PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC:

SOLAR INVERTER INSTALLATION

PRESENTED BY:

ADEBOLA BOLAJI RAHMON

MATRIC NO: 2002061001

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, ENGNIEERING
FACULTY, LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA DEGREE IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC, IKORODU

DECEMBER 2022
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled ―SOLAR INVERTER

INSTALLATION‖ has been done by ADEBOLA BOLAJI RAHMON
Matric: 2002061001 in partial fulfillment for the award of ‗NATIONAL
DIPLOMA in Computer Engineering‘ from Lagos State Polytechnic,
Ikorodu.

I
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS PAGES
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION…………………………………………..… I
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………….………… II
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………… III

CHAPTER 1 1-9
1.0 BACKGROUND STUDY……………………………… 1-3
1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………… 3-4
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY ……..…… 4-8
1.1 USES OF SOLAR ENERGY …..………………..…….. 8-9

CHAPTER 2 10-16
2.0 SOLAR INVERTERS …………………………………… 10
2.1 TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTER ………………………… 11
2.2 SOLAR INVERTER PARTS …………………………… 13
2.3 NEED FOR SOLAR INVERTERS ……………………… 14
2.4 DESIGN APPROACHES OF SOLAR INVERTER……… 15
2.5 SELECTION OF TOPOLOGY …………………………… 16

CHAPTER 3 16-19
3.0 COST ESTIMATION AND APPLICATION……………. 16
3.1 APPLICATION OF SOLAR INVERTERS……………… 17
3.2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR INVERTER………………. 18
3.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR INVERTER …………. 19

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………. 20
RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………. 21
REFERENCES ………………………………………………… 22-23

II
 ABSTRACT

Solar power is the Earth‘s most important source of energy. It is responsible

for the biomass on the Earth and the fossil fuels within it, as well for driving
the weather systems responsible for rain and wind. The Sun can be used to
generate electricity in two ways, either by using its heat as a heat source, or
by utilizing its light in a solar cell. Solar power is an intermittent source of
energy and cannot alone provide a continuous source of electrical power.
The development of both solar cells and solar thermal power generation can
be traced back to the 19th century. In these write up I will be discussing on
how our planet solar system can be converted into electricity by some use of
technology such as solar panel and inverter etc., and application, design,
advantages, disadvantage of solar power system.

III
 CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND STUDY

Electricity is a form of energy that comes in positive and negative forms, that occur

naturally (as lighting), or is produced (as in generator). It is a form of energy, which we

use to power machines and electrical devices. When the charges are not moving,

electricity is called static electricity. When the charges are not moving they are an

electric current, sometimes called ―dynamic electricity‖.

Electricity is created through the friction between two materials for instance a wool cap

and a plastic ruler. This may make a spark (Merriam, 2016). Solar inverter, or

photovoltaic (pv) inverter, convents that variable direct current (DC) output of a

photovoltaic (pv) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can

be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, of grid electrical network.

It is a critical balance of system (BOS) component in a photovoltaic system, allowing

the use of ordinary al-power equipment solar power inverter have special functions

adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including Maximum Power Point Tracking

(M.P.P.T) and anti- islanding protection (Lewis, 2010).

David prince coined the termed inverter. It is unlikely that any living person and now

establish with certainly that prince or anyone else was the originator of the commonly

used engineering term. However, in 1925 Prince did published an article in the G.E

Review (vol. 28, no. 10, P. 676-81) cited ―the inverter‖. This article contains nearly all

1
important element required by modern inverters and is the earliest literature. Prince

explained that an inverter is used to convert direct current into single or polyphase

alternating current (David, 1925).

An inverter is a device which converts a D.C (Direct current) voltage source into an AC

(Alternating Current) voltage source. It is useful when you want to run an appliance

designed to be operated from AC mains 120 or 240 Vac, 50 or 60 H2) from a battery

(often 12 or 24 Vdc). Typical application maybe when you are off grid with solar panel

and storage battery, when you want to operate main appliances like TV, Fan, Desktop

Computers and Refrigerator. They are also used for backup power for critical load

mains power fails.

THE FUTURE OF SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy has advanced at a rate that is astonishing even to experts in the field and

now promises to have a prominent role in the ongoing energy transition. According to

the Solar Energy Industry Data (SEIA) for the last decade, the global PV industry has

been growing at an average compound annual rate greater than 35%. It is for sure that

PV deployment will continue to grow as the global energy portfolio transitions more

towards renewable energy.

The increase in the module power of the panels from 250 W to 500 W in the last decade

resulted in the decrease of the relative contribution of the module cost to the total PV

system cost.

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Silicon solar cells still dominate the market and it will take some time for other

generation solar cells to gain market dominance.

One of the key challenges is to reduce cost and improve efficiency, this can be

addressed by coming up with new market competitive silicon wafer solar module

manufacturing methods at a lower cost. Focusing on crystalline Silicon-based PV

technology, this standardized industry has a steep learning curve and is well-positioned

to meet the challenge of producing many terawatts of power. We are also reaching the

theoretical limit of single-junction solar cells.

Ultimately, tandem technologies can be a solution to tackle this problem however

significant research is still required to enable this at low costs for the mass market.

Given the fact that this technology is more than fifty years old, more research and

development are needed to navigate diverse possibilities.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to IAU (2006), the solar system is the gravitationally bound system of the

planets and the sun plus other object that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.

By this definition, the solar system has eighth planets: mercury, Venus, earth, mars,

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The solar system is a power system designed to

supply usable solar power by use of photovoltaic‘s. It consist of an arrangement of

several components, including solar panel to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity,

a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting,

3
cabling, and other electrical accessories to setup a working system (International

Energy Agency, 2011).

According to Ullan of (2015), solar panel absorbs sunlight as a source of energy to

generate electricity. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power;

most installation consists of multiple modules. An inverter, a battery packs for storage,

interconnection wiring, and operationally a solar tracking mechanism.

Solar energy is radiates light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a range of

ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic‘s, solar thermal energy,

solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis (Fraunhofer,

2014).

According to Morgan (2012), the most common application of solar has continued to
fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the
electricity grid, a phenomenon known as grid parity. A solar inverter as a type of
electrical converter which converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a
photovoltaic (pv) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can
be fed into a commercial electrical network.

According to David (1925) prince explained that an inverter is used to convert direct
current into single or poly phase alternating current the article explains how the author
took the rectifier circuit and the inverter, turning a direct current at one end and drawing
out an alternating current at the other. An inverter is an electronic device that changes
direct current DC to Alternating molecule cloud. An inverter can be entirely electronic
or maybe combination of mechanical effect (such as a rotating apparatus) and electronic
circuitry. (IEEE, 2000).

4
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENEGY

Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical
reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is
vastly in excess of the world‘s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably
harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs.
In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as
a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting
character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest
source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth‘s surface is actually
quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from
the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to
Earth‘s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the
incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent
visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other
forms of electromagnetic radiation.

The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the
world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in
the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the
high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in
many places.
5
Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or
into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Solar radiation may be converted directly into electricity by solar cells (photovoltaic
cells). In such cells, a small electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction
between a metal and a semiconductor (such as silicon) or the junction between two
different semiconductors. (See photovoltaic effect.) The power generated by a single
photovoltaic cell is typically only about two watts. By connecting large numbers of
individual cells together, however, as in solar-panel arrays, hundreds or even thousands
of kilowatts of electric power can be generated in a solar electric plant or in a large
household array. The energy efficiency of most present-day photovoltaic cells is only
about 15 to 20 percent, and, since the intensity of solar radiation is low to begin with,
large and costly assemblies of such cells are required to produce even moderate
amounts of power.

https://www.beny.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Solar-inverter-wiring-diagram.jpg

Small photovoltaic cells that operate on sunlight or artificial light have found major use
in low-power applications—as power sources for calculators and watches, for example.
Larger units have been used to provide power for water pumps and communications
systems in remote areas and for weather and communications satellites.

6
Classic crystalline silicon panels and emerging technologies using thin-film solar cells,
including building-integrated photovoltaic, can be installed by homeowners and
businesses on their rooftops to replace or augment the conventional electric supply.

Concentrated solar-power plant

Concentrated solar power plants employ concentrating, or focusing, collectors to
concentrate sunlight received from a wide area onto a small blackened receiver, thereby
considerably increasing the light‘s intensity in order to produce high temperatures. The
arrays of carefully aligned mirrors or lenses can focus enough sunlight to heat a target
to temperatures of 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) or more. This heat can then be used to operate a
boiler, which in turn generates steam for a steam turbine electric generator power plant.
For producing steam directly, the movable mirrors can be arranged so as to concentrate
large amounts of solar radiation upon blackened pipes through which water is circulated
and thereby heated.

THERMAL ENERGY

Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal
energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because
the intensity of solar radiation at Earth‘s surface is so low, these collectors must be
large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world‘s temperate regions, for instance, a
collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather
enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.

7
The most widely used flat-plate collectors consist of a blackened metal plate, covered
with one or two sheets of glass that is heated by the sunlight falling on it. This heat is
then transferred to air or water, called carrier fluids that flow past the back of the plate.
The heat may be used directly, or it may be transferred to another medium for storage.
Flat-plate collectors are commonly used for solar water heaters and house heating. The
storage of heat for use at night or on cloudy days is commonly accomplished by using
insulated tanks to store the water heated during sunny periods. Such a system can
supply a home with hot water drawn from the storage tank, or, with the warmed water
flowing through tubes in floors and ceilings, it can provide space heating. Flat-plate
collectors typically heat carrier fluids to temperatures ranging from 66 to 93 °C (150 to
200 °F). The efficiency of such collectors (i.e., the proportion of the energy received
that they convert into usable energy) ranges from 20 to 80 percent, depending on the
design of the collector.

Another method of thermal energy conversion is found in solar ponds, which are bodies
of salt water designed to collect and store solar energy. The heat extracted from such
ponds enables the production of chemicals, food, textiles, and other industrial products
and can also be used to warm greenhouses, swimming pools, and livestock buildings.
Solar ponds are sometimes used to produce electricity through the use of the
organic Rankine cycle engine, a relatively efficient and economical means of solar
energy conversion, which is especially useful in remote locations. Solar ponds are fairly
expensive to install and maintain and are generally limited to warm rural areas.

1.1 USE OF SOLAR ENERGY

More energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour than is used by everyone in the
world in one year. A variety of technologies convert sunlight to usable energy for
buildings. The most commonly used solar technologies for homes and businesses are
solar photovoltaic for electricity, passive solar design for space heating and cooling, and
solar water heating.
8
Businesses and industry use solar technologies to diversify their energy sources,
improve efficiency, and save money. Energy developers and utilities use solar
photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies to produce electricity on a
massive scale to power cities and small towns.

Solar Photovoltaic Technology

Converts sunlight directly into electricity to power homes and businesses.

Passive Solar Technology

Provides light and harnesses heat from the sun to warm our homes and businesses in
winter.

Solar Water Heating

Harnesses heat from the sun to provide hot water for homes and businesses.

Solar Process Heat

Uses solar energy to heat or cool commercial and industrial buildings.

Concentrating Solar Power

Harnesses heat from the sun to provide electricity for large power stations.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SOLAR INVERTERS

An inverter is an electronic device that changes direct current (DC) to alternating

current (AC), and it is widely use when you want to run an appliances designed to be
operated from AC mains (120 or 240 Vac, 50 or 60 H2) from a battery (often 12 or 24
Vdc). Typically application maybe when you are off grid with solar panel and storage
battery. When you want to operate •mains appliances like TV, Fan, Desktop Computer
and a Refrigerator, they are also useful for backup power for criteria load and mains
power fails (IEEE, 2000).

A solar inverter or photovoltaic (PV) inverter is a type of power inverter which

converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into
a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial
electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of
system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-
powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with
photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-
islanding protection. Solar inverters use maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to get
the maximum possible power from the PV array. Solar cells have a complex
relationship between solar irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces a
non-linear output efficiency known as the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT
system to sample the output of the cells and determine a resistance (load) to obtain
maximum power for any given environmental conditions.

2.1 TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTER:

Solar inverters may be classified into four broad types. Solar inverters may be classified
into four broad types.
10
1. Stand-alone inverters: used in stand-alone power systems where the inverter draws
its DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone
inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an,
A.C source when available. Normally these do not interface in any way with the
utility grid, and as such are not required to have anti-islanding protection.

Stand-Alone power system: Mikiemike (talk) 15:58, 11 December 2010 (UTC) – Original
text : http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diode.svg

2. Grid-tie inverters: solar grid-tie inverters are designed to quickly disconnect

from the grid if the utility grid goes down. This is an NEC requirement that
ensures that in the event of a blackout, the grid tie inverter will shut down to
prevent the energy it produces from harming any line workers who are sent to fix
the power grid.

Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley,
2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Figure 10.2

11
 3. Battery backup inverters: are special inverters which are designed to draw
energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and
export excess energy to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying
AC energy to select loads during a utility outage, and they are required to have
anti-islanding protection.

4. Intelligent hybrid inverters: manage photovoltaic array, battery storage and

utility grid, which are all coupled directly to the unit. These modern all-in-one
systems are usually highly versatile and can be used for grid-tie, stand-alone or
backup applications but their primary function is self-consumption with the use
of storage.

2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Figure 10.2

Other types of solar inverters are:

5. Micro inverters: These inverters are a good choice for commercial as well as
residential purposes. Same as power optimizers, these are also module-level
electronics because one inverter is mounted on every panel. Micro inverters alter
power from DC to AC exact at the panel, so they don‘t need a string type
inverter. Also, due to the conversion of panel-level, if the performance of panels
is shaded then the residual panels won‘t be exposed.

6. String Inverter: This kind of solar panel is arranged in the form of a string and
many strings are allied to a single string inverter. Every string holds the DC
power where it is altered into AC power used like electricity.

12
 Based on the installation size, you may have many string inverters where each
string gets DC power from some strings. These inverters are good for
installations where the panels are arranged on a single plane to avoid facing in
different directions.

7. Central Inverters: These are related to string inverters however they are larger
& support additional strings of solar panels. Rather than running strings openly to
the inverter, the strings are allied together in a general combiner box so that the
DC power runs toward the middle inverter wherever it is transformed to AC
power. These inverters needless connections of components, however, they need
a pad as well as combiner box as they are suitable for huge installations through
reliable production across the array.

2.1 SOLAR INVERTER PARTS

SOLAR PANEL

The solar panel is usually the part of a solar inverter system that is the most visible
because it is usually placed on roofs or mounted in open spaces. Solar panels are
responsible for the conversion of sunlight to electricity in the form of a DC (direct
current) and also to charge deep cycle batteries. DC currents are usually not usable by
the majority of the appliances we have in our houses, hence the need for an inverter.

INVERTER

Inverters are usually kept in a secure but well-ventilated area. The function of an
inverter is to convert DC to AC and vice versa. Inverters are the brain of a solar system
because they are responsible for current (A) conversion which is a very important task
in utilizing solar power.

13
SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER

The function of a solar charge controller is to regulate the charging of the battery by the
solar panels so the batteries do not get overcharged and vice versa. They are usually
between the panels and the battery. There are two types of solar charge controllers;
PWM solar charge controllers and MPPT solar charge controllers.

BATTERY

Batteries are very important in a solar inverter system because they determine the
backup times of the solar power system. The battery is responsible for the storage of
power that is being generated by the solar panels. There are various types of batteries;
wet cell batteries and dry cells or SMF batteries.

2.2 NEED FOR SOLAR INVERTERS

A Solar inverter is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a solar energy
system. It‘s a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which is what a solar
panel generates, to alternating current (AC) electricity, which the electrical grid uses.
In DC, electricity is maintained at constant voltage in one direction. In AC, electricity
flows in both directions in the circuit as the voltage changes from positive to negative.
Inverters are just one example of a class of devices called power electronics that
regulate the flow of electrical power.

An inverter is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a solar energy system.
It‘s a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which is what a solar panel
generates, to alternating current (AC) electricity, which the electrical grid uses. In DC,
electricity is maintained at constant voltage in one direction. In AC, electricity flows in
both directions in the circuit as the voltage changes from positive to negative.

14
2.4 DESIGN APPROACHES OF SOLAR INVERTER

Solar inverter is said to be the opposite of rectifier, therefore in many cases the design
circuit use for inverter is considered to be opposite of rectifier circuit such as
oscilloscope circuit.

Considering the circuit diagram, we are able to observe that it essentially includes three
main phases, viz. the oscillator phase comprised of the adaptable IC 555, the output
period comprise of several high voltage power mosfets and the power providing phase
which uses the solar panel bank, which can be fed at B1 and B2.

2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Figure 10.2

2.5 SELECTION OF TOPOLOGY

There are currently three inverter topologies available on the market.

• Central String Inverters

• Central String Inverters with DC Optimizers

• Micro inverters

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CENTRAL STRING INVERTERS: A central string inverter is a large inverter,
which is used to convert the DC voltage from a string of solar panels, connected in
series, into 240V AC for use by standard domestic and commercial electrical
appliances.

Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1, Section 10.2

CENTRAL STRING INVERTERS WITH DC OPTIMISERS: To address some of

the limitations with central string inverters, DC optimizers were developed. DC
optimizers are designed to reduce the effect of uneven shading of the array. This was
achieved by individually tuning the performance of the solar panel through maximum
power point tracking, and optimally tuning the output to match the performance of the
string inverter.

Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1, Section 10.2.

MICROINVERTERS: Micro-inverters were developed to eliminate dangerous DC

voltages in solar systems, improve the performance of the solar array by providing
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each solar module, improve reliability and
provide ease of upgrade.

2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1, Figure 10.2

16
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 COST ESTIMATION AND APPLICATION

Solar panels have become a more convenient source of electricity for Nigerians. The
sunlight doesn‘t have to be paid for and the weather condition in Nigeria is also
favorable. The cost of solar inverter installation can be minimalized or maximized to
the level the load that is been design for to supply power to.

Solar Energy System main components that decide the working of a solar energy
system:
 Solar Panel
 Solar Inverter
 Solar Battery
 Panel Stand, and
 Solar charger control and
 Solar Panel Installation Accessories (such as: earthling kit, wire thimbles,MC4
connector, AC and DC wires, Lighting Arrester, DCDB and ACDB Board )

Solar Energy Systems are of different types and can be used as per your needs and
location. The 2 types of Solar Energy System are:

 Solar Panel with Battery (Off Grid Solar System)

 Solar Panel without Battery (On Grid Solar System)

3.1 APPLICATION OF SOLAR INVERTERS

This is the seven most common applications of where and how we can use solar energy
in our lives.

Generation of Solar Power (Electricity): Solar energy generates electricity through

photovoltaic cells – which convert direct sunlight to electricity. The energy generated
by the solar power system can be used to offset or even to completely replace the user‘s
monthly bills. Excess power can be sent to the grid for other consumers within the
locality to consume.

17
Water Heating:
Solar energy is commonly used to heat water in our homes, industries, hotels and even
hospitals. Homeowners use rooftop photovoltaic cells (PV) to absorb heat from the sun
and heat the water in an insulated water tank, which stores the hot water for a
considerable time for use in our homes. Solar systems can also heat swimming pools by
circulating water through a solar collector and warmed by the sunlight, before using it
again in swimming pools.

Drying of Agricultural and Animal Products:

Solar energy can also be used to dry agricultural and animal products such as fruits,
milk, fish, potato chips, and maize grains. Products are placed in a cabinet dryer
comprising a box with a foundation insulated at the bottom, an interior side painted
black and covered with an inclined transparent sheet.

Solar Heating
You can use solar energy for space heating of homes and businesses. Devices like Flat
plate collectors convert solar radiation into heat (thermal energy). The Flat plate
collectors consist of a blackened metal plate with a top transparent sheet of glass cover
and a thermal insulation layer underneath it that is heated by the sunlight..

Solar Energy Lighting

Solar energy is a suitable solution for security lights, street lights, indoor lights, and
road signs as they are affordable, environmentally friendly and readily available. You
can use solar energy to light your home or business as it is a great option to save on
electricity, energy and costs and do not dissipate or lose power as do other energy
systems.

Solar Pumping Water for Irrigation

The solar energy generated by a solar panel system can be used to pump water to use
for irrigation during the summer. During hot seasons, crops lose more water through the
transpiration process, but at the same time, solar panels generate more solar energy
because they get a high exposure to sunlight. This makes solar energy solutions great to
use for irrigation purposes because it is readily available and cheap.

Solar Energy Water Distillation

Solar energy can greatly help distill water, especially in arid, semi-arid, or coastal areas
with saline water and plenty of sunlight. Sunlight in these areas can be used to convert
saline water into pure water for consumption.

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3.2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR INVERTER

The main benefits of solar inverter include the following.

 Solar energy decreases the greenhouse effect as well as abnormal weather change.
 By using solar products, we can save money by reducing electricity bills
 The solar inverter is used to change DC to AC and this is a reliable source of energy.
 These inverters empower small businesses by reducing their energy needs &
requirements.
 These are multifunctional devices as they preprogrammed to alter DC to AC which
assists large energy consumers.
 Easy to set up & more reasonable compared with generators.
 Maintenance is easy as they work well even with usual maintenance.

3.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR INVERTER

The main drawbacks of solar inverter include the following

 This kind of inverters is expensive to afford.

 Sunlight is necessary to generate sufficient electricity.
 It requires a huge space for installation.
 It requires a battery to work at night time to provide proper electricity to the home,
commercial, etc.

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CONCLUSION

Solar power is an immense source of directly useable energy and ultimately creates
other energy resources: biomass, wind, Hydro-power and wave energy.

Most of the Earth's surface receives sufficient solar energy to permit low-grade heating
of water and buildings, although there are large variations with latitude and season. At
low latitudes, simple mirror devices can concentrate solar energy sufficiently for
cooking and even for driving steam turbines.

The energy of light shifts electrons in some semiconducting materials. This

photovoltaic effect is capable of large-scale electricity generation. However, the present
low efficiency of solar PV cells demands very large areas to supply electricity demands.

Direct use of solar energy is the only renewable means capable of ultimately
supplanting current global energy supply from non-renewable sources, but at the
expense of a land area of at least half a million km2.

20
 RECOMMENDATION

I personally recommend the installation of inverter system within Africa because

of its reliability and efficiency due to the source of power which is the Sun i.e. it
is natural, no bill is required for it to be used, though the installation and the
maintenance maybe some kind of expensive but once its installed it might last
more than years. I also recommend that skill engineers should be employed
during the installation processes, because of it maintenance part.

And the engineer should make sure the inverter is not placed near any
hazardous or flammable materials. It must also not be exposed to moisture or
water. The location you select must be away from direct sunlight and is a dry
area. It must be placed in an area which has free space around it.

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REFERENCE
 Concentrating Solar Power Technology Editors-in-Chief: Keith Love grove and
Wes Stein. A volume in Wood head Publishing Series in Energy • 2012
 Design of Solar Thermal Power Plants Zhifeng Wang 2019
 The Performance of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems Editor-in-Chief:
Peter Heller2017
 Solar Energy Engineering Soteris A. Kalogirou Second Edition • 2014
 COPYRIGHT@HAHASMART 2016-2022 TEL:(818) 812-9431
 Li, Quan; P. Wolfs (2008). "A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module
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