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9990 Biological Approach TP

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9990 Biological Approach TP

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Cambridge International AS & A Level

PSYCHOLOGY 9990/01

Paper 1 Approaches, Issues and Debates 2024

Topical Practice Paper

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 250.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

SYLLABUS TOPIC ASSESSED

● Biological Approach

This document consists of 28 pages

PRACTICE PAPER
CAIE [Turn over
2

Section A: Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

1 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Name the technique used to measure brain activity.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Identify one reason for using this technique to measure brain activity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

2 In the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams), participants were fitted with electrodes for the EEG
(electroencephalogram).

(a) Describe the procedure after these electrodes had been fitted.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [5]

(a) Describe the procedure after these electrodes had been fitted.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
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3

3 Evaluate the Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) study in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses. At
least one of your evaluation points must be about the use of quantitative data.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
4

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

4 Describe the procedure used by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) to collect data about dream recall.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

5 From the Dement and Kleitman study (sleep and dreams):

(a) In which stage of sleep did participants recall most of their dreams?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) An EEG (electroencephalogram) was used in this study.

What does an EEG measure?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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5

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

6 Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) collected quantitative and qualitative data.

(a) Outline one quantitative result from the ‘dream-duration estimates’. You must use data in your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Outline one qualitative result from the dream content reports.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

7 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

Describe one result about dream recall in REM sleep and one result about the estimations of dream-duration time
in REM sleep. You must use data for one of these results.

dream recall in REM sleep ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

estimation of dream-duration time in REM sleep ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [5]

8 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Outline one conclusion about eye movement during REM sleep.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Describe one strength of his study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

9 Inthe study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams), the procedure that the researchers first used to measure
participants’ estimations of REM sleep duration was unsuccessful and had to be revised.

(a) Describe how the researchers first attempted to measure participants’ estimations of REM sleep duration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Describe the revised procedure used to measure participants’ estimations of REM sleep duration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

10 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Name two things that participants were asked to do (or not to do) prior to the study.

1 ….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Outline one quantitative result of this study

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
7

(c) Suggest one real life application from this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

11 Evaluate the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses. At
least one of your evaluation points must be about laboratory-based studies.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
8

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

12 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Describe the procedure of this study from when the participant arrived at the laboratory until the participant
fell asleep for the first time

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
9

(b) Outline how dream recall was recorded during this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

13 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Outline one aim of this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Suggest one real-world application of this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

14 Explain one or more real-world applications of the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams). Do not refer
to more than three applications in your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [5]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
10

15 Evaluate the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses. At
least one of your evaluation points must be about generalisations.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
11

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

16 Describe the psychology that is being investigated in the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [5]

17 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Name the stage of sleep when participants recalled most of their dreams.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Outline one dream reported by a participant that had vertical eye movement.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) Outline one conclusion from this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

18 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) From the dream-duration estimate part of the study:

State how Dement and Kleitman chose whether to wake a participant after 5 minutes or after 15 minutes of
REM sleep.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Describe the dream-duration estimates for the participant DN whose responses did not follow the same
pattern as others.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) Outline one strength of the study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

19 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Identify three features of the sample used in this study.

1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Suggest one real world application based on the results of this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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13

Section B: Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

20 Describe the psychology being investigated in the study by Hassett et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

21 Outline what is meant by male and female stereotypical toy preferences with reference to examples from the study
by Hassett et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

22 Explain one way in which hormones affect play. You must refer to research evidence in your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

23 When researching the role of hormones, psychologists sometimes use case studies.

Explain one advantage of case studies as a way of investigating the effect of hormones on behaviour.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
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14

24 Ashley is investigating gender differences in children’s play. He decides to conduct a naturalistic observation.

Suggest one way Ashley could ensure that his observations are reliable.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

25 For her dependent variable, Bethan asks a group of parents to rate the likelihood that they would give various toys
as gifts to a fictional male child.

The scale is numbered 0-5, where 0 is very unlikely and 5 is very likely.

(a) State one weakness of the way Bethan has operationalised her dependent variable.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) State an appropriate measure of central tendency for analysing the data.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

26 List the two aims of the study conducted by Hassett et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

27 Describe the sample size for Hasset et al. Your answer must include reference to the original sample size present
at the park.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
15

28 Outline the procedure from the point at which the researcher started watching the video recordings.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

29 Describe one result relating to the male monkeys and one relating to the female monkeys.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

30 Explain how one conclusion from the Hassett et al. study supports one of the assumptions of the biological
approach.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

31 Explain one strength of the use of a behavioural checklist, with reference to the study by Hasset et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

32 Outline one way that the study by Hassett et al. was valid.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
16

33 Observation was used to measure the dependent variables in the Hassett et al. study.

Outline three features of this observation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

34 Explain one methodological weakness of this study.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

35 Suggest one real-world application of this study.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

36 Maggie decided to observe toy preferences in male and female children in a kindergarten.

(a) Identify two ethical issues that Maggie would need to consider when working with children.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Explain one practical advantage of working with animals compared with working with children.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
17

37 When conducting observational studies, researchers sometimes do a pilot study.

Explain how a pilot study could improve the validity of an observational study.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

38 The researchers in Hassett et al. used video cameras to record the 25-minute observations.

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of the use of cameras to record the monkeys’ behaviour.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

39 Evaluate the study by Hassett et al. in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses. At least one of your evaluation
points must be about the use of observation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
18

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
19

40 From the study by Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences):

(a) Outline the aim of the study

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Name two features of the sample used in the study.

1 …………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

Section C: Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

41 Explain what is meant by ‘localisation of function’ with reference to the study by Hölzel et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

42 Outline one psychological concept other than localisation of function that was investigated in the study by Hölzel
et al.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

43 (a) Hölzel et al. used MRI scans. What does an MRI scan measure?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Identify one reason why Hölzel et al. might have chosen this technique to measure brain activity

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

44 Hölzel et al. used an experiment with a longitudinal design to study localisation of function. Explain one reason why
a longitudinal design was necessary in this study.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
20

45 Abigail has noticed that Buddhist monks spend a great deal of time meditating each day. She believes that the
longer a person has been a monk the higher their hippocampal grey matter concentration. State the type of
hypothesis Abigail might write if she wanted to investigate this relationship further and give one reason for your
choice.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

46 A group of European travellers has signed up to spend a month volunteering at a Hindu temple in India. They will
be learning to meditate as part of their experience. Abigail’s friend Melis thinks this could be a good opportunity to
conduct a field experiment.

Describe how Melis could conduct her field experiment on meditation and localisation of function.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
21

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

47 Identify two characteristics of the sample used in Hölzel et al.

1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

48 Explain how the researchers operationalised one dependent variable in this study. [

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
22

49 Outline one result from Hölzel et al. relating to the amount of mindfulness practice engaged in by participants in
the experimental group.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

50 Participants in this study had two brain scans, eight weeks apart. How might order effects have affected the data
in this part of the study?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

51 With reference to Hölzel et al.:

(a) Outline what is meant by ‘measure of central tendency’.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Outline what is meant by ‘measure of spread’.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

52 The researchers wondered whether there would be a relationship between time spent on mindfulness activities
over the eight weeks and increase in grey matter concentration.

(a) Explain why this part of the study was a correlation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
23

(b) Explain one disadvantage of using correlation to explore this

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

53 Outline one ethical strength of this study

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

54 Explain how one result from the study by Hölzel et al. supports the nature side of the nature versus nurture debate
and how one result supports the nurture side

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [8]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
24

55 Evaluate the study by Hölzel et al. in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses. At least one of your evaluation
points must be about quantitative data.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
25

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

56 Explain one aspect of the data collection in the study by Hölzel et al. that is objective and one that is subjective.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

57 The main research method used in the study by Hölzel et al. was an experiment. Suggest two reasons that an
experiment was chosen as the main research method for this study.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

58 Hölzel et al. could have conducted a case study on mindfulness.

Identify two ways that data could be collected in this case study

1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
26

59 For one of your answers to question 56, explain an advantage of this way of collecting data for this case study

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

60 Evaluate the study by Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans) in terms of two strengths and two weaknesses.
At least one of your evaluation points must be about generalisations.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
27

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [10]

Section D: Pre Conclusion General Question

Q What are the two main assumptions of the biological approach?

1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP
28

Section E: Evaluation

In the table below, tick off the concepts that you have completely understood by means of attempting this paper, topics
that you have not yet understood must be left blank and you must re-read the said topic, followed by a reattempt of the
questions relevant to that.

Good Mediocre No
Topic
Understanding Understanding Understanding

Introduction of the Biological Approach

Background of Dement and Kleitmen (sleep and dreams)

Describing Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

Evaluating Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

Background of Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Describing Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Evaluating Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Background of Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

Describing Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

Evaluating Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

All Papers are copyrighted by UCLES, and are provided solely for educational purposes. Questions are merged by Hafi P. for practice
usage at Cambridge International AS & A Level.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand
name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

CAIE 9990/01/J/24/TP

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9990 Biological Approach TP

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9990 Biological Approach TP

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Cambridge International AS & A Level

Paper 1 Approaches, Issues and Debates 2024

Topical Practice Paper

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

SYLLABUS TOPIC ASSESSED

This document consists of 28 pages

Section A: Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

1 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Name the technique used to measure brain activity.

5 From the Dement and Kleitman study (sleep and dreams):

(b) An EEG (electroencephalogram) was used in this study.

What does an EEG measure?

7 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

dream recall in REM sleep ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

estimation of dream-duration time in REM sleep ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………

8 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(b) Describe one strength of his study.

10 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(b) Outline one quantitative result of this study

(c) Suggest one real life application from this study.

12 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

13 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Outline one aim of this study.

(b) Suggest one real-world application of this study.

17 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(c) Outline one conclusion from this study.

18 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) From the dream-duration estimate part of the study:

(c) Outline one strength of the study.

19 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):

(a) Identify three features of the sample used in this study.

Section B: Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

20 Describe the psychology being investigated in the study by Hassett et al.

26 List the two aims of the study conducted by Hassett et al.

Outline three features of this observation.

34 Explain one methodological weakness of this study.

35 Suggest one real-world application of this study.

37 When conducting observational studies, researchers sometimes do a pilot study.

40 From the study by Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences):

(a) Outline the aim of the study

(b) Name two features of the sample used in the study.

Section C: Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

47 Identify two characteristics of the sample used in Hölzel et al.

51 With reference to Hölzel et al.:

(a) Outline what is meant by ‘measure of central tendency’.

(b) Outline what is meant by ‘measure of spread’.

(a) Explain why this part of the study was a correlation.

(b) Explain one disadvantage of using correlation to explore this

53 Outline one ethical strength of this study

58 Hölzel et al. could have conducted a case study on mindfulness.

Section D: Pre Conclusion General Question

Q What are the two main assumptions of the biological approach?

Introduction of the Biological Approach

Background of Dement and Kleitmen (sleep and dreams)

Describing Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

Evaluating Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)

Background of Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Describing Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Evaluating Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences)

Background of Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

Describing Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

Evaluating Hölzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans)

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