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A Amorphophallus konjac 385

AA 278 AMPK 426
ABCG5 307 androgens 243
ABCG8 307 anemia 368
ABI 337 angiogenesis 219
Acanthopanax 382 angiography 81
ACE 377 angiotensin 454
aceruloplasminemia 222 – converting enzyme – See ACE
acidotic pH 21 ankle-brachial index – See ABI
activated protein kinase – See AMPK anorexigenic 140
additives 176 anthocyanin 152, 422
adenosine monophosphate activated protein antibiotics 493, 519
kinase – See AMPK anti-inflammatory markers 136
adipocyte 135 antioxidant 22, 275, 362, 422, 540
– adipocyte hypertrophy 138 – supplementation 295
adipokines 134 apolipoproteins 325
adiponectin 83, 137, 151 apoprotein B-100 310
adipose tissue 134, 338 appetite 140
– brown – See BAT L-arginine 172
– visceral 419 arrhythmia 63
– white 429 artery
adiposity 451 – arterial disease 64
– visceral 424 – arterial elasticity 380
adjunct therapy 275 – arterial flow 473
AF 63 – arterial pressure 244, 404
age 194, 289 – arterial stiffness 58, 311
air pollution 257 – calcium deposit 258
Akkermansia muciniphila 499 Asian populations 337
AKT 235, 477 asiatic acid – See AA
ALA 172, 452 atherosclerosis 30, 63, 86, 102, 120, 191, 313,
albuminuria 404 470
alcohol – plaques 498
– abuse 295 ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 –
– intake 340 See ABCG5
allergic ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 –
– diseases 519 See ABCG8
– inflammatory reaction 218 atrial fibrillation – See AF
allicin 379 autophagy 478
allinase 379 avocado 269
alpha-linolenic acid – See ALA awareness 408
alpha-tocopherol 82
Amauroderma conjunctum 536 B
Amish people 40 BA 448, 501

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 551

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Bacteroidetes 499 cardiomyocytes 100, 216

baroreflex 237, 239 cardiomyopathy 81
BAT 141, 427 cardiovascular disease – See CVD
behavior problems 255 carnosic acid 389
berberine 384 carnosol 389
berries 422 carotenoid 30, 33, 276
beta-blockers 239, 388 carotid intimamedia thickness – See CIMT
Bifidobacteria 502 casein 449
bile acids – See BA CASH 406
bioactive 152, 174, 376 catechin 141, 391, 421
– components 359, 420 categorical attribution 195
bioenergetic failure 21 cause of death 193
biomarkers 338 cell signaling 216
bite pattern 294 ceruloplasmin 222
blood pressure 60, 177, 431 CHD risk factors 471
blueberries 422 cheese 174, 340
BMI 328 Chlamydia pneumoniae 522
body mass index – See BMI CHO 325
body weight 450 chocolate 178
butter 340 cholecalciferol 52
butylated hydroxytoluene 544 cholesterol 180, 192, 196
butyrate 515 cholesteryl esterase 307
bypass surgery 243 cholinergic stimulation 239
chylomicron 408
C cigarettes 251
CAC 331 CIMT 182, 330
CAD 172 C-Jun N-terminal kinase – See JNK
caffeine 141, 176 CKD 62
calcidiol 53 CLA 175, 450, 452, 455
calciotropic hormones 94 CLGI 29
calcitonin 54 clotting 377
calcitroic acid 53 cocoa 178
calcitrophic hormones 453 cod liver oil 52
calcium 54, 61, 97, 122, 234, 448, 451 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A
– metabolism 51 reductase 430
– overload 19, 21 coenzyme Q10 – See CoQ10
caloric restriction – See CR coffee 176
Cammeille sinensis 390 collateral circulation 83
canola oil 37 colon 493, 514
capsaicin 141 concentricolide 544
carbohydrates – See CHO congestive heart failure 84
– non-digestible 493 conjugated linoleic acid – See CLA
carcinogenic 254

552 Handbook of nutrition in heart health

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Consensus Action on Salt and Health – demographics 287

See CASH DHA 146
contraction 234 diabetes 80, 95, 116, 117, 269, 291, 327, 368
– contractile power 382 – mellitis type 2 500 – See DM2; See T2D
copper 215 diastolic 122, 192
– chaperone 220 diet 152, 196, 288, 290, 515
– deficiency 219 – dietary advice 344
– transporters 220 – dietary allowances 287
Coptidis rhizoma 384 – dietary approaches to stop hypertension
CoQ10 275 – See DASH
cord blood 500 – low-fat diet 328
coronary artery calcification – See CAC – Mediterranean – See MD
coronary artery disease – See CAD – modification 289
cotinine 254 – non-isocaloric 326
counterfactual analysis 195 – Nordic 183
CR 420, 423, 424 – pattern analysis 170
C-reactive protein – See CRP – patterns 179, 185
CRP 30, 36, 83, 151, 182, 310, 340 – quality index 184
– high sensitivity CRP 40 – supplementation 33
cuproenzymes 215, 219 – vegan 306
curcumin 276 – western-type diet 493
current salt intake 195 Digitalis purpura 378
CVD digitoxin 378
– cost 495 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl – See DPPH
– definition 495 disability 193
CYP 94 disulfide 98
cysteine 99 diuretics 388
– S-allyl cysteine 380 DM2 327, 377, 428 – See also T2D
cytochrome p-450 – See CYP docosahexaenoic acid – See DHA
cytokine 58, 63, 223, 311, 522 dopamine β-hydroxylase 221
– suppressor of ~ signaling 3 – See SOC3 DPPH 365, 542
cytrochrome c oxidase assembly protein – drug-nutrient interactions 295
See SCO DRW 475
dysbiosis 514
D dyslipidemia 117, 430, 447
dairy 174
– low fat 448 E
– whole fat 453 EAE 519
Daldinia concentrica 536 E-cigarettes 255
danshen 377 ectopic fat 135
DASH 182, 291, 326, 405 EGb 381
DBP 94 EGCG 421
7-dehydrocholesterol 93 eicosanoid activity 36

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 553

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eicosapentaenoic acid – See EPA FFA 137

elastin 221 FGF23 101
elderly 407 fiber 368
endoplasmatic reticulum stress – See ERS – intake 290
endothelin 454 fibroblast growth factor – See FGF23
endothelium 97, 258, 470 fibrosis 59, 256
– endothelial cells 94 fine particulate matter 257
– human aortic endothelial cells – Firmicutes 499
See HAEC fish 178
– human pulmonary aortic endothelial flavonoids 174, 363, 539
cells – See HPAEC flow-mediated dilation – See FMD
energy FMD 311
– balance 343 foam cell 103, 472
– intake 328 folic acid 86
– partition method 329 food
– requirements 289 – budgets 289
eNOS 473 – industry 406
environmental pollutants 251 – preparation 292
EPA 146 foxglove 378
epigallocatechin-3-gallate – See EGCG free fatty acids – See FFA
epoxide 269 fried food 176
ergosterol 544 fructans 517
ERS 141 fruit 173, 203
estrogen 242, 448 Fuscoporia obliqua 376
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
– See EAE G
ezetimibe 314 garlic 379
– extract 381
F gastrointestinal tract – See GIT
fast food 175 genetic data 340
fat genome sequencing 340
– excretion 448 ghrelin 140
– fat soluble vitamins 34 GI 325
– fecal 451 ginkgo 381
– subtypes 333 – ginkgo biloba extract – See EGb
fatty acids ginseng 382
– free ~ – See FFA – notoginseng 383
– plasma ~ 336 – radix ginseng 383
– saturated – See SFA GIT 491, 515
– short-chain ~ – See SCFA β-glucan 517, 544
fatty fish 516 glucomannan 385
fatty streak 496 glucose 80, 428
fecal microbiota 516 – tolerance 430

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glutathionylation 103 hyperleptinemia 140

glycemic index – See GI hyperlipidaemia 35
glycophosphatidyl inositol – See GPI hyperlipidemia 376
goldenseal 384 hyperparathyroidism 64
gotu kola 278 hyperphosphatemia 101
GPI 222 hyperplasia 474
grains 170 hypertension – See HTN
grape seed oil 37 – dietary approaches to stop ~ – See DASH
gugulipid 277 hypertrophy 235
gut hypotension 240
– hormones 494 hypothalamic inflammation 141
– microbial composition 491 hypoxemia 240
– microbiota 515 hypoxia 136, 474
– microflora 491
I
H IHD 192
H2O2 217 immune cells 522
HAEC 474 immunoplasticity 97
hawthorn berry 275 income 254
HDL-C 35, 39, 96, 290, 380 India 535
healthy eating index – See HEI infant nutrition 493
heart failure – See HF infarct size 239
HEI 183 inflammation 144, 171, 329, 428
Helicobacter pylori 522 – acute 496
hemagglutinin 364 – chronic 496
heptadecanoic acid 337 – chronic low-grade inflammation –
herbs 375 See CLGI
HF 63, 120 – inflammatory diseases 496
hidroelectrolitical balance 402 – markers 118
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol – inflammatory biomarkers 310, 497
See HDL-C inflammatory markers 330
Hippophae rhamnoides 385 insulin 59, 140
homocysteine 86 – resistance 145, 328
HONO 254 – sensitivity 235, 429, 500
hormesis 479 interleukin 36
hormetic 423 – IL-6 329
hormone replacement therap 85 – IL-17 520
HPAEC 474 Intermountain database 38
HTN 38, 60, 116, 117, 291, 326, 404, 453 INTERSALT 405
Human Microbiota Project 517 intestinal
hygiene hypothesis 519 – dysbiosis 501
hypercholesterolemia 308 – microflora 423
hyperhomocysteinemia 86 – permeability 520

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 555

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intima media thickening 258 liver 255

IR 233 Living Cost and Food Survey – See LCF
ischemia/reperfusion – See IR low-density lipoprotein – See LDL
ischemic 173 – cholesterol – See LDL-C
– heart disease – See IHD luminal antigens 517
isoflavones 152 lung 218
lycopene 276
J
JNK 143 M
macrofungi 535
K macronutrients 328
kidney macrophages 97, 135, 313, 523
– chronic disease – See CKD magnesium 368, 449
– chronic renal disease 95 MD 172, 180, 515
kinase meat 179
– C-Jun N-terminal ~ – See JNK – processed meat 339
Klotho 101 mechanistic target of rapamycin – See mTOR
konjac 385 Mediterranean diet – See MD
Menkes disease 220
L menopause 289
lactic acid 20 mesenteric lymph nodes 518
– bacteria 502 metabolic
lauric acid 325, 337 – dysfunction 136
LCF 196, 201 – syndrome – See MetS
LDL 223, 324, 380 metagenome 499, 500
– oxidation 472 metallochaperones 220
– particle size 450 metformin 420
LDL-C 39, 96, 171, 290, 310, 504 MetS 62, 80, 136, 176, 181, 455, 519
legumes 171 – definition 418
leptin 140 MI 173
leukocytes 521 micelles 309
lifespan 425 microbes 491
lifestyle 140, 173, 182, 201, 287, 343, 418, – microbial diversity 517
471 – microbial signature 514
lignans 388 – microbiota 514
ethyl linoleate 544 milk 174, 340, 504
lipid 35, 80 mitochondria 426
– absorption 449 – activity 427
– profile 61, 324 – biogenesis 426
– spectrum 330 – mitochondrial permeability transition
lipogenesis 451 pore – See MPTP
lipopolysaccharide 501 mobility 293
lipoprotein 39 model 194

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monocyte 217 noise pollution 259

monounsaturated fatty acid – See MUFA noncommunicable disease – See NCD
mortality 193, 197, 332 non-isocaloric diets 326
motivation 296 Nordic diet 183
MPTP 20 norepinephrine 221
MRI 17 NOS 218
mTOR 235, 478 NPC1L1 314
MUFA 171, 335, 449 Nrf2 102, 104, 477
– cis-MUFAs 325 nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 –
multivitamin 34 See Nrf2
mushrooms 535 nuclear transcription factor kappa B –
mycelial extract 544 See NF-κB
myoblast 478 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-
myocardial like receptor – See NLR
– hypertrophy 98 nutrients 145
– infarction – See MI – density 290
– reperfusion injury – See MRI – intake 289
myocardium 80 – supplements 295
myocyte 59 nuts 171
myofibrils 81
MyPlate 296 O
myristic acid 337 oats 517
obesity 60, 62, 134, 136, 192, 328, 499, 501
N – obese women 269
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type 1 – omega-3 fatty acid 82
See quinone oxidoreductase, NQO1 Ophiocordyceps nutans 536
Na/K exchanger 379 orexigenic 140
Na/K ratio 368 osteocalcin 61
National Health and Nutrition Examination ouabain 378
Survey – See NHANES oxidative stress 17, 100, 480
NCD 192 – marker 23
necrotic layer 136 oxygen-demanding tissues 216
neutrophils 21
NF-κB 145, 152, 387, 522 P
NHANES 95 PAD 64, 327, 337
nicotine 254 palmitic acid 337
Nieman-Pick C1-like 1 protein – See NPC1L1 panaxadiol 383
nitrosamines 254 panaxatriol 383
nitrous acid – See HONO Panax ginseng 382
NLR 518 pancreatic β cells 80
NO 60, 82, 99, 215, 218, 390 parathyroid hormone – See PTH
– endothelial – See eNOS PCA 22
– synthase – See NOS PCI 18

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 557

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PCSK9 314 prebiotics 504

pentadecanoic acid 337 prehypertension 406
pentatomid bugs 537 probiotics 340, 455, 502
percutaneous pro-inflammatory markers 136
– coronary angioplasty – See PCA proliferation 475
– coronary intervention – See PCI propionate 516
Perilla frutescens 389 proprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin 9 –
perinatal taurine depletion 237 See PCSK9
periodontal microbiota 520 protein kinase – See AKT
periosteal membrane 56 protein kinase C-θ – See PKC-θ
peripheral arterial disease – See PAD protein mediums 255
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- protein thiyl radical 103
gamma coactivator-1 – See PGC-1α protein-tyrosine phosphatase – See PTP1B
personalized nutrition 181 Proteobacteria 493
PGC-1α 426 PTH 54, 59, 62
pharmacological intervention 420 PTP1B 143
phenolics 362 PUFA 145, 171, 178, 269, 332, 333, 449
– total – See TP – cis-PUFAs 325
phosphate 54, 101 pulmonary disorders 218
– homeostasis 65 Pycnoporus cinnabarina 536
phospholipids 149
phosphorous 454 Q
phytanic acid 452 quercetin 152
phytic acid 364 quinone oxidoreductase
phytochemicals 389 – NQO1 475
phytosterol – NQO2 479
– phytosterolemia 307
– supplementation 309 R
pigments 30 RAAS 57, 60, 95, 117
PKC-θ 143 reactive nitrogen species – See RNS
plant extracts 152 reactive oxygen species – See ROS
plaque 223, 472, 496 recidivism 420
– rupture 84 redox signaling 216
platelet aggregation 62, 256, 378, 472, 475 reducing power – See RP
plethysmography 391 renal function 454
polymorphisms 98, 185 renal nerve activity 241
polyphenols 177, 421, 471 renal-transplant patients 40
polysaccharides 170 renin activity 408
polyunsaturated fatty acid – See PUFA renin-angiotensin 241, 522
portabella mushrooms 37 – aldosterone system – See RAAS
postmenopausal women 81, 430 reperfusion 238, 377
postprandial glucose peak 377 – therapy 17
potassium 401, 449, 453 resistant starch – See RS

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RESV 152, 417, 423, 424, 471 sirtuin 427

resveratrol – See RESV – sirtuin-1 – See SIRT1
retinoid X receptor – See RXR skin pigmentation 55
rickets 93 sleep disruption 259
risk factors 191 SMC 218, 470, 473
– cumulative risk-reduction 198 smell 293
RNS 217 smoking 192, 196
ROS 19, 100, 216, 238, 473 – contaminated surfaces 253
– enzymatic sources 20 – second hand smoke 251
Rosemarius officinatis 388 – smoke free environment 253
rosemary 388 – smoking bans 252
RP 542 – third hand smoke 251
RS 267 smooth muscle cells – See SMC; See
RW 469 also VSMC
RXR 99 social
– acceptability 418
S – environment 294
salivary secretions 294 SOCS3 143
salt SOD 216
– appetite 402 – Cu,Zn-SOD 217
– Consensus Action on Salt and Health – – ec-SOD3 217
See CASH sodium 33, 176, 203, 234, 291, 401, 453
– consumption 202, 402 – intake 403
– excretion 404 squalene 368
– intake 195, 198 stanol 305, 308, 384
– intake infants 403 statin 196, 309, 381, 420
– World Action on Salt and Health – stearic acid 337
See WASH STEMI 80, 87
Salvia miltirrheria 377 stenosis 62, 81
satiety 139, 385, 451 steroid receptors 96
saturated fatty acid – See SFA sterols 305
SCFA 491, 501, 516 stilbenoid 417
SCO 220 stroke 35, 64, 172, 336
secosteroids 52 ST -segment elevation myocardial infarction
sequelae 82 – See STEMI
serum lipids 449 sugar intake 240
sesame 387 sulfhydryl moieties 103
sesamin cathechol 387 sunflower oil 37
SFA 150, 179, 323, 449 superoxide 216
– even-chain SFA 339 – dismutase – See SOD
shear stress 473 superoxidized blood lipids 376
short-chain fatty acids – See SCFA supplementation of vitamins 85
SIRT1 423

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 559

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suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 – transintestinal cholesterol excretion pathway

See SOCS3 309
synaptic plasticity 144 Tregs 518, 523
synergistic activity 375 TRF 35
systolic 122 triacylglycerol 135
tricarboxylic acid cycle 237
T triglyceride 61, 325
T2D 404 – See also DM2 trimethylamine N-oxide – See TMAO
Talinum triangulare 359
taste 293 U
taurine 234 ubiquinone – See CoQ10
– Na+/taurine symporter 237 ultrafine particles 254
– supplementation 239 ultra-processed food 196
– transporter knockout mice – See TauTKO urinary salt excretion 404
mice
taurochloramine 234 V
TauTKO mice 235 valvular regurgitation 221
tax increases 201 Van Gogh 379
tea 177 vascular
– green tea 177, 390, 421 – cell adhesion molecule-1 – See VCAM-1
telomere length 296 – endothelial growth factor – See VEGF
terpenic lactones 381 – smooth muscle cells – See VSMC
testosterone 243 vasoconstrictor 57
TFA 150 vasodilation 20, 496
Th17 cells 518 vasorelaxation 97
thermogenesis 427, 452 vastus lateralis 429
thiol 99 VCAM-1 523
– oxidation 99 VDR 54, 58, 79, 96
thrombi 470 vegan diets 306
thrombosis 83, 419 vegetable 173, 203
TLR 149, 518 – leafy ~ 359
TMAO 516 – oils 305
tobacco 253 VEGF 219
– control 202 vitamin B 87
tocopherol 34 vitamin C 22, 364
tocotrienol 34 – in plasma 85
– tocotrienol-rich fraction – See TRF vitamin D 453, 455
toll like receptor – See TLR – and CVD risk 119
tomato 276 – binding protein – See DBP
TP 539 – definition of deficiency 55, 116
transcription factors 98 – ergocalciferol 52
trans fatty acid – See TFA – food sources 37
– receptor – See VDR

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– related disorders 56
– serum level 79
– status 54
– supplementation 40, 117, 119
vitamin E 34, 82
vitamin supplementation 40, 85, 117, 119
VSMC 94, 477

W
walnuts 269
WASH 406
western-type diet 493
whey 449
WHI 341
white blood cell 33
WHO 202
whole food research 170
whole-grain food 170
wine 180
– dealcoholized red wine – See DRW
– red wine – See RW
Women’s Health Initiative – See WHI
World Action on Salt and Health – See WASH

X
xenohormesis 479

Y
yogurt 502

Z
zinc
– finger 99
– Zn-SOD 217

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 561

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About the editors

Ronald R. Watson, PhD, earned his PhD in biochemistry from Michigan State University. His
postdoctoral schooling in nutrition and microbiology was completed at the Harvard School
of Public Health. Dr Watson was assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at the
Indiana University Medical School and associate professor of nutrition at Purdue University. Dr
Watson joined the faculty at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in the Department
of Family and Community Medicine of the School of Medicine. He is a member of the Sarver
Heart Center. His primary appointment now is professor of health promotion sciences in the Mel
and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health. He has 14 patents on dietary supplement
and health promotion. He continues to do research in animals and in clinical trials on dietary
supplements and health. Dr Watson has published over 450 articles in peer-reviewed journals and
has an h-index of 25. He and Dr Zibadi have collaborated extensively on cardiac and immunology
research.

Sherma Zibadi, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of South Florida Medical School,
Tampa, FL, USA, received her PhD in nutritional sciences from the University of Arizona. Her
medical degree and training were done at the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. She then
completed her post-doctoral research fellowship awarded by the American Heart Association
where her research involved cardiology and complementary medicine studies. Her research
has involved maladaptive cardiac remodeling process, which helps to identify new targets for
treatment of heart failure. Dr Zibadi’s research interest also extends into foods as medicines,
exploring the preventive and therapeutic effects of dietary supplements on heart failure and its
major risk factors in both basic animal and clinical studies, translating lab research findings.
Dr Zibadi is an author of more than 35 research papers in peer reviewed journals mostly using
mouse models to study cardiovascular disease including during aging and lifestyle changes. She
has been an editor of scientific reference books like this one. She and Dr Watson have collaborated
extensively on both laboratory research and editing.

Handbook of nutrition in heart health 563