.V. (2020)
account of the successful transformation of the First United Building showcases a positive
example of adaptive reuse and community engagement.

In the context of the study on the impact of flooding on architectural heritage in Escolta, the
researcher can explore how flooding affects these diverse elements. This includes examining the
vulnerabilities of informal settlers, the potential risks to modern structures, and the impact on
revitalized heritage buildings like the First United Building. Additionally, the proposed
revitalization efforts, if considered in the study, could provide insights into adaptive strategies for
mitigating flood-related damages while preserving the cultural and historical significance of
Escolta's architectural heritage.

iii. Rediscovering the Connection between Escolta Along the Pasig River. 2022.

Alcazaren, P. (2022) According to Urban planner and landscape architect Alcazaren P. (2022),
explains how putting an esplanade along Pasig River can help save the river, address mobility
problems, and reinvigorate the areas around it.
Ira Cruz of Alt Mobility PH strongly opposes the PAREX expressway project, claiming it is
signing the death sentence for the Pasig River. Cruz argues that while the expressway may
initially alleviate traffic, it will eventually lead to increased car ownership, exacerbating
environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emissions, noise, and air pollution in Manila.

Alcazaren, P (2022) The Renacimiento Manila, a heritage advocacy group, asserts that over 40
heritage structures may face repercussions due to the expressway construction. Additionally,
former Tourism Secretary Bertie Lim highlights concerns about PAREX's adverse effects on the
tourism potential of areas along the Pasig River, Alcarzen P (2022). proposes an alternative to
PAREX called PARES, meaning the Pasig River Esplanade. PARES involves creating a linear
park using the 10-meter easement set by the Metro Manila Development Council in 2015. The
concept, not new, has been part of the Pasig River master plan since the late 1990s. Alcazaren
suggests building an esplanade on both sides of the 25-kilometer river to protect its banks,
offering a linear park equivalent to the size of Luneta Park. PARES aims to preserve the river's
health by incorporating modular treatment facilities for storm and wastewater treatment
underneath wider easement sections. This solution also facilitates river access for maintenance.

Alcazaren, P (2022) presents comparative illustrations of PAREX and his alternative PARES
along the Pasig River from Del Pan to Malacañang Palace. He emphasizes the potential impact
of PAREX on historical structures and sites in significant areas, including Intramuros, Ermita,
Escolta Makati, Pasig, and Taguig and many more along the riverside. Alcazaren, P. (2022 warns
that PAREX construction may compromise structures protected by RA No. 10066, impacting
iconic landmarks and heritage sites.

Bendaña, H. (2021) Pasig river, a historic transport route, connected settlements around Laguna
de Bay with traders in Manila Bay. It influenced the origins of Metro Manila cities, serving as a
seat of government and a source of inspiration. Along its banks, there are 40 architectural
treasures, built heritage, historic bridges, and heritage districts. Bendaña petitioned the San
Miguel corporation that PAREX threatens the Pasig River and violates the constitutional right to
a balanced and healthful ecology for all Filipinos, present and future.

In investigating the comprehensive impact of flooding on architectural heritage in Escolta,

Manila, the researcher should incorporate insights from Alcazaren, P. (2022) proposal for an
esplanade (PARES) along the Pasig River. This alternative could directly influence flood
dynamics and preservation efforts for architectural heritage in Escolta.

Furthermore, the study should consider the opposition raised by Cruz I. to the PAREX
expressway project, emphasizing potential environmental repercussions. The researcher should
explore how such infrastructure projects may exacerbate flood vulnerabilities and impact the
resilience of architectural heritage in Escolta.

The concerns raised by The Renacimiento Manila, asserting that over 40 heritage structures may
face repercussions due to the expressway construction, should be directly incorporated. This
information can contribute to understanding the potential direct consequences of the expressway
on historical structures and its implications for flood-related risks in Escolta.

Former Tourism Secretary Bertie Lim apprehensions about adverse effects on tourism potential
along the Pasig River due to PAREX should be considered in the study. Analyzing the potential
alterations in tourism patterns can provide insights into how flood-related risks might influence
the cultural and economic aspects of architectural heritage in Escolta.
Finally, the legal and environmental dimensions brought forth by Bendaña, H. (2021) petition
against PAREX, claiming a violation of constitutional rights, should be integrated into the study.
Examining the legal challenges and environmental considerations will offer a more
comprehensive understanding of how proposed infrastructure projects might impact flood
resilience and architectural heritage preservation in Escolta.

iv. Understanding the Impact of Floods or Natural Calamities on Heritage Structures.

2020.

Williams, L. (2020) said Coastal areas and Riverside in the Philippines face the risk of flooding
due to sea-level rise and extreme weather events. Data collected in 2016 and 2018 from focus
group discussions, interviews, and field observations highlights consistent concerns about regular
flooding, economic impacts, health risks, and safety threats in the community. Although one
location has seen improvements in routine flood risk, both areas still face substantial danger from
major storms. While some housing has been abandoned due to flood damage, and wealthier
residents have moved away, the majority are adapting in place and working on strategies to
mitigate flood risk in their communities.

Legaspi, J. (2021) Cultural institutions and the government collaborated to preserve heritage
structures in the Philippines, leading to the successful reopening of the Manila Metropolitan
Theater and the restoration of sites like Maribojoc Church and Our Lady of Light Parish in
Bohol. Unfortunately, Typhoon Odette has recently caused damage to several cultural sites in the
Visayas and Mindanao region, including the newly refurbished Maribojoc Church. Legaspi, J,
said that the National Museum and National Historical Commission, along with partner
organizations, also lead to restoration projects in the Philippines. While natural disasters like
typhoons and earthquakes are predictable, securing heritage sites during these events remains a
challenge. Preparation, including a dedicated calamity fund, is essential to preserve life,
livelihood, heritage, and culture.

Williams, L. (2020) observation of the risk of flooding in coastal and riverside areas, attributed
to sea-level rise and extreme weather events, should be directly applied to analyze the specific
vulnerability of Escolta to flooding. The study can explore data on economic impacts, health
risks, and safety threats, emphasizing the adaptation strategies of the community in the face of
recurrent flooding.
Legaspi, J. (2021) insight into collaboration between cultural institutions and the government in
preserving heritage structures provides a context for understanding potential restoration efforts in
Escolta. The researcher should examine the success stories and challenges faced in preserving
architectural heritage during natural disasters, drawing parallels to Escolta's situation.

By integrating these perspectives directly into the study, the researcher can offer a
comprehensive analysis of the specific impact of flooding on architectural heritage in Escolta,
considering both the risks posed by natural disasters and potential strategies for preservation and
adaptation.0

v. Assessing the Benefits of Preserving the Architectural Heritage. 2019.

McDowall, C. (2020) Stated that the preservation of architectural heritage has undergone a
nuanced and controlled developmental journey, with each region adopting unique approaches.
Beyond the mere safeguarding of architectural landmarks, the techniques employed in their
maintenance play a crucial role in ensuring their enduring legacy. This preservation process
holds immense significance as it provides viewers with a profound glimpse into the past, actively
contributing to recorded history. It serves as a deliberate and conscious effort by professionals to
portray the world as it existed before our time, fostering a deeper understanding of historical
contexts and contributing to the collective memory of human civilization. The ongoing
commitment to preserving these architectural resources reflects a dedication to cultural
continuity and the transmission of heritage to future generations.

Canning, J. (2023) The main goal about historic preservation include maintaining continuity
and connection to the past, fostering community and pride, learning about community history
and heritage, gaining appreciation for the world, promoting sustainability through reuse,
reducing waste, preserving natural resources, and contributing to economic benefits such as job
creation and increased property values in historic districts.

Panganiban, JR. B. K, (2020) "In every place around the world, one’s culture and heritage
represents their identity and way of life. That is why it is important to preserve the Filipino
cultural heritage because it gives us a purpose and meaning of our lifestyle then and now. It
showcases our beliefs and traditions; gives form and shape to our values, customs and
aspirations; and mold and ensure our identity as Filipinos." The State aims to create a balanced
atmosphere where the historic past harmonizes with modern society. Conservation is approached
in an integrated and holistic manner, spanning various disciplines and technologies. The State is
committed to administering heritage resources as stewards for the inspiration and benefit of
present and future generations.

According to Arts Serrano (2019) more heritage buildings in Escolta are being demolished for
tall structures, prompting a design collective, One Zero Design Co., based in the area, to
visualize an "imagined future" called Imprints. They aim to raise awareness about the potential
loss of heritage in Escolta and emphasize the importance of preservation amid the trend of
making way for super-tall buildings. The collective has a unit in the First United Building,
providing them with insights into the challenges of preserving heritage in Manila's central
business district.

Arts Serrano (2019) said that their proposal is yet to be finalized and that it still has a long way
to go, but he hopes that Imprints would be a jump-off point or a platform for conversations that
would lead to the revitalization of old Manila to happen. He says, “We wanted to culminate the
festivities with an actual proposal we can pitch to the city government to see how we can work
with actual proposals that can help the neighborhood beyond the festival.” Serrano said his team
intends to pitch a proposal to the city government 1Q of 2020.

The researcher can apply these insights by McDowall, C. (2019) recognizing the nuanced
developmental journey of architectural heritage preservation and the crucial role of maintenance
techniques in ensuring an enduring legacy. According to Canning, J. (2023) Understanding the
significance of preservation in providing a glimpse into the past contributes to recorded history,
fostering a deeper understanding of historical contexts and contributing to the collective memory
of human civilization. Additionally, acknowledging the goals of historic preservation, including
maintaining continuity, fostering community pride, and promoting sustainability, will inform the
study on the impact of flooding on architectural heritage in Escolta, Manila. The importance of
preserving cultural heritage as a representation of identity and way of life, as highlighted by
Panganiban, JR. B. K. (2020) can guide the researcher in evaluating the potential impact of
flooding on the cultural identity of Escolta. Lastly, considering Arts Serrano (2019) observations
about the demolition of heritage buildings in Escolta and the proposed "Imprints" project can
provide insights into the challenges and potential strategies for revitalizing and preserving
architectural heritage amid urban development and flooding concerns.

2.6 Theoretical Framework

 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

3.1 Overview

This study explores the preservation and revitalization of Escolta's architectural legacy in the
face of urbanization and the possibility of the impact of climate. It highlights the historical
significance of Escolta, once known as "The Wall Street of Asia," and the challenges caused by
rapid urbanization and infrastructure projects. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of
present preservation policies, assess the effects of urban development, and suggest options for
adaptive reuse. Community engagement and advocacy are emphasized as crucial components for
effective preservation, The study's goal is to develop an integrated strategy combining improved
legal frameworks, community involvement, and sustainable development practices to ensure the
long-term conservation of Escolta's cultural and architectural legacy.

3.2 Research Design

The study employs various tools to gather comprehensive data, interview guides, and site visit
checklists. These research methods are designed to capture quantitative and qualitative
information about the architectural heritage of Escolta, the impacts of climate, and urban
development pressures.

3.2.1 Survey:

● Target Group: Residents or business owners in Escolta.

● Purpose: To gather quantitative data on local perceptions and experiences
related to architectural heritage, flooding, and urban development
pressures.
● Implementation: Surveys distributed either online platforms or in-person
to ensure broad participation.
 3.2.2 Key Informant Interviews:

● Participants: Heritage conservation experts and urban planners

● Purpose: To obtain qualitative insights on the challenges and strategies for
heritage preservation and urban development.
● Approach: Semi-structured interviews conducted in-person or virtually, recorded,
and transcribed for detailed analysis.

3.2.3 Site Visits:

● Objective: To directly observe and document the condition of historical buildings

and the impact of climate in the area.
● Activities: Visual inspections, photographic documentation, and condition
assessments using site visit checklists.
● Frequency: Multiple visits scheduled over a specified period to monitor changes
and gather consistent data.

3.2.4 SWOT Analysis:

● Purpose: To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to

heritage preservation and urban development in Escolta.
● Participants: Key stakeholders including urban planners, heritage experts, and
community leaders.

3.2.5 Photo Documentation:

● Objective: To visually record the current state of historical buildings and areas
affected by flooding or minor changes.
● Activities: Systematic photography during site visits to capture detailed images
of structural conditions of the buildings.
● Output: A photographic archive used for analysis and comparison in the study.
 3.2.6 Document Analysis:

● Materials: Historical records, urban planning documents, and existing research

studies.
● Purpose: To contextualize current findings with historical and regulatory data.
● Method: Review and analysis of documents to extract relevant information about
the heritage of Escolta and its evolution amidst urban development pressures.

3.3 Statistical Formulas (optional)

This discusses the research design, the instruments used in the study (if there are any), and the
statistical formulas and methods used.

Chapter 4

Data Gathering
 Chapter 5

Data Results, Analysis, and Synthesis