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2. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

PAST YEAR TREND ANALYSIS NEET (2012-22)

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Exam Difficulty level Revision Rating Total number of Questions

NEET 4 8 326

CHAPTER’S HEAVY WEIGHT

➢ Systems of Biological Classification

➢ Monera, Protista and Fungi
➢ Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

NEED OF CLASSIFICATION

ARISTOTLE

Earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification

↓
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Used simple morphological characters to classify plants into→

↓

Trees Shrubs Herbs

He classified Animals as
↓
Enaima Anaima
(with red blood) (without red blood)
↓

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

↓
1. Two Kingdom Classification
↓
Carolus Linnaeus(1758)→(Father of Taxonomy System)
↓
Divide all the living organisms into 2 kingdoms→
↓
Plantae Animalia
↓
↓
Two kingdom System
↓
Plantae Animalia
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Algae Coelenterata
Fungi Porifera
Bacteria Platyhelminthes
Bryophyta Mollusca
Pteridophyta Nemathelminthes
Spermatophyta Annelida
Echinodermata
Chordata

↓
LIMITATIONS/ DEMERITS
↓
Did not distinguish between
↓
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes, Unicellular and Multicellular Photosynthetic (green algae) and
organisms and Non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.

↓
Thus, it was found inadequate.
↓
Besides gross morphology a need to include other characteristics like-

cell structure Nature of wall Mode of nutrition Habitat Methods of Evolutionary

reproduction relationship

2. Three kingdom Classification- Added New Kingdom Protista

↓
Ernst Haeckel (1866)→(Included Protista)
↓
Classified Living Organisms into
↓
Plantae Protista Animalia
↓
Included all those organisms which lack the capability of tissue differentiation.
↓
These are algae, fungi, protozoans, bacteria and slime moulds.
↓ Later
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Protista was reserved only for unicellular organisms.
↓
Limitations
↓
1. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes were not separated
↓
2. Both unicellular and multicellular organisms were kept together in Protista

3. Four Kingdom Classification- Added New Kingdom Monera

↓
Copeland (1956)→(Included Monera)
↓
Thus, we can say that Protista came before Monera.
Monera Protista

Plantae Animalia
↓
Fungi continued to remain with Plantae in this system

4. Five Kingdom Classification

↓
RH Whittaker (1969)
↓
Criteria for classification used by Whittaker
↓
Main Criteria used by him was
↓
Cell structure
Mode of nutrition
Thallus organisation
Reproduction
Phylogenetic Relationships
↓
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Issues and considerations that influenced the Five Kingdom Classification System

Earlier classification systems included

↓
Bacteria Blue green algae Fungi Mosses

Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms ---

↓
Under Plants
↓
Character that unified this →whole kingdom →was that all organisms included → had a cell
wall in their cells.
↓
This placed together groups →which widely differ in other characteristics.
↓
It brought together prokaryotic bacteria + blue green algae (cyanobacteria) with other groups
→ eukaryotic.
↓
It also Grouped together unicellular + multicellular →e.g. Chlamydomonas (unicelluiar)and
Spirogyra (multicellular) were placed together ↓ algae.
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↓
Classification did not differentiate between heterotrophic fungi + autotrophic green plants
↓
→ though they showed a charac. diff. in cell wall comp. → Fungi→ have chitin while green
plants → have cellulose in their cell wall.
↓
When such characteristics were considered
↓
Fungi → placed in a separate kingdom →Kingdom Fungi.
↓
All prokaryotic organisms were grouped under→ Kingdom Monera
↓And
All unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in → Kingdom Protista
↓
Kingdom Protista
↓ has
Brought together
Chlamydomonas, Chlorella Paramoecium, Amoeba
(Earlier placed in algae within plants, both (Earlier placed in animalia which lack cell
having cell walls) wall)
↓
It has put together organisms, which in earlier classifications, were placed in different
kingdoms.

ATTEMPTS TO EVOLVE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

↓
Reflects not only
↓
Morphological
↓
Physiological
↓
Reproductive →Similarities but is also
↓
Phylogenetic → i.e., based on
↓
evolutionary relationships.

Types of Classification
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● 1. Who was the first to attempt a more scientific basis of classification?
● (a) Linnaeus
● (b) Aristotle
● (c) Whittaker
● (d) Bentham and Hooker
● 2. Aristotle classified plants in herbs, shrubs and trees on the basis of
● (a) Anatomical feature
● (b) Morphological characters
● (c) Physiological characters
● (d) Biochemical characters
● 3. In how many groups, Aristotle divided animals on the basis of presence/absence of
RBC?
● (a) 1
● (b) 2
● (c) 3
● (d) 4
● 4. Two kingdom classification does not distinguish between
● (a) Eukaryote and prokaryote.
● (b) Unicellular and multicellular organisms.
● (c) Photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
● (d) All the above
● 5. In which year, Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification?
● (a) 1960
● (b) 1959
● (c) 1969.
● (d) 1979
● 6. Whittaker's kingdoms are
● (a) Plantae and Animalia
● (b) Monera and Protista
● (c) Fungi
● (d) All of these
● 7. How many main criteria were used by Whittaker for classification?
● (a) 1
● ( b) 3
● (c) 4
● (d) 5
● 8. What is/are the criteria used by Whittaker for classification?
● (1) Cell structure
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● (2) Thallus organization
● (3) Mode of nutrition
● (4) Mode of reproduction
● (5) Phylogenetic relationship
● (6) Biochemical difference
● (7) Physiological character
● (a) All except (5) and (6)
● (b) All except (5) and (7)
● (c) All except (6) and (7)
● (d) All except (3) and (4)
● 9. In earlier classification (like two kingdoms), which of the following are
included in plants?
● (1) Bacteria, blue green algae and fungus.
● (2) Mosses and fern.
● (3) Gymnosperms and angiosperm.
● (a) (1) only
● (b) (2) and (3) only
● (c)(3) only
● (d) All of these
● 10. What is common to bacteria, mosses and fungus?
● (a) Mode of nutrition
● (b) Presence of cell wall
● (c) Autotrophic
● (d) Body organization
● 11. All prokaryotic groups are put under kingdom
● (a) Monera
● (b) Plantae
● (c) Fungi
● (d) Protista
● 12. Kingdom Protista contains
● (a) Blue green algae
● (b) Fungi
● (c) Unicellular eukaryotes
● (d) All of these
● 13. Chlamydomonas, chlorella, paramecium and amoeba are placed in which
kingdom of Whittaker's classification?
● (a) Monera
● (b) Plantae
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● (c) Fungi
● (d) Protista
● 14. Unicellular eukaryotes are put in which of the following groups?
● (a) Bacteria
● (b) Fungi
● (c) Protista
● (d) Plantae
● 15. Phylogeny refers to
● (a) Morphology
● (b) Physiology
● (c) Reproduction
● (d) Evolutionary relationship
● 16. Which of the following statements is not true for cell wall?
● (a) Non-cellulosic in fungi.
● (b) Present in some protists.
● (c) Cellulosic in Plantae.
● (d) Present in Animalia.
● 17. Which body organization is found in Protista?
● (a) Cellular
● (b) Tissue
● (C) Organ
● (d) Organ system

KINGDOM- MONERA

↓
Bacteria are--sole members of the kingdom Monera.
↓

Are the most abundant microorganisms

↓
Occur almost everywhere
↓
Live in extreme habitats →hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans
↓
Many of them →Parasites

GROUPING OF BACTERIA
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↓
Criteria
↓
Based on Shape
↓
Cocci Bacilli Spirillum Vibrio
(spherical) (Rod) (Spiral) (Comma)
DIAGRAM

Fig. Bacteria of different shapes

Bacterial Structure

↓
Simple
↓
Complex in behaviour
↓
Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
↓
May be
↓
Autotrophic Photosynthetic autotrophic Or Chemosynthetic Heterotrophic
autotrophic

Synthesise food Depend on other organisms

from inorganic or on dead organic matter for
substrates food.

Nutrition

↓
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Are mixotrophic
↓
Show both autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition
Types
↓
On the basis of mode of nutrition
↓
Autotrophic Bacteria Heterotrophic Bacteria
↓ ↓
Synthesise their own food from inorganic Depend on other organisms or on dead
substrates organic matter for food
↓
Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic
autotrophic autotrophic

STRUCTURE

SIX KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

↓
Introduced by → Carl Woese
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↓
Also known as
↓
Three Domain System
↓
Organisms are classified into
↓
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
↓
Mainly used basic principles of 5 kingdom system but
↓
Divides
↓
Monera
↓
Two domains
↓
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
↓
And other
↓
Eukaryotes in third kingdom

Living organisms

↓
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

↓ ↓ ↓
Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia

Archaebacteria

↓
Are special bacteria → (Harsh Habitat)
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↓
As they live in extreme condition of the environment
↓
Three major types
↓
Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Methanogens

Salty areas Hot springs Marshy areas

↓
They differ from other bacteria
↓
In having
↓
Different cell wall structure →Feature responsible for their survival in extreme
conditions.
↓
Methanogens
↓

↓
Present in several ruminant animals → Cows and Buffaloes
↓
Responsible for production of
↓
Methane (biogas)
↓
From the dung of these animals
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EUBACTERIA

↓
True Bacteria
↓
Characterised by
↓
Presence of rigid cell wall, & if motile → have flagellum
↓
Divided into
↓
Bacteria Cyanobacteria

CYANOBACTERIA
(Blue green algae)

↓
Have chlorophyll a similar to green plants & are
↓
photosynthetic autotrophs
↓
● Cyanobacteria are Unicellular,
colonial/filamentous, fresh
water/marine or terrestrial algae.
● Colonies are surrounded by
gelatinous sheath.
● Often form blooms in polluted water
bodies.
● Can fixed atmospheric nitrogen in
specialised cells → heterocysts.
● e.g. Nostoc,
Fig. A filamentous blue-green algae-
Nostoc

Nostoc Anabaena.

↓
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Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
↓
Oxidises
↓
Various inorganic substances
↓
Nitrates nitrites and ammonia

↓&
Used release energy for their → ATP production.
↓
Play a great role in
↓
Recycling nutrients like
↓

Nitrogen Phosphorus Iron & sulphur

Heterotrophic Bacteria

↓
Abundant in nature
↓
Majority are important decomposers
↓
Significant impact on human affairs
↓
Helpful in making
↓
curd from milk production of antibiotics fixing nitrogen in legume roots
↓
Some are pathogens causing damage to
↓
Human beings Crops Farm animals & Pets
↓
Diseases like
↓
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Cholera Typhoid Tetanus Citrus canker

↓
Reproduction
↓
Bacteria reproduce mainly by
↓
Fission Spores Sexual reproduction
(unfavourable conditions) Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
(Adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from 1 bacterium to other)

MYCOPLASMA

Are organisms that

↓
Completely lack a cell wall
↓
Are Smallest living cells
↓
Can survive without O2
↓
Many are pathogenic in → Plants and animals.

Kingdom Monera

● 18. Kingdom Monera contains

● (a) Bacteria
● (b) Dinoflagellates
● (c) Slime moulds
● (d) Euglenoids
● 19. The most abundant microorganisms are
● (a) Bacteria
● (b) Virus
● (c) Amoeba
● (d) Paramecium
● 20. Which of the following statement is incorrect about bacteria?
● (A) It is grouped under five categories on the basis of shape.
● (B) It can live in hot spring, deep ocean, snow and desert.
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● (C) It can live as a parasite.
● (D) It possess simple behaviour and complex structure.
● (a) A and B only (b) A and D only
● (c) B and C only (d) C and D only
● 21. The most extensive metabolic diversity is found in
● (a) Protozoan
● (b) Amphibian
● (c) Bacteria
● (d) Fungi
● 22. Most of the bacteria are
● (a) Chemoautotrophs
● (b) Photoautotrophs
● (c) Heterotrophs
● (d) Holozoic
● 23. Match the columns.
●
Column-l Column-II

(A) Salty area (!) Thermoacidophiles

(B) Hot spring (2) Methanogens

(C) Marshy area (3) Halophiles

● (a) A : 3, B : 1,C : 2
● (b) A : 1, B : 2,C : 3
● (c) A : 2, B : 1,C : 3
● (d) A : 2, B : 3,C : 1
● 24. Archaebacteria can live in some of the harshest habitats due to
● (a) Presence of mesosome
● (b) High power of multiplication
● (c) Special cell wall structure
● (d) All of these
● 25. Which of the following is present in the gut of cows and buffaloes and
responsible for the production of methane from the dung of these animals?
● (a) Methanogens
● (b) Thermoacidophiles
● (c) Halophiles
● (d) All of these
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● 26. Motile bacteria posses
● (a) Cilia
● (b) Flagella
● (c) Pseudopodia
● (d) None of these
● 27. Which of the following statements is true about cyanobacteria?
● (a) It is found in fresh water only.
● (b) It may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous.
● (c) They often form bloom in non-polluted fresh water bodies.
● (d) The colonies are not surrounded by gelatinous sheath.
● 28. Specialized cell of Nostoc and Anabaena fixing nitrogen are known as
● (a) Cyst
● (b) Heterocyst
● (c) Oocytes
● (d) Cholecyst
● 29. Find out the total number of false statements.
● (A) Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll 'a' like green plants.
● (B) Bacteria which oxidizes various inorganic substances, such as nitrates and
ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production are chemosynthesis
autotrophic bacteria.
● (C) Heterotrophic bacteria are less abundance in nature.
● (D) Majority of heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers.
● (E) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria play an important role in the recycling of
nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur.
● (a) 1
● (b) 2
● (c) 3
● (d) 4
● 30. Heterotrophic bacteria help in
● (a) Curding of milk.
● (b) Production of antibiotic.
● (c) Nitrogen fixation in leguminous plant.
● (d) All of these
● 31. Select the total number of diseases from the following caused by bacteria.
● Mumps, Smallpox, Citrus canker, Cholera, Typhoid, Tetanus, Sleeping sickness,
Malaria
● (a) 2
● (b) 4
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● (c) 5
● (d) 6
● 32. Which one of the following statements is correct about reproduction in
bacteria?
● (a) Mainly by binary fission.
● (b) Spores are formed under unfavourable condition.
● (c) Sexual reproduction by transfer of DNA from one to another.
● (d) All the above
● 33. The following features belongs to
● (A) Complete lacking of cell wall.
● (B) Anaerobic
● (C) Smallest living cell
● (D) Many of them are pathogenic to plant and animals.
● (a) Chrysophytes
● (b) Prions
● (c)Viroids
● (d) Mycoplasma
● 34. Cell wall is absent in
● (a) Rhizobium
● (b) Mucor
● (c) Mycoplasma
● (d) Nostoc
● 35. The smallest free-living prokaryotes are
● (a) Mycoplasma
● (b) Methanogens
● (c) Lactobacillus
● (d) Anabaena
● 36. Identify A, B, C and D in the given figure.
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● (a) A : Spirilla, B : Vibrio, C : Flagellum, D : Cocci

● (b) A : Cocci, B : Flagellum, C : Spirilla, D : Vibrio
● (c) A : Vibrio, B : Spirilla, C : Cocci, D : Flagellum
● (d) A : Flagellum, B : Spirilla, C : Cocci, D: Vibrio
● 37. Identify structure A' in the given diagram.

● (a) dsDNA
● (b) Plasmid
● (c) Spore
● (d) Cosmid
● 38. What of the following option indicates A in this given figure?
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● (a) Heterocyst
● (b) Mucilaginous sheath
● (c) Cyanobacteria
● (d) ATP
● 39. Identify the parts A, B and C in the given figure

● (a) A : Cell wall, B : DNA, C : Cell membrane

● (b) A : DNA, B : Cell membrane, C : Cell wall
● (c) A : Cell membrane, B : DNA, C : Cell wall
● (d) A : DNA, B : Cell wall, C : Cell membrane
● 40. Identify the organism given in this diagram and its feature.
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● (a) Vibrio: Comma shaped bacteria which causes cholera.

● (b) Fungi: Body organization is loose tissue level.
● (c) Blue green algae: Filamentous structure that helps in nitrogen fixation.
● (d) Algae: Heterotrophie structure that fecds on Nostoc.
● 41. Which cell organelle is found in mycoplasma'?
● (a) Plastid
● (b) Mitochondria
● (c) Ribosome
● (d) Golgi body
● 42. Naked DNA (without histone) as genetic material is found in
● (a) NeurOspora
● (6) Agaricus
● (C) Mycoplasma
● (d) Alternaria
● 43. Which mode of nutrition can be found in bacteria?
● (a) Photoautotrophic
● (b) Chemoautotrophic
● (c) Heterotrophic
● (d) All of these
● 44. Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria utilize which process for production of energy
required for synthesis of food?
● (a) Oxidation of organic substances.
● (b) Reduction of inorganic substances.
● (c) Oxidation of inorganic substances.
● (d) Oxidation of glucose.
● 45. Which of the following is a bacterial disease?
● (a) Rust
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● (b) Tobacco mosaic
● (c) Citrus canker
● (d) Smut

KINGDOM- PROTISTA

↓
All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista
↓ But
Boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined.
↓
What may be ‘a photosynthetic protistan’ to one biologist may be ‘a plant’ to another.
↓
Acts as a connecting link between
↓
Monera on one hand & complex multicellular kingdoms - Fungi, Plantae & Animalia on the
other hand.
↓
It includes
↓
Autotrophic or Consumer- Decomposer Protozoans
photosynthetic organisms organisms e.g., Zooflagellates
e.g., Dinoflagellates, e.g. Cellular & acellular slime
Chrysophytes, Euglenoids moulds
↓
Protistian cell body contains (Being eukaryotes)
↓
Well defined nucleus + membrane bound organelles
↓
Some have flagella or cilia
↓
Reproduce
↓
Asexually & Sexually → by a process→ cell fusion & zygote formation

PROTISTA
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↓Includes
Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans

Charming Didi English Sihkaw Please

↓
CHRYSOPHYTES

Includes
↓
Diatoms Golden algae (desmids)

Diatoms Golden Algae

↓
Found in →Fresh water/ marine environment
↓
Microscopic + float passively in water currents
↓
Photosynthetic (Most)
↓
In Diatoms
↓
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↓
cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box.
↓

↓
Walls are embedded with silica →and thus walls areIndestructible
↓
Diatoms have left behind large amounts of cell wall deposits in their habitat
↓
This accumulation over billions of years
↓ is referred to as
Diatomaceous earth.

↓Being
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Gritty (hard) nature, this soil is used in
↓
Polishing Filtration of oils and syrups
↓Diatoms
Chief ‘producers’ in the oceans

DINOFLAGELLATES

↓
Mostly marine + photosynthetic
↓
Appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red
(depending on the main pigments present )
↓

↓
Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
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↓
Two Flagella (Most)
↓
1- longitudinally & 1 transversely in a furrow between the wall plates
↓

↓
If Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) undergo rapid multiplication
↓then they make the sea appear red
↓
(Red Tides)
Toxin released by such large numbers
↓may kill marine animals like
↓
Fishes

EUGLENOIDS

↓
Fresh water organisms found in stagnant water (Majority)
↓Instead of a cell wall, they
Have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
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↓
Have two flagella, a short and a long one.
↓
Photosynthetic
↓
Behave like
↓
Heterotrophs by predating on smaller organisms.
↓
Pigments are identical to those present in higher plants.
↓

Euglena (example)

SLIME MOULDS
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Slime mould

Are saprophytic protists

↓
Body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic material
↓
(Form an aggregation called plasmodium which may grow and spread over several feet ↓
Suitable conditions)
↓
plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips
(unfavourable conditions)
↓
Spores →possess true walls
↓
Are extremely resistant → survive for many years even ↓ adverse conditions
↓ Are
Dispersed by air currents

PROTOZOANS

All Protozoans
↓ are
Heterotrophs
↓
Live as predators or parasites.
↓
Believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
↓
Divided into 4 major groups
↓
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Amoeboid Flagellated Ciliated Protozoans Sporozoans

Protozoans Protozoans ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ Aquatic Have infectious
Live in Fresh Free living/ ↓ spore-like stage
water/sea water/ parasitic Actively moving ↓
moist soil ↓ organisms Most notorious
↓ Have flagella ↓ ↓
Move & capture prey ↓ Because of presence Plasmodium
by putting out Parasitic form of thousands of cilia (malarial parasite)
Pseudopodia (false causes ↓ ↓
feet) ↓ Have a cavity called Malaria
↓ Sleeping sickness gullet ↓
Marine forms→have ↓ ↓ Has a staggering
silica shells on their Trypanosoma That opens to the effect on human
surface outside of the cell population
↓ surface
Some are parasites ↓
↓ Coordinated
Entamoeba movement of rows of
cilia causes the
water laden with
food to be steered
into the gullet.
↓
Paramoecium
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Entamoeba Trypanosoma

Sporozoans
Paramoecium

Kingdom Protista

● 46. Which of the following is incorrect about Protista?

● (a) All are single cell eukaryotes.
● (b) Some have flagella or cilia.
● (c) Sexually reproduce by cell fusion and zygote formation.
● (d) Members of Protista are primarily terrestrial.
● 47. Kingdom Protista includes
● (a) Chrysophytes
● (b) Dinoflagellates
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● (c) Euglenoids
● (d) All of these
● 48. Which kingdom of Whittaker is not well-defined?
● (a) Monera
● (b) Protista
● (c) Fungi
● (d) Animalia
● 49. Which of the following is correct about chrysophytes?
● (I) Found in fresh and marine water.
● (II) Microscopic plankton.
● (III) Cell walls are embedded with CaCO3, only.
● (IV) Most of them are photosynthetic.
● (a) I and III only
● (b) I, III and IV only
● (c) I, II and IV only
● (d) I and IV only
● 50. The chief producers in oceans are
● (a) Euglenoids
● (b) Dinoflagellates
● (c) BGA
● (d) Chrysophytes
● 51. Chrysophytes include
● (a) Diatoms
● (b) Golden algae
● (c) Desmids
● (d) All of these
● 52. Diatomaceous earth is used in
● (a) Polishing
● (b) Filtration of oils
● (C) Filtration of syrups
● (d) All of these
● 53. In the cell wall forms two thin overlapping shells which fit together as in a
soap box.
● (a) Dinoflagellates
● (b) Diatoms
● (c) Euglenoids
● (d) None of these
● 54. The walls of diatoms are indestructible due to the presence of
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● (a) Silica
● (b) Calcium carbonate
● (c) Rock salt
● (d) Cellulose
● 55. Mostly marine, photosynthetic and biflagellate organisms are
● (a) Diatoms
● (b) Desmids
● (c) Dinoflagellates
● (d) Euglenoids
● 56. The following feature belongs to
● (I) Appear yellow, green, brown, blue and red depending on the pigment of cell.
● (II) Stiff cellulose plate forms cell wall.
● (III) One longitudinal and one transverse flagellum is present.
● (IV) Photosynthetic
● (a) Diatoms
● (b) Desmids
● (c) Dinoflagellates
● (d) Euglenoids
● 57. Red tide is because of
● (a) Desmids
● (b) Gonyaulax
● (c) Euglena
● (d) Red algae
● 58. Which of the following is true about Gonyaulax?
● (a) It releases toxin.
● (b) Slow multiplication of them causes red tide.
● (c) It is heterotrophic
● (d) All of these
● 59. The habitat of majority of euglenoids is
● (a) Fresh river water
● (b) Fresh stagnant water
● (c) Marine water
● (d) All of these
● 60. The mode of nutrition in euglenoids is
● (a) Autotrophic
● (b) Heterotrophic
● (c) Symbiotic
● (d) Mixotrophic
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● 61. The characteristic feature of euglenoids is
● (A) Presence of cell wall.
● (B) Presence of two flagella.
● (C) Photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight.
● (D) Presence of pellicle on their cell.
● (a) A and D only
● (b) B andD only
● (c) B, C and D only
● (d) All of these
● 62. Euglenoids have flexible body due to the presence of
● (a) Cellulosic wall
● (b) Protein rich pellicle
● (c) Lipoic wall
● (d) Pectinised wall
● 63. The pigments of euglenoids are identical to:
● (a) Bacteria
● (b) Diatoms
● (c) Dinoflagellates
● (d) Higher plants
● 64. Euglena possess all except
● (a) Pellicle
● (b) Two equal flagella
● (c) Two unequal flagella
● (d) Mixotrophic nutrition
● 65. Which of the following character belongs to slime-moulds?
● (A) Saprophytes
● (B) Forms plasmodium under favourable condition.
● (C) Spores possess true walls.
● (D) Spores are dispersed by water.
● (E) Body moves along decaying twinges and leaves engulfing organic matter.
● (a) All except E
● (b) All except D
● (c) All except C and E
● (d) All except B
● 66. Which protists are believed to be the relatives of animals?
● (a) Slime moulds
● (b) Dinoflagellates
● (c) Protozoans
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● (d) Diatoms
● 67. Protozoans are
● (A) Heterotrophs
● (B) Parasites or predators
● (C) Protists
● (D) Believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
● (a) A and B only
● (b) B and C only
● (c) D and A only
● (d) All of these
● 68. Amoeboid protozoans
● (a) Live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil.
● (b) Capture prey by forming pseudopodia.
● (c) Marine forms have shells on their surface.
● (d) All of these
● 69. False feet are the characteristic of which protozoan?
● (a) Sporozoans
● (b) Ciliated protozoan
● (c) Flagellated protozoan
● (d) Amoeboid protozoan
● 77. Identify A, B and C in this diagram.
●
●
●
● 70. Parasitic amoeboid protozoan is
● (a) Plasmodium
● (b) Paramecium
● (c) Trypanosoma
● (d) Entamoeba
● 71. Sleeping sickness is caused by
● (a) Plasmodium
● (b) Paramecium
● (c) Trypanosoma
● (d) Entamoeba
● 72. Protists which possess flagella is
● (a) Paramecium
● (b) Plasmodium
● (c) Trypanosoma
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● (d) Entamoeba
● 73. Some members of which of the following group possess silica shells?
● (a) Amoeboid protozoan
● (b) Flagellated protozoan
● (c) Ciliated protozoan
● (d) Sporozoa
● 74. Ciliated protozoan possess
● (a) Thousands of cilia.
● (b) Gullet that opens outside to cell.
● (c) Coordinated movement of rows of cilia.
● (d) All of these
● 75. Sporozoans possess
● (a) Spore like stage in life cycle.
● (b) Infectious spore-like stage.
● (c) Special structure for motility.
● (d) Both (a) and (b)
● 76. Which of the following statement is incorrect about the given organism in this
diagram?
●
● (a) Autotrophic in sunlight.
● b) Heterotrophic in deprived sunlight.
● (c) Biflagellate
● (d) They are surrounded by protein rich layer known as cell wall.
● (a) A: Euglena, B: Paramecium, C: Vibrio
● (b) A: Paramecium, B: Vibrio, C: Euglena
● (c) A: Flagella, B: Paramecium, C: Vibrio
● (d) A: Paramecium, B: Slipper animalcule, C: Vibrio
●
●
●
●
●
●

KINGDOM- FUNGI
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Fig. Fungi: a.Mucor, b. Aspergillus, c. Agaricus (MASTER IN ARTS)

Constitute the unique kingdom of Heterotrophic Organisms

↓
Show great diversity in morphology and habitat
↓
We have seen fungi on moist bread and rotten fruits.
↓

↓
(Edible mushrooms) + Toadstools → are alsoFungi
↓
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↓
White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.
↓

Unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer.
↓

Fig. Wheat rust causing Puccinia

↓
Causes diseases in plants and animals; wheat rust-causing Puccinia is an important example.
↓
Some are source of Antibiotics
↓
Called cosmopolitan
↓as they occur in
Air Water Soil On animals & on plants
↓
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Grow in warm and humid places
↓
Fungi are filamentous. (exception - yeast which are unicellular)
↓
Bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae.
↓
Network of hyphae is known as mycelium.
↓

Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled Others have septate or cross walls in
with multinucleated cytoplasm-- their hyphae
↓ ↓
Are called And are called
↓ ↓

Coenocytic Hyphae Septate Hyphae

↓

↓
Cell walls of fungi are composed of
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Chitin And Polysaccharides

↓
Heterotrophic (Most of fungi)→Absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence
are called
↓
Saprophytes
↓
(Those that depend on plants and animals are called)
↓
Parasites
↓
Those can live as symbionts
↓

↓
In association with algae as- Lichens
↓

↓
And with roots of higher plants as-Mycorrhiza
↓
Reproduction can takes place by
↓
Vegetative Asexual reproduction by Sexual reproduction by
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↓ ↓
Spores Oospores / ascospores /
↓ basidiospores
called
Fragmentation ↓
Fission Conidia / Sporangiospores
Budding / zoospores

Fruiting bodies

↓
Various spores are produced in distinct structures called
↓
Fruiting bodies

SEXUAL CYCLE

Involves 3 Steps
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↓
1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. Meiosis

Fusion of protoplasm between 2 Fusion of 2 nuclei is called Meiosis in zygote resulting in

motile or non-motile gametes is karyogamy haploid spores.
called plasmogamy

↓
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↓
In sexual reproduction
↓
When the fungus reproduces sexually,
↓
Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
↓
In some fungi the fusion of 2 haploid cells However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and
immediately results in diploid cells (2n) basidiomycetes) an intervening dikaryotic
stage (n+n, i.e., 2 nuclei per cell) occurs.
↓
Such a condition is called
↓
Dikaryon
↓
And the phase is called
↓
Dikaryophase of Fungus.
↓
Later - parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid.
↓
Now the fungi forms
↓
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Fruiting bodies
↓
In which reduction division takes place
↓
Leading to the formation of haploid spores.

Kingdom Fungi
↓
Morphology of the mycelium mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies
↓
Form the basis→for the Division of kingdom Fungi into
↓
Various Classes
↓
Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

P A B D
↓OR
B Basidiomycetes

A Ascomycetes

D Deuteromycetes

PICTURE Phycomycetes

PHYCOMYCETES
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Fungi: a. Mucor

↓
Also called Lower or Algal Fungi
↓
Are found in Aquatic habitats/ & on Decaying wood in moist & damp places
↓ or as
Obligate parasites on plants
↓

↓
Mycelium→ Aseptate & coenocytic
↓
Reproduction
↓
Asexual Sexual
↓ ↓
Zoospores (motile) A Zygospore is formed by the fusion of 2
Aplanospores (non-motile) gametes.
These spores are produced ↓
→Endogenously in → (Sporangium) These gametes are similar in morphology
(Isogamous) or dissimilar (Anisogamous or
oogamous)
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↓
Fruiting Bodies
↓
Zygosporangium
↓
Examples (RAMP)
↓
R A M P

Rhizopus Albugo Mucor Phycomycetes

(Bread mould) (Parasitic fungi on
mustard)

ASCOMYCETES

Fungi: Aspergillus
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Commonly called
↓
Sac-fungi
↓
Mostly multicellular (Penicillum)
↓
Rarely unicellular, e.g., yeast (Saccharomyces)
↓
Are
↓
Saprophytic Decomposers Parasitic coprophilous (growing on dung).
↓
Mycelium
↓

↓
Branched and septate.
↓
Reproduction
↓
Asexual spores are Sexual spores are
↓ ↓
Conidia produced Ascospores which are produced
(exogenously on special mycelium called (endogenously in sac like asci)
conidiophores) ↓
↓ This sacs are arranged in different types of
Conidia on germination→produce fruiting bodies called
mycelium ↓
Ascocarps
↓
Examples
↓
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Aspergillus Claviceps Neurospora

Used extensively in
biochemical and genetic
work.
↓
Many members like morels and truffles are
↓
Edible & are considered Delicacies
↓

Morels Truffles

T P C M N A S A
Truffles Penicillum Claviceps Morels Neurospora Aspergillus Saccharomyces Ascomycetes

BASIDIOMYCETES
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Fungi: c. Agaricus

Common name
↓
Club Fungi
↓
Commonly Known forms of basidiomycetes are
↓
Mushrooms Bracket fungi Puffballs

↓
Habitat
↓
They grow in
↓
Soil On logs & Tree stumps and living plant bodies as parasites (e.g., rusts and smuts)

↓
Mycelium
↓
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Branched Septate
↓

Branched & septate

↓
Reproduction
↓
Asexual spores Vegetative Sex organs
↓ ↓ is by ↓
Are generally not found Fragmentation is common Absent
↓

↓ But
Plasmogamy
(fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes)
↓
The resultant Structure is
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↓
Dikaryotic
↓ which ultimately give rise to
Basidium
↓
(Karyogamy + Meiosis)
↓
Take place in
↓
Basidium
↓
Producing
↓
4 Basidiospores
(Exogenously produced on the basidium)
↓
(Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies)→called Basidiocarps
↓
Examples
↓
Agaricus Ustilago Puccinia
(mushroom) (smut) (rust fungus)

Aaj Us Pareshan
Mein Se Raha

Agaricus Ustilago Puccinia

(Mushroom) (Smut) (Rust)

DEUTEROMYCETES
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↓
Commonly known as Imperfect Fungi
↓
Because only the (asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known)
↓
Sexual form when discovered → Moved to right class →(ascomycetes & basidiomycetes)
↓
Reproduction
↓
Reproduce mainly by Asexual
Spores called
↓
Conidia
↓
Mycelium
↓
Branched & septate
↓
Some members are
↓
Saprophytes Parasitic Decomposers of litter & help in mineral cycling
↓
Examples
↓
Alternaria Colletotrichum Trichoderma

C A De T

Colletrichum Alternaria Deuteromycetes Trichoderma

KINGDOM FUNGI

● 78. Select the correct statement from the following for kingdom Fungi.
● (A) They are heterotrophic.
● (B) They show less diversity in morphology and habitat.
● (C) Yeast is a unicellular fungus.
● (D) They prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
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● (a) A and D only
● (b) C and D Only
● (c) A, C and D only
● (d) A and B only
● 79. Which of the following are examples of fungus?
● (a) Toadstool
● (b) Puccinia
● (c) Yeast
● (d) All of these
● 80. Which of the following pairs belongs to the same kingdom?
● (a) Mycoplasma and Euglena
● (b) Golden algae and Green algae
● (c) Toadstool and Albugo
● (d) Lichens and Alternaria
● 81. Refrigeration prevents food from spoilage by
● (a) Fungus
● (b) Bacteria
● (c) Both (a) and (b)
● (d) Viruses
● 82. Which of the following is not a correct matching?
● (a) Wheat rust→ Puccinia
● (b) Yeast→ Bread and beer
● (c) Chrysophytes →Diatomaceous earth
● (d) Penicillium → Red tide
● 83. The list of given features belongs to which of the following organisms?
● (A) Body consists of long, slender -thread-like structures called hyphae.
● (B) Cell wall consists of chitin.
● (C) Cosmopolitan
● (a) Ciliated protozoans
● (b) Slime moulds
● (c) Fungi
● (d) Euglenoids
● 84. If hyphae are continuous tube filled with multinucleated cytoplasm, then it is
known as
● (a) Septate hyphae
● (b) Coenocytic hyphae
● (c) Mycelium
● (d) All of these
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● 85. Select the correct matching.
Column-I Column-II

(A) Fungi depends on dead substrate Saprophytic

(B) Fungi depends on living plants and Parasite

animals

(C) Fungi as symbiont with algae Lichens

(D) Fungi as symbiont with root of Mycorrhiza

higher plant
● (a) A and B only
● (b) B and C only
● (c) C and D only
● (d) All of these
● 86. Vegetative reproduction in fungus takes place by which of the following
process?
● (a) Fragmentation
● (b) Fission
● (c) Budding
● (d) All of these
● 87. Asexual reproduction in fungus occurs by spores known as
● (a) Conidia
● (b) Sporangiospores
● (c) Zoospores
● (d) Any of these
● 88. Sexual reproduction in fungus takes place by which of the following?
● (a) Oospores
● (b) Ascospores
● (c) Basidiospores
● (d) Depends on the type of fungus
● 89. Sexual reproduction in fungus occurs in the following sequential event,
choose the correct option that is properly arranged.
● (A) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.
● (B) Fusion of protoplasm between two motile or non-motile gametes.
● (C) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
● (a) A → B → C (b) B → A → C
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● (c) C → B→ A (d) C → A→ B
● 90. Dikaryon and dikaryophase is seen in the case of
● (a) Ascomycetes
● (b) Basidiomycetes
● (c) Phycomycetes
● (d) Both (a) and (b)
● 91. Kingdom Fungi is divided into various classes on the basis of
● (a) Morphology of mycelium.
● (b) Mode of spore formation.
● (c) Type of fruiting bodies.
● (d) All of these
● 92. Which of the following occurs during sexual reproduction in fungus?
● (a) Hyphae of same class come together and fuse.
● (b) Hyphae of same genus come together and fuse.
● (c) Hyphae of closely related species come together and fuse.
● (d) Hyphae of compatible mating type come together and fuse.
● 93. The habitats of phycomycetes are
● (a) Aquatic
● (b) Decaying wood in moist and damp place.
● (c) Obligate parasite on plants.
● (d) All of these
● 94. Endogenously produced spores are found in all except
● (a) Mushroom
● (b) Mucor
● (c) Albugo
● (d) Rhizopus
● 95. Which of the following member of phycomycetes is parasite on mustard?
● (a) Mucor
● (b) Rhizopus
● (c) Albugo
● (d) Mushroom
● 96. The following features belongs to the class
● (A) Asexual reproduction by zoospores or aplanospores.
● (B) Fusion of gametes may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
● (C) Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
● (D) Spores are endogenously produced in sporangium.
● (a) Ascomycetes
● (b) Deuteromycetes
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● (c) Phycomycetes
● (d) Basidiomycetes
● 97. Find the total number of fungus species belonging to the class ascomycetes.
● Rhizopus, Penicillium, Yeast, Mucor, Agaricus, Puccinia, Albugo, Claviceps,
Neuròspora, Alternaria, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Ustilago, Morels, Truffles,
Colletotrichum, Toadstool
● (a) 5
● (b) 7
● (c) 9
● (d) 10
● 98. Ascomycetes are mostly
● (a) Acellular
● (b) Unicellular
● (c) Multicellular
● (d) All of these
● 99. Unicellular ascomycetes are
● (a) Penicillium
● (b) Alternaria
● (c) Saccharomyces (Yeast)
● (d) Agaricus
● 100. The following features belongs to the class
● (A) Mycelium branched and septate.
● (B) Asexual spores conidia produced exogenously.
● (C) Sexual spores produced endogenously
● (D) Many members of this class are edible.
● (a) Ascomycetes
● (b) Phycomycetes
● (c) Basidiomycetes
● (d) Deuteromycetes
● 101. Which of the following is extensively used in biochemical and genetic
work?
● (a) Aspergillus
● (b) Claviceps
● (c) Neurospora
● (d) Penicillium
● 102. The commonly known form of basidiomycetes are
● (a) Mushrooms
● (b) Bracket fungi
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● (c) Puffballs
● (d) All of these
● 103. The following characteristics belongs to
● (A) Mycelium branched and septate.
● (B) Asexual spores are generally not found.
● (C) Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.
● (D) Sex organs are absent but plasmogamy is by fusion of two somatic cells of
different strains or genotype.
● (a) Phycomycetes
● (b) Basidiomycetes
● (c) Deuteromycetes
● (d) Ascomycetes
● 104. Karyogamy and meiosis occurring in basidium produces basidiospores.
● (a) 1
● (b) 2
● (c) 3
● (d) 4
● 105. Basidiospores are produced on basidium
● (a) Endogenously
● (b) Exogenously
● (c) Both (a) and (b)
● (d) None of these
● 106. Find out the correct matching.
● (a) Ustilago - Smut
● (b) Puccinia - Rust
● (c) Agaricus - Mushroom
● (d) All of these
● 107. Which of the following fungi only reproduces by asexual spores conidia?
● (a) Alternaria
● (b) Colletotrichum
● (c) Trichoderma
● (d) All of these
● 108. Deuteromycetes is known as imperfect fungi because
● (a) Only sexual phase is found.
● (b) Only asexual or vegetative phase are known.
● (c) Both asexual and sexual phase are known.
● (d) Reproduction in these fungi is absent.
● 109. Many members of class are decomposers of litter and it helps in mineral
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cycling.
● (a) Ascomycetes
● (b) Deuteromycetes
● (c) Basidiomycetes
● (d) Phycomycetes
● 110. The following features belongs to
● (A) Mycelium septate and branched.
● (B) Some members are saprophytes or parasites.
● (C) Reproduce only by conidia.
● (a) Ascomycetes
● (b) Deuteromycetes
● (c) Basidiomycetes
● (d) Phycomycetes
● 111. Identify A, B and C in this figure.

●
● (a) A: Agaricus, B: Mucor, C: Aspergillus
● (b) A: Mucor, B: Agaricus, C: Aspergillus
● (c) A: Aspergillus, B: Mucor, C: Agaricus
● (d) A: Agaricus, B: Aspergillus, D: Mucor
● Kingdom Plantae and Animalia
● 112. Which of the following are examples of insectivorous plants?
● (a) Bladderwort
● (b) Venus fly trap
● (c) Cuscuta
● (d) Both (a) and (b)
● 113. Which of the following are examples of parasitic plants?
● (a) Cuscuta
● (b) Dionaea
● (c) Pitcher plant
● (d) Utricularia
● 114. Kingdom Plantae includes
● (a) Algae and bryophytes
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● (b) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms
● (c) Angiosperms
● (d) All of these
● 115. Plant cells have all except
● (a) Chloroplast
● (b) Cellulosic cell wall
● (c) Large vacuole
● (d) Centriole
● 116. Alternation of generation is seen in all except
● (a) Fucus (b) Sphagnum
● (c) Equisetum (d) Alternaria

KINGDOM-PLANTAE

Includes
↓
Eukaryotic-chlorophyll containing organisms → called Plants
↓
Plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts
↓
And the cell wall is made up of cellulose.
↓
Plantae includes
↓
Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
↓
Alternation of generation
↓
Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases--
↓
Diploid Haploid

Sporophytic Gametophytic
↓
That alternate with each other
↓
Few members are Partially heterotrophic such as
↓
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Insectivorous plants or Parasites

↓ ↓
Examples Examples
↓ ↓

Bladderwort Cuscuta (is endoparasite)

Venus fly trap

↓
Cell wall
(Cellulose)
↓
Plantae includes
↓
Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
↓
Life Cycle → 2 distinct phases
↓
Diploid Sporophytic Haploid gametophytic
↓
That alternate with each other.
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↓
The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases , & whether these phases are free living or
dependent on others, vary among different groups in plants.
↓
This phenomenon is called
↓
Alternation of generation.

KINGDOM-ANIMALIA

↓
Characterised by
↓
(Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular,lacks cell wall)
↓
Store food → as Glycogen or fat
↓
Mode of Nutrition
↓
Holozoic →(by ingestion of food)
↓
Follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite shape and size
↓
Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism.
↓
Most of them are capable of locomotion.

KINGDOM PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

● 112. Which of the following are example of insectivorous plants?

● (a) Bladderwort
● (b) Venus fly trap
● (c) Cuscuta
● (d) Both (a) and (b)
● 113. Which of the following are example of parasitic plants?
● (a) Cuscuta
● (b) Dionaea
● (c) Pitcher plant
● (d) Utricularia
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● 114. Kingdom Plantae includes
● (a) Algae and bryophytes
● (b) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms
● (c) Angiosperms
● (d) All of these
● 115. Plant cells have all except
● (a) Chloroplast
● (b) Cellulosic cell wall
● (c) Large vacuole
● (d) Centriole
● 116. Alternation of generation is seen in all except
● (a) Fucus
● (b) Sphagnum
● (c) Equisetum
● (d) Alternaria
● 117. Life cycle in plant has generally two distinct phases, such as the………
sporophytic and the……. gametophytic that alternate with each other. This
phenomenon is known as alternation of generation.
● (a) Diploid, Diploid
● (b) Diploid, Haploid
● (c) Haploid, Diploid
● (d) Haploid, Haploid
● 118. Select the total number of features from the following belonging to animal
kingdom.
● (1) Multicellular and heterotrophic.
● (2) Most of them are capable of locomotion.
● (3) Have definite shape and size.
● 4) Digestion of food mostly in internal cavity.
● (5) Holozoic mode of nutrition.
● (6) Stores food reserve as glycogen or fat.
● (7) Higher forms show sensory and neuromotor mechanism.
● (8) Some members are autotrophic and heterotrophic.
● 9) Presence of cellulosic cell wall.
● (10) Sexual reproduction is generally by copulation of male and female.
● (a) 6
● (b) 7
● (c) 8
● (d) 10
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VIRUSES

↓
Are not considered
↓
Truly living
↓
Non-cellular organisms characterised by→inert crystalline structure outside the living cell
↓
The name virus →means Venom or Poisonous fluid
↓ given by
Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892)
↓
He recognised certain microbes as causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco.
↓
These were found to be
↓
(Smaller than bacteria→ because they passed through bacteria-proof filters)
↓
M. W. Beijerinek (1898)
↓
Demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in
healthy plants and called the fluid as
↓
Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)
↓
W. M. Stanley (in 1935)
↓
(showed that viruses could be crystallised & crystals consist largely of proteins)
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↓
Are inert outside their specific host cell
↓
Viruses→Are obligatory Parasites
↓
Viruses→ (Protein + RNA or DNA) → Not both RNA & DNA
↓
A virus is a nucleoprotein & genetic material →is infectious
↓
Viruses→ that Infect
↓
Plants Animals Bacteriophages
↓have ↓ have ↓are
Single stranded RNA Single or double stranded Usually double stranded
RNA or double stranded DNA viruses
DNA

↓
Protein coat called Capsid
↓made up of subunits called
Capsomeres → Arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms
↓
Protects nucleic acid
↓
Viruses→cause Diseases like
↓
Mumps Smallpox Herpes Influenza AIDS
↓
In plants
↓
Symptoms can be
↓
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Mosaic formation Leaf rolling & Yellowing & vein Dwarfing & stunted
curling clearing growth

VIROIDS
(It lacks the protein coat that is found in viruses, hence the name [called as naked
virus] )
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Discovered by
↓
T.O. Diener (in 1971)
↓
Is a new infectious agent smaller than viruses
↓

↓
Caused → Potato spindle tuber disease
↓
Found to be a free RNA
↓
Lack protein coat →hence name
↓
RNA of viroid → was of low molecular weight

PRIONS
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↓
Are abnormal folded proteins
↓
Similar in size to viruses
↓
Transmits certain infectious neurological diseases
↓
Most notable disease caused by prions are
↓
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy →Analogous variant
(BSE) ↓
↓called Cr-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans
(Mad cow disease in cattle) and its

LICHENS

↓
Are symbiotic associations between→(Algae +Fungi)
↓
Phycobiont Mycobiont
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(Algal component) (Fungal component)

↓ ↓
Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Algae prepare food for fungi Fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral
nutrients and water for its partner.
↓
Good pollution indicators
↓
(do not grow in polluted area sensitive to sulphur dioxide)
↓
Reproduce both by asexual and sexual methods

Viruses, Viroids and Lichens

● 119. In five kingdom classification of Whittaker, some acellular organisms are

not included, they are
● (a) Virus
● (b) Viroids
● (c) Cellular
● (d) Both (a) and (b)
● 120. Virus is
● (a) Completely non-living
● (b) Inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.
● (c) Cellular organism
● (d) One of Whittaker's classification.
● 121. The term Virus' means
● (a) Venom or poisonous fluid.
● (b) Acellular form.
● (c) Non-cellular form.
● (d) Connecting link between living and non-living.
● 122. The term 'Virus' was coined by
● (a) Ivanovsky
● (b) Pasteur
● (c) Whittaker
● (d) Beijerinck
● 123. The name "Contagium vivum fluidum (infections living fluid) given to fluid
extract from infected tobacco plant was proposed by
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● (a) Ivanovsky
● (b) Pasteur
● (c) Whittaker
● (d) Beijerinck
● 124. Viruses are
● (a) Inert outside their specific host cell.
● (b) Obligate parasite.
● (c) Passes through bacteria proof filter.
● (d) All statements are correct.
● 125. Who showed that virus can be crystallized out?
● (a) Ivanovsky
● (b) Beijerinck
● (c) Stanley
● (d) Pasteur
● 126. Virus contains
● (a) Protein
● (b) DNA
● (c) RNA
● (d) (a) and either (b) or (c)
● 127. Virus infected plants generally have
● (a) Single-stranded DNA
● (b) Double-stranded DNA
● (c) Double-stranded RNA
● (d) Single-stranded RNA
● 128. Viruses which infect animals have
● (a) Single-stranded RNA
● (b) Double-stranded RNA
● (c) Double-stranded DNA
● (d) Any of these
● 129. Bacteriophage generally has
● (a) Single-stranded RNA
● (b) Double-stranded RNA
● (c) Double-stranded DNA
● (d) Any of these
● 130. Capsomeres may arrange in which of the following form?
● (a) Helical
● (b) Polyhedral
● (c Ellipsoid
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● (d) Either (a) or (b)
● 131. In virus infected plants, which of the following symptoms can be observed?
● (a) Mosaic formation and stunted growth.
● (b) Leaf rolling and curling.
● (c) Yellowing and vein clearing.
● (d) All of these
● 132. Select the total number of diseases from the following which can be caused
by virus in plant or animals.
● Mumps, Smallpox, Rust, Smut, Herpes, Influenza, Potato spindle tuber, Red rot of
sugarcane, Turnip mosaic, Blank rot crucifier
● (a) 4
● (b) 5
● (c) 2
● (d) 8
● 133. Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by
● (a) Virus
● (b) Viroids
● (c) Lichens
● (d) Fungi
● 134. ‘Viroids' was discovered by
● (a) D. J. Ivanovsky
● (b) T. O. Diener
● (c) M. W. Beijerinck
● (d) W. M. Stanley
● 135. Viroids are
● (a) Free protein
● (b) Free RNA
● (c) Free DNA
● (d) Free saccharides
● 136. The molecular weight of RNA of viroids is
● (a) High
● (b) Low
● (c) Very high
● (d) Any of these
● 137. Lichen is the symbiotic association between
● (a) Algae and bacteria.
● (b) Bacteria and fungus.
● (c) Algae and fungus.
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● (d) Fungus and root of higher plants.
● 138. In lichen, the algal component is called ……….and fungal component is
called…….
● (a) Mycobiont, Phycobiont
● (b) Phycobiont, Mycobiont
● (c) Phycobiont, Mycorrhiza
● (d) Mycorrhiza, Mycobiont
● 139. Which one of the following is heterotrophic component in lichen
● (a) Fungus
● (b) Algae
● (c) Both (a) and (b)
● (d) None of these
● 40. Lichens are
● (a) Pollution indicators.
● (b) Symbiotic association between algae and fungus.
● (c) Pioneer species in primary succession on rocks.
● (d) All of these
● 141. Which of the following is incorrect about lichens?
● (a) Algal part is autotrophic.
● (b) Fungus part absorbs nutrient and minerals.
● (c) Fungus provides shelter to algae.
● (d) Algae provides shelter to fungus.
● 142. Identify the parts A and B shown in this figure.

● (a) A: DNA, B: Capsid

● (b) A: Coiled RNA, B: DNA
● (c) A: Capsid, B: Coiled RNA
● (d) A: Coiled RNA, B: Capsid
● 143. What indicates A to D in this figure?
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● (a) A: Collar, B: Tail fibres, C: Head D: Sheath

● (b) A: Sheath, B: Collar, C: Head D: Tail fibres
● (c) A: Tail fibres, B: Sheath. C: Collar, D: Head
● (d) A: Tail fibres, B: Collar, C: Head D: Sheath

Features Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

Common name Algal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Fungi imperfecti
(Aquatic habitat / on
decaying wood in
moist & damp places
or as obligate
parasites on plants)

Mycelium Aseptate & Septate. branched Septate. Branched, Septate. branched

Coenocytic Secondary mycelium
is dikaryotic

Asexual Zoospores (motile) / Conidia / Budding Oidia, basidiospores Conidia

reproduction Aplanospores
(non-motile)

Sexual Isogamous / Iso or anisogamy Somatogamy; Absent

reproduction Oogamous Ascospores formed in Basidiospores formed
ascus on sterigmata
(endogenously) (exogenously)

Fruiting bodies Zygosporangium Ascocarps Basidiocarps Absent

Examples Mucor, Rhizopus Penicillin Agaricus (mushroom) Alternaria

(bread mould) & Saccharomyces Ustilago (smut) Colletotrichum
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Albugo (parasitic Aspergillus Piccinia (rust fungus) Trichoderma
fungi on mustard) Claviceps
Neurospora