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A REVIEW ON KIGELIA AFRICANA

Article in World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · November 2017

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201711-9633

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 World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Suman et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
SJIF Impact Factor 7.523

Volume 6, Issue 11, 389-411. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

A REVIEW ON KIGELIA AFRICANA

Suman Halder*1 and Amit Sharma2

1
Student of Pharmacy, Manav Bharti University, Village- Laddo, Sultanpur, Kumar Hatti,
District Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173229.
2
Asst. Professor Department of Pharmacy, Manav Bharti University Solan, Village- Laddo,
Sultanpur, Kumar Hatti, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Pin code- 173229.

ABSTRACT
Article Received on
01 August 2017, It occurs widely in Africa and beyond is Kigelia africana (Lam.)
Revised on 22 August 2017, Benth, a medicinal plant with several considerable potentials and
Accepted on 12 Sept. 2017,
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201711-9633 attributes. Various parts of the plant are used locally to treat diabetes,

8533 epilepsy, gynecological disorders, genital infections, cancer, ulcer, skin

diseases, bacterial and fungal infections as well as being used as
*Corresponding Author
Suman Halder
cosmetics. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of some
Student of Pharmacy, parts of the plant have been explored for therapeutic purposes.
Manav Bharti University, Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of a wide range of
Village- Laddo, Sultanpur, secondary metabolites. Toxicological effects of different extracts of the
Kumar Hatti, District Solan,
fruit, stem, bark and leaf have been reported. In this review, we
Himachal Pradesh-173229.
provide up-to-date information on established toxicological and
pharmacological properties, as well as phytochemical constituents responsible for these
activities in Kigelia africana.

KEYWORDS: Kigelia Africana, bio-active compounds, toxicological effects, sausage tree,

fruit, flower, anticancer.

INTRODUCTION
Kigelia having botanical name Kigelia africana (syn. Kigelia pinnata, Kigelia aethiopica) is
commonly referred to as sausageor cucumber tree because of its huge sausage orcucumber-
like fruit. It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae. Due to its vast occurrence, it has multiple
names in many African languages: Uturubein(Igbo, Nigeria); Pandoro, Iyan (Yoruba,
Nigeria); Rawuya (Hausa, Nigeria); Bechi (Nupe, Nigeria); Umfongothi (Zulu, South
Africa); Mwegea (Swahili, Kenya,Tanzania)[1-2] and Ebie in Igala, Nigeria. In India (Hindi) it

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Suman et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

is known as Balmkheera.[3] Kigelia africana occurs throughout tropical Africa. It specially

grows well in wetter areas, spreading across riverine areas and the wetsavannah.[3] The tree
can grow up to 20m tall. It is an evergreen tree where rainfall occurs the whole year, but
deciduous where there is a long dry season. The flowers as well as fruits hang down words
from the on long flexible stems. Flowers are produced in panicles; they are bell-shaped,
orange to reddish or purplish green and about 10cm wide. Their fragrance is mostly observed
at night indicating pollination by bats, which visit them for pollen and nectar.[4] Kigelia
africana is famous by its huge fruits with weigh between 5 to 10kg.[5] The fruit is indehiscent,
with woody wall and heavily marked with lenticels at the surface. It is grey-brown and many
seeded when matured. The fruit is eaten by several species of wild animals that also disperse
the seeds in their dung.[4] Parts of the plant are used for treating a wide range of ailments
traditionally based mainly on cultural practices. The fruit is used to treat skin ailments like
fungal infections, boils, psoriasis and eczema. Dysentery, ringworm, tapeworm, postpartum
haemorrhage, malaria, diabetes and pneumonia are also treated with the fruit.[3] The fruit is
also applied for the treatment of solar keratosis and malignant melanoma.[6] The barkis used
to treat venereal diseases while the root is applied to treat ulcer.[3] This review on Kigelia
Africana is divided into biological activities such as anti-protozoal, antibacterial, antifungal
activities; pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anticancer,
anti-diarrhoeal, anti-ulcer effects as well as toxicological effects with the responsible
phytochemicals.

Uses of Kigelia Africana in traditional medicine and their pharmacological evaluation.

TRADITIONAL USES
The Kigelia plant have a long history of use by rural communities, especially for its
medicinal properties. These properties are found in all part of the tree, including fruit, bark,
roots and leaves, which are used for medical purposes.[6-7] The Kigelia plant have medicinal
properties not only because of its characteristics such as bitterness, astringent taste or smell
but also because of forces that it seems to emit in connection with its location, orientation and
association with other plants.[8-9] The plant possesses medicinal and traditional uses like
anticancer, antiulcer, anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-malarial. It is also widely applied in the
treatment of genital infections, gynecological disorders, renal ailments, fainting, epilepsy,
rheumatism, sickle-cell anemia, psoriasis, eczema, central nervous system depression,

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respiratory ailments, skin complaint, body weakness, leprosy, worm infestation and tumors
etc.[10]

Flower of Kigelia Fruit of Kigelia Leaves of Kigelia

Fig. Tree of Kigeliaafricana Or Sausage Tree.

Anti-Protozoal Activity
One of the several uses of Kigelia africana is for treating malaria7. In-vitro studies revealed
the efficacy of hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the root bark
against Plasmodium falciparum8 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. b.rhodesiense9, the
causative organisms for malaria and sleeping sickness respectively. The growth of
Entamoeba histolytica was also inhibited by the stem bark butanol extract10. Four compounds
that exhibited significant anti-plasmodia activity were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract
of Kigelia africana. Three of the four compounds showed good activity against all the
different parasite strains, the chloroquineresistant W-2 and two field isolates of Plasmodium
falciparum, with IC50<5μM.

Specicoside exhibited the highest activity on W-2 (IC50=1.5μM) followed by 2β, 3β, 19α-
trihydroxyurs- 12-en-28-oic acid (IC50=1.60μM) and atranorin (IC50=4.41μM) while p-

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hydroxycinnamic acid was the least active (IC50=53.84μM)11. Lapachol in the methanol
extract of the root and another compound (a quinone) obtained from the wood show anti-
malarial activity. Three iridoidsspecioside, verminiside and minecoside isolated from the
butanol extract of the stem bark possess ant-amoebic activity.[7] The anti-trypanosome
activity of the stem bark and root bark extracts are attributed to 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)- naphtho-
[2,3-b]-furan-4,9-quinone and three naphthoquinoids: isopinnatal, kigelinol and
isokigelinol.[9]

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

Various parts of Kigelia africana are employed totreat bacterial and fungal infections. In a
study to verify these properties, crude extracts of stem bark and fruits were prepared with
distilled water, ethanol or ethyl acetate. In the microtiter plate bioassay, the stem bark and
fruit extracts showed similar antibacterial effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria. A mixture of three fatty acids exhibiting antibacterial effects was isolated from the
ethyl acetate extract of the fruits using bioassayguided fractionation. Palmitic acid was the
major antibacterial compound in this mixture thus supporting the traditional use of the plant
in therapy of bacterial infections.[12] A biologically monitored fractionation of the methanolic
extracts of the root and fruits led to the isolation of the naphthoquinones, kigelinone,
isopinnatal, dehydro-α-lapachone and lapachol and the phenylpropanoids, ρ-coumaric acid
and ferulic acid as the compounds contributing to the observed antibacterial and antifungal
activities.[11] In another antibacterial and antifungal study using the agar diffusion technique,
Owolabi and co-workers[13] reported that like amoxicillin standard antibiotics, crude ethanolic
extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and
Candidaalbicans with zones of inhibition measuring 15.0±0.95 and 20.75±4.6 mm
respectively but the aqueous extract exhibited no antibacterial or antifungal activity. The
minimum inhibitory concentration for the ethanol extract was found to be 6.25±1.07mg/ml
for S. aureus and 7.92±1.52 mg/ml for C. albicans. In another report, it was also established
that the stem bark extract inhibited a number of harmful microorganisms, including
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.[14]
Similarly,evaluation of the antibacterial activities ofethanolic and aqueous extracts of Kigelia
africana fruit against multi drug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa showed that theethanolic
extract was more potent than theaqueous extract.[15]

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Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities

The use of the bark, stem, twigs, leaves and fruits of Kigelia africana to relieve rheumatism,
toothache and headache has been documented.[16] Picerno and co-workers[17] reported that the
anti-inflammatory property of Kigelia africana fruit polar extract was due to the constituent
verminoside. The compound is known to cause significant anti-inflammatory effects
inhibiting both iNOS expression and NO release in the LPS-induced J774.A1 macrophage
cell line. The ethanolic extract of the stem bark has been evaluated for analgesic property
using acetic acid induced mouse writhing and hot plate reaction time; and anti-inflammatory
property using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The extract showed a dose dependent
significant reduction of the number of writhes with 500mg/kg body weight dose giving the
highest reduction. In the carrageenan-induced paw oedema, a dose dependent significant
inhibition was observed (p<0.001) between the second and the fifth hour, confirming that the
ethanolic stem bark extract has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators has been
suggested to be responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.[18]

Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity
One important local use of Kigelia africana is the use of the leaf for treating diarrhea.[19] An
administration of a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg of aqueous leaf extract to experimental animals
caused anti-diarrhea activity. It also reduced the reduced fecal output in castor oil – induced
diarrhea in animals and remarkably decreased the propulsive movement of the gastro-
intestinal contents.[2] On the isolated guinea pig ileum, the extract did not appreciably affect
acetylcholine and histamine induced contractions. In an anti-diarrhoeal activity studied using
castor oil to induce diarrhea in rats (in vivo) and using isolated jejunum, 500 and 1000mg/kg
ethanol root extract (in vitro) significantly reduced the frequency of diarrheal stool and the
spontaneous propulsive movement of isolated jejunum.[2] Kigelia africana root extract also
produced reversible inhibition of acetylcholine induced mobility of isolated rabbit jejunum.
The observed spasmolytic effects of the extract may explain its continual use in the
management of chronic abdominal pains associated with diarrhea.[2]

Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities

Like many other African food[20] and medicinal plants,[21–24] use of Kigelia africana to
manage diabetes is traditionally practiced and reported.[2-3] The anti-diabetic activity and the
antioxidant effect were studied.[25] Also, in a polyherbal preparation, ADD-199,

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Kigeliaafricana is in combination with three other plants: Maytenus senegalenses, Annona

senegalensis and Lannea welwitchii. The anti-diabetic andantioxidant effects were
investigated instreptozotocin induced diabetic C3H mice andresults were compared with two
allopathichypoglycemic drugs, glibenclamide andmetformin. Plasma glucose, insulin and
lipids aswell as liver glycogen and lipid peroxidation weremeasured following treatment for
eight weeks. The results indicated that plasma insulin levels innormal controls at termination
were about76μmol/L compared to trace levels in untreateddiabetic mice. Like glibenclamide,
ADD-199 increased insulin levels in diabetic mice up to 70% of levels in untreated non-
diabetic mice whilst metformin had no effect. Also, basal plasma glucose levels in diabetic
controls (18.8mM) were reduced to 14.0mM by 100mg/kg ADD-199 in < 2 weeks compared
to 4 to 6 weeksfor and metformin, respectively. This hypoglycemic effect of ADD-199 was
associated with the alkaloidal content of the extract. Treatment with ADD-199 or the
hypoglycemic agents reversed the observed elevation in plasma lipids but increased hepatic
glycogen, triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. Treatment also increased hepatic glucose
uptake by isolated diaphragms and attenuated hepatic lipid peroxidation. These anti-
hyperglycemic and antioxidant actions of ADD-199 were comparable to those of the
maximum daily therapeutic doses of glibenclamide (0.25mg/kg) and metformin at
50mg/kg.[25] Olaleye and Rocha[26] carried out an ex-vivoassessment of the antioxidant
property of Kigelia africana extracts in rat liver homogenate. Administration of different pro-
oxidants: 10 μM iron (II) sulphate, (FeSO4), 5μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and 2mM 3-
nitropropionic acid led to increased formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
(TBARS), which indicates lipid peroxidation in the liver. Administration of Kigelia africana
statistically (p<0.05) reduced the production of TBARS in a concentration-dependent manner
in all the prooxidant- induced oxidative stress, suggesting that the use of the plant in the
treatment of various diseases, especially liver diseases could be due to its ability to act as an
antioxidant.[26] Saini and co-workers[3] attributed the antioxidant potential of Kigelia africana
to caffeic acid derivatives and other compounds unique to the plant.

Anti-Ulcer Effect of Kigelia Africana

The use of Kigelia africana fruit, bark and root to treat ulcer has been reported.[3] Owolabi
and N worgu investigated the anti-ulcer activity of the ethanol extract of Kigelia africana
stem bark in Wistar albino rats. In both preventive and curative models of ulcer respectively
induced by absolute ethanol and indomethacin, the extract caused marked inhibition of

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ulceration, suggesting a dose-dependent gastro-protective effect by the plant in the two

models of ulcer.[27]

Toxicity of Kigelia africana

Acute toxicity
In a study on the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of the bark in experimental rats, Sharma
and colleagues,[28] reported that it was safe up to 5g/kg. A determination of acute toxicity of
themethanol fruit extract using male Sprague-Dawley rats showed that the extract was
welltolerated by the animals as there were noob servable signs of acute toxicity effects like
restiveness, seizure or dizziness after the administration of 400mg/kg. However,
at6400mg/kg, the animals showed signs of toxicitylike jerks and writhes with 60% death.
At12, 800mg/kg there was 80% death of theanimals. The LD50 was estimated from a log
dosecurve to be 3,981.07 mg/kg.[29-31] In another study, 100mg/Kg aqueous extract was
administered to rats induced with acetaminophen liver toxicity. The extract countered the
effect of acetaminophen on the activities of as part atetransaminase (AST), alanine
transaminase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), gluthathione peroxidase
(GPx) and δ-aminolevulinate dehydrogenase (δ-ALA-D). This suggests that the extract can
act ashapatoprotective agent against toxicity possibly through its antioxidant action.[26]

Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity

The administration of the aqueous anti-diabetic polyherbal extract ADD-199 containing
Kigeliaafricana and three other plants at a daily dose of100 or 500mg/kg body weight over
30 days, to male Wistar albino rats appeared to show no effect on many hematological,
urinary and plasma biochemical parameters. It also had noeffect on some modulators of some
hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes normally measured as indices of organ specific
toxicity or potential for drug interactions. Specifically ADD-199 containing Kigelia africana
did not affect plasma AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin or creatinine
kinase (CK) levels.[25] It also did not affect plasma creatinine and urea levels. Furthermore,
ADD-199 neither affected packed cell volume (PCV), nor the levels of red blood cells
(RBC), reticulocytes, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocyte. It however, caused significant
dose-dependent reductions in white blood cell counts at day 15 with varying degrees of
recovery by day 30. ADD-199 also reduced the rate of body weight increases after week 3.
However, no changes were observed in organ weight at termination. The ADD-199 did not
significantly affect zoxazolamine induced paralysis and pentobarbital-induced sleeping times

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as well as certain CYP isozyme activities in rats, suggesting that ADD-199 had no overt
organ specific toxicity and did not demonstrate a potential for drug interactions via CYP-
mediated metabolism in rats following sub-chronic administration[25] The protective effect of
methanol extract of Kigelia africana fruit extract against cis-platin induced renal toxicity in
male rats has been studied[29] The rats treated with cisplatin for 28 days, suffered loss in body
weight, elevation in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels as well as tubular
necrosis. Pre-treatment with Kigelia africana fruit methanol extract as a prophylaxis
significantly prevented these changes. Though post-treatment of animals with the extract after
cisplatin treatment did not completely restore serum catalase activity, it caused some
alleviating effects, suggesting that Kigelia africana fruit extract may protect against cisplatin-
induced renal toxicity, and hence might serve as a novel agent to limit renal injury.[29]

Cytotoxic activity
The cytotoxicity of hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, ethanol and methanol extracts
ofdifferent parts of Kigelia africana has been studied on Artemia salina using the brine
shrimplethalitytest (BSLT). Some workers have reported moderate toxicity of the ethanol
extractof the root and fruit at a dosage of 593 and 124μg/ml respectively while the ethyl
acetate extract of the fruit was also moderately toxic at495μg/ml. Other workers31-32 reported
a moderate cytotoxicity of ethanol extract of the fruit to Artemia salina at a dosage of
1000μg/ml.

Molluscidal and Piscidal Effects

The molluscidal and piscidal effects of the aqueous extract of Kigelia africana bark has been
reported33. In a study to evaluate the piscidal effect of Kigelia africana aqueous bark extract
against Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, graded concentrations of the extract, 40,80,120ppm
were prepared into which twenty fingerlings were added in replicates. The toxicity test lasted
24 hours during which observations were made at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours. Varying
degrees of mortality was recorded, with 100% death after 4 hours in the tank of 120ppm
concentration and the causative agent identified as coumarins[32] Table 1 summarizes the
toxic effects of Kigelia africana extracts on different species of animals.

Anticancer Activity
There are many reports in literature suggesting the use of Kigelia africana to either prevent or
to treat cancer.[4-34-35] In a study to determine the effect of Kigelia africana seed oil on cell
proliferation in culture, human colon adeno carcinoma (Caco-2) and human embryonic

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kidney (HEK-293) cells were maintained and treated with various concentrations (0, 20, 40,
80, 100 and 120mg/l) of Kigelia africana seed oil. The trypan blue dye exclusion method was
used to determine cell growth 48 hours after oil treatment. The seed oil suppressed both
Caco-2 and HEK-293 cell growth in a dose dependent manner. The seed oil did not cause
increase cell death as the number dead cells remained unchanged under control and oil-
treated conditions. The oil significantly suppressed Caco-2 cell growth compared to HEK-
293 cell growth at all oil concentrations. The suppression of Caco-2 and HEK-293 cell
proliferation by Kigelia africana seed oil suggest a potential anti-proliferative effect of the oil
on the two cell lines.[36] Methanolic extract of the root of Kigelia Africana contains the
constituent lapachol[34] which is reported to be effective in the treatment of solar keratosis,
skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, an HIV-related skin ailment.[35] Serial dilutions of
standardized aqueous, ethanol and dichloromethane extracts of the stem bark and fruits of
Kigelia africana were tested for their growth inhibitory effects against four melanoma cell
lines and a renal cell carcinoma line (Caki-2) using two different assays (3-(4,5-
Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT and Sulforhodamine B, SRB
assays). Lapachol, a possible constituent of these extracts, together with known therapeutic
anti-neoplastic agents evaluated this way, showed significant inhibitory activity of the
dichloromethane extract of the stem bark and lapachol in a dose-dependent and
timedependent manner. Chemo-sensitivity of the melanoma cell lines to the stem bark was
greater than that seen for the renal adenocarcinoma line, but in marked contrast sensitivity to
lapachol was similar amongst the five cell lines, suggesting that lapachol is the active
ingredient that exhibit anti-cancer property.[37]

Toxic effects of Kigelia africana extracts on different species of animals

S. Animal Observed Plant
Extract Dose Route Reference
No. Species effect part
Protective
effect
Sprague- against
500mg/kg
1 Dawley cisplatin- Fruit Methanol Oral 29
100mg/kg
rats induced
kidney oxidant
injury
No overt organ
Wistar specific
100-
2 albino toxicity and Fruit Aqueous Oral 25
500mg/kg
Rats did not
demonstrate a

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potential
for drug
interaction via
cytochrome
P450-
mediated
metabolism
Ethanol
Root 593μg/ml
Artemia Moderate Ethanol Whole
3 Fruit 124μg/ml 31
Salina toxicity Ethyl body
Fruit 495μg/ml
acetate
Increased
opercular
ventilation and
tail fin Oral/whole
4 Fish Bark Aqueous 52
beat leading to body
eventual
fatigue and
eventual death
Artemia Moderate Whole
5 Fruit Ethanol 7500μg/ml 50
Salina cytotoxicity body
Reversed the
effects of
severe hepatic
6 Mice necrosis Leaves Aqueous 100mg/kg Oral 26
induced by a
large dose of
paracetamol
Artemia Whole
7 Low toxicity Leaves Methanol 250μgml 51
Salina body

Effect on the Central Nervous System

Among the variety of uses of Kigelia africana is in the treatment of epilepsy, CNS
stimulating activity and as antidotes against snake poisons. Snake bite antidotes are made
with an infusion of the fruits, stem, leaves, twig or bark taken orally or rubbed onto the
bite.[38] The CNS stimulant activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract has been verified.[39]
The barbiturate induced sleeping time and the Rota rod bar were used to study the effect of
the extract on muscle coordination in mice. The results showed that the extract at all doses
tested reduced the duration of sleeping time when compared to the control group that
received distilled water. This difference in sleeping time was significant (p<0.0001 at all
doses tested) and was found to be dose dependent. Its effect was also compared with caffeine
(a known stimulant) and the extract gave a shorter duration of sleeping time compared to
caffeine (p<0.05 at 400 mg/kg dose) indicating best stimulant properties. In comparison with
diazepam, the extract at all doses tested also gave a statistically significant shorter duration of

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sleep (p<0.0001). On the Rota rod, the extract had no sedative effect as the animals
maintained their balance on the rod through the entire period of the experiment.[39]

Effects on Animal Reproductive Organs and Reproductive System

In traditional medicine, sexual complaints such as infertility, poor libido, sexual asthenia and
impotence are treated with herbal prescriptions containing the fruit, roots or leaves of Kigelia
africana. A small amount of unripe fruit is chewed or an aqueous preparation of the fruit is
taken orally as a sexual stimulant, and the intoxicating traditional beer to which they are
added is drunk as an aphrodisiac.[5] The fruits are also applied on the breast to improve flow
of milk in lactating women.[3] Kigelia africana fruit aqueous extract has been successfully
used as fertility enhancing agent in rats.[40] The steroidal components are thought to enhance
reproductive ability since steroids as androgen and estrogen have shown to contain fertility
properties necessary for the improvement and production of reproductive organs.[41] A study
to investigate the effects of varying dietary supplementation of Kigelia africana on the sperm
quality and fertility in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus showed that dietary inclusion of the
plant positively affected some parameters of sperm quality in the fish with increases in sperm
counts, percentage motility, milt volume and motility duration.[41]

Use as Cosmetics
Traditionally, Kigelia africana is used as cosmetic to enhance beauty.[5] Some preparations
contain extract of one or more parts of the plant, mainly the fruit, stem bark or the pendulum
(where the fruit hangs from, or a product thereof). Typically, the preparation contains 50%
extract mixed with carrier, excipients and colorants (Sumobrain TM). Aqueous or alcohol
extracts are ideal for water based cosmetic products such as gels, lotion, water or oil
emulsions and creams. The products are used to make anti-ageing and regenerating skin care
products, skin tightening cosmetics such as bust firming products. Anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antibacterial agents are other products that are commercially made from
Kigelia africana.

Diuretic Activity
The diuretic activity of Kigelia africana aqueous bark extract was investigated by the
determination of urine volume, electrolyte concentration and diuretic potency in male albino
rats. Different concentrations of the extract, 250 and 500mg/kg were orally administered to
hydrated rats and their urine output was immediately measured after 5 hours of treatment.
Furosemide (10mg/kg) was used as reference drug while normal saline (0.9%) was used as

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control. The result showed that the bark extract exhibited dose dependent diuretic property.
The onset of diuretic action was within 1 hour and lasted up to 5 hours, with 500mg/kg
displaying a potency of 0.8 and 250mg/kg, respectively. The extract also caused a marked
increase in Na+, K+ and Cl- labels.[28] The result suggests that the aqueous extract possess
significant diuretic activity, justifying its use in folk medicine for kidney and urinary
disorders.

Nutritional Value
Kigelia africana provides a nutritious source of food during times of famine when the seeds
are roasted to eat. The fruit and bark are used in the brewing process to aid fermentation and
enhance the flavor of traditional beer. The fruit pulp is not edible as it may cause blistering of
the tongue and skin. However, fallen fruits along with leaves and flowers are browsed or
foraged by livestock and wildlife.[5] In a study of the effect of Kigelia africana fruit meal
(KAFM) on sperm quality of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, the KAFM supplement may
have enhanced nutrient utilization which is reflected by improvement in weight gain by
testes.[40] The pro-fertility effect of dried fruit meal (KAFM) was investigated on
reproductive performance of female Clarias gariepinus fed with increasing levels for 90 days
in relation to egg production and quality (number, shape, structure, fecundity) and
hatchability (percentile fertilization, percentile hatching, percentile survival). The decrease in
percentile deformity in hatchlings of Clariasgariepinus fed dietary KAFM compared with the
control diet suggest that KAFM improves the quality of larvae. The highest percentile
survival of hatchlings was recorded in the fish fed with dietary KAFM (100g KAFM/kg diet).
Egg sizes for fish fed the control diet and dietary levels revealed no significant difference in
egg size. The result showed that dried KAFM had greater fertility on male than on female
Clariasgariepinus.[42]

Phytochemistry of Various Parts Kigelia Africana

The occurrence of secondary metabolites in different parts of Kigelia africana is responsible
for its several medicinal applications. These compounds include naphtha quinones, iridoids,
sterols, coumarins, flavonoids and alkaloids among others[3-43-44] Structures of isolated
compounds have been characterized and identified using gas chromatography, ultraviolet
spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and other spectroscopic
techniques like, mass spectrometry, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The use of

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Kigelia africana in traditional African medicines has been verified by corresponding

pharmacological properties.

Chemical Constituents of Kigelia africana Fruit

Gouda and colleagues[45] reported that a new furanone derivative formulated as 3- (2'-
hydroxyethyl) – 5 - (2'' hydroxypropyl) dihydrofuran – 2 - (3H)one and four new iridoids
named: 7- hydroxyviteoid II, 7-hydroxyeucommic acid, 7 - hydroxy-10-deoxyeucommiol and
10- deoxyeucommiol have been isolated from the fruits in addition to seven known iridoids
namely, jiofuran, jioglutolide, 1-dehydroxy - 3, 4 - dihydroaucubigenin, des – p – hydroxy
benzoyl kisasagenol B, ajugol, verminoside and 6- transcaffeoyl ajugol. Further
phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Kigelia Africana yielded a new phenylpropanoid
derivative identified as 6-p-coumaroylsucrose together with ten known phenylpropanoid and
phenylethanoid derivatives and a flavonoid glycoside.[46] A biologically monitored
fractionation of the fruit led to the isolation and identification of the naphthoquinones,
kigelinone, isopinnatal, dehydro-alpha lapachol and the phenylpropanoids p-coumaric acid
and ferulic acid.

Chemical Constituents of Kigelia africana Stem

A study of the antimicrobial properties of the aqueous stem bark extract of Kigelia Africana
revealed the presence of two naphtha quinones kigelinone and isopinnatal.[44-3] Three known
iridoids: specioside, verminoside and minecoside have also been isolated from the stem
bark[47] The dichloromethane extract of the stem bark contain naphthoquinones which possess
anti trypanosomal properties[3-4] while kigelin, β- sitosterol, 1, 3-dimethylkigelin and ferulic
acid have been isolated from the bark, while the isolation of kigelinol from the wood and
balaphonin from the stem bark have been reported.[19-48]

Chemical Constituents of Kigelia africana Root

Earlier workers[47] reported the isolation and identification of the naphthoquinones,
kigelinone, isopinnatal, dehydro-alpha-lapachol and the phenylpropanoids p-coumaric acid
and ferulic acid from the root of Kigelia africana. Steroids, iridoids and coumarins have been
isolated from the root bark[48] as well as three isocoumarins: 6-methoxymellein, kigelin and
6-demethylkigelin.[49] The isolation of kiglin and 6 methoxymellein together with two known
compounds, stigmasterol and lapachol from the root has also been reported[37]
Naphthoquinones that possess anti-trypanosomal and antiprotozoal properties[50-53] have been

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reported in the dichloromethane extract of the root[3-4-54-55] while two non-quinonoid

aldehydes, norviburtinaland pinnatal have been obtained from the root bark.[4-37]

Chemical Constituents of Kigelia africana Leaf

The hexane extract of the leaf of Kigelia Africana has been reported to be rich in
hydrocarbons and some volatile compounds. In a study that qualitatively and quantitatively
analyzed the hexane extract for various chemical compositions, it was revealed to contain
twelve compounds with the major ones identified as nhentriacontane,1-tricosene, 11- (2, 2-
dimethylpropylheneicosane, 2, 6, 10-trimethyldodecane, penta fluoroheptadecyl ester, 2-
ethylhexyloctadecyl sulfurous acid ester, heneicosane and hexyloctylsulfurous acid
ester[55,56,57] Others are 4, 4-dimethylundecane, methyl-12-methyltetradecanoate, 1-
iodohexadecane and 1-iododecane.Hentriacontane have been reported to have a possible anti-
tumor activity while methyl-12-methyltetradecanoate has also been reported for its inhibition
capacity on the development of coneal angiogenesis, which is responsible for blindness and
other infections[44] Flavonoids and iridoids[45] and a 7- O- glucoside[9-37] have also been found
in the leaves (Table 2). The structural formulae of some of the chemical constituents isolated
from Kigelia africana are presented in Fig. 1. Considering the pharmacological and
therapeutic efficacies of many phyto chemicals isolated from different parts of Kigelia
africana in experimental models, it would be worthwhile to synthesize the active components
in large quantities for testing in higher animals like monkeys and chimpanzees preparatory to
large scale clinical trials in humans before their deployment as therapeutic agents in humans.
However, since the synthesis of many phyto chemicals can be unbelievably difficult,[21] it is
recommended that this plant be included as protected species in communities where they are
found, and plantations of this plant be established as immediate source of the identified active
ingredients for the clinical trials.

2-acetylnaphthao [2, 3-b] furan-4, 9-quinone Caffeic acid

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1, 4 Benzoquinone 2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-2-acetylnaptho-[2, 3-b]-furan-4,9-dione

Coumaric acid Ferulic acid

KIgelin Kigelinol Isokigelinol

Lapachol Luteolin

Norviburtinal R=OH, R’ = H Pinnatal

R=H, R’ =OH Isopinnatal

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Sitosterol Stigmasterol

Structural formulae of some compounds found in Kigelia africana

S/No Compound Plant Part Bioactivity Reference
1. Kigelinone Stem bark Antibacterial, Antifungal 48-14-11
Antibacterial, 14-8-35-
2. Isopinnatal Stem bark
Antifungal, Anti-malaria 11
3. Kigelinol Stem bark Anti-malaria 8
4. Isokigelinol Stem bark Anti-malaria 9-35
5. Lapachol Anti-cancer 11-34
6. Dehydro-alpha-lapachone Stem bark 11
2-(1-hydroxyethyl)naphtha
Stem bark
[2,3-b] furan-4,9- quinine
Wood 9-53-54-
7. Kigeliol Anti-trypanosoma
Stem bark 55
Balaphonin
Bark
Β-Sitosterol
8. Caffeic acid Bark Cytotoxicity 12
9. Specioside Stem bark Antibacterial, Antifungal 47
10. Verminoside Stem bark 47-45-16
11. Minecoside Stem bark 47
Carbohydrates, alkaloids,
12. tannins, saponins and Fruit 43
glycosides
13. 7-Hydroxyviteoid II Fruit 45
14. 7-Hydroxyeucommic acid Fruit 45
15. 7-Hydroxy-10-deoxyeucomiol Fruit 45
16. 10-Deoxyeucommiol Fruit 45
17. Jiofuran Fruit 45
18. Jioglutolide Fruit 45
1-Dehydroxy-3,4-dihydroxy-
19. 3,4- Fruit 45
dihydroaucubigenin
des-p-hydroxybenzoyl
20. Fruit 45
kisasagenol B
21. Ajugol Fruit 45
22. 6-trans caffeoyl ajugol Fruit 45
23. 6-p-Coumaroyl sucrose Fruit 45
24. β-Sitosterol Fruit 54-55

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Suman et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

25. Quercetin Fruit 12

26. Luteolin Fruit 12
3-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-5-(2''-
hydroxypropyl)
27. Fruit 45
Dihydrofuran-2-(3H)one
Isocoumarins
28. 6-Methoxymellein Root 56
29. Kigelin Root 56
30. 6-Demethylkigelin Root 56
31. 3-Dimethylkigelin Root 56
Phenylpropanoids
32. Root bark Antibacterial, Antifungal 11-12
p-Coumaric acid
33. Ferulic acid Root bark 11-12
34. Stigma sterol Root bark 56
Non-quinonoid aldehydes
35. Root bark 57
Norviburtinal
36. Pinnatal Root bark 57
Hydrocarbons
37. Leaf Antitumor 44
n-Hentriacontane
38. 1-Tricosene Leaf 44
11-(2,2-
39. Leaf 44
Dimethylpropyl)heneicosane
40. 2,6,10-Trimethyldodecane Leaf 44
41. Heneicosane Leaf 44
42. 4,4-Dimethylundecane Leaf 44
43. Pentafluoroheptadecyl ester Leaf 44
2-ethylhexyloctadecyl
44. Leaf 44,12
sulphurous acid ester
Hexyloctyl sulphurous acid
45. Leaf 44
Ester
Methyl-12- Inhibition of corneal
46. Leaf 44
methyltetradecanoate angiogenesis
47. 1-Iododecane Leaf 44
48. 11-Iodohexadecane Leaf 44

SUMMARY
Kigelia Africana is a medicinal plant with lot of properties and activities. This plant possesses
various secondary metabolites. It occur widely with lot of common names. Kigelia Africana
have biological as well as pharmacological activities. The whole plant is very much useful, as
its every part like stem, fruit, root, bark, leaves etc. All have a medicinal value. This plant is
highly which in pharmaceutical activities.

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Suman et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Geographical Abstract

Different parts of Kigelia africana

(Fruit, Flower, leaves and seeds)
Qualitative Phytochemical analysis
 Alkalods
 Flavinoids
 Tannis
 Saponins
 Steroids
 Cardiac Glycosides
 Lapachol
 Kigelin

Note-(+) Means Positive, (-) Means Negative

Phytochemical Fruit Leaves Flower Seeds
Alkaloids + + + +
Flavonoids + + + +
Tannins + + + +
Saponins + + + +
Steroids - - - -
Glycosides + + + +
Xanthones - - - -
Terponiods + + + +
Triglycerides - - - -
Kigelin + + + +
Lapachol + + + +

CONCLUSION
With the extensive folk medicinal applications and, wide occurrence of Kigelia africana,
considerable interest has developed to scientifically prove the medicinal claims. The studies

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Suman et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

have led to the revelation that the diverse groups of natural products such as coumarins,
naphtha quinones, sterols among others are present in different parts of the plant. Also,
justlike in other members of the Bignoniaceae family, Kigelia africana is known for iridoids
that accumulate differentially in flowers and roots. Because of this it is needed to isolate and
quantification of such chemicals for clinical trials and Toxicological trials in higher animals
like apes, monkeys and chimpanzees preparatory to clinical trials in human and subsequent
deployment as viable chemical lead for development of new class of therapeutic agents for
treatment and management of various diseases that afflict man and his domestic and
economic animals. Thus to conclude by considering all the scientific reports from previous
researchers, the present review will give an insight information about Kigelia pinnata
because of its various pharmacological application like analgesic, anti-diabetic, wound
healing, antioxidant and many more. The therapies which are adapted from the allopathy are
limited due to its efficacy, serious adverse effects and costly preparations.

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