CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

(CSE) TRAINING

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:2

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY (CSE)

Computer Based Refresher Training

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:3

 OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING

 Enhance your understanding, safety

awareness & vigilance

 Increase your appreciation on potential

hazard & risk inherent in a confined space

 Reinforce the controls as per HSE standard

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:4

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 What is Confined Space?
 Why we work in Confined Spaces
 Confined Space Examples
 Confined Space Requirement
 Hazards Associated with Confined Spaces Jobs.
 Controls
 Type of Confined Space Entry
 Roles and Responsibilities
 Special Equipment & PPE
 Communication & Rescue
 Emergency Procedures
 Quiz

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:5

 OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING

• Refresh / Enhance your understanding, safety

awareness & vigilance

• Increase your appreciation on potential

hazard & risk inherent in a confined space

• Reinforce the controls as per HSE standard

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:6

 WHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE
Definition:
A fully or partially enclosed space that is not
designed and constructed for continuous human
occupancy, has limited or restricted means for Entry
or exit.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:7

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Introduction to Confined
Space Entry

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:8

 Why we work in Confined Spaces

• Internal inspections of vessels

• Repairs and modifications of

internals of equipment

• Cleaning out drains

• Replacing filters in filter enclosures

(e.g. turbines etc.)

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:9

 Incident related to CSE (LFI)
Description:
On 23/8/09, a welder crawled inside a 24” diameter pipe to
inspect his own work but was subsequently found suffocated.
Emergency team safely pulled the victim from the pipe –
found unconscious & unresponsive. CPR was attempted but
was unsuccessful.

Findings:
• Atmosphere in pipe: 10.2% O2 (safe entry 20%).
• Argon was introduced & not shut off prior to entry
• No evidence of CSE training
• CSE permit & company RA compliance not specified.

Key lessons learnt : -

• CSE is HIGH RISK activity.
• NEVER enter a CS without having the atmosphere Gas/O2
tested
• A valid permit and rescue plan must be place
• Attendant on s/by & equip is safe for use! –
• CSE training is mandatory for all CSE workers / attendant.
No CSE ID means No entry.
Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:10
 Confined Space Injury Statistics

• Average of 92 deaths per year relating to confined spaces

between 1995-2000.

• Majority of confined space related deaths are due to

atmospheric conditions, with oxygen deficiency and
poisoning being the leading causes

• 36 % of deaths were to people trying to rescue other

workers from confined spaces.

• 23 % of confined space incidents involved multiple deaths.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:11

Examples of Confined Space
 Tanks
 Vessels
 Boilers
 Furnaces
 Sewers
 Columns
 Heat Exchangers
 Drains/Pits
 Large diameter Pipes
 Excavations> 1.2m
 Tunnels
 Ducts

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:12

Confined Space Examples

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:13

 Characteristics of A Confined Space
• An enclosed or partially enclosed space which:
– Is not intended or designed primarily as a place of work

May;
– have restricted means for entry and exit
– have an atmosphere which contains potentially harmful
levels of contaminant (chemical & Biological)
– not have a safe level of oxygen
– cause engulfment

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:14

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Hazards in CSE

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:15

Hazards Associated with Confined Space Entries
Chemical Hazards
The atmosphere within the confined space can contain
• Oxygen: Enrichment (>23.5%), Deficiency (<19.5%)
• Toxic gases e.g. H2S, CO2, • Combustibles liquids,
• Flammable materials, • Corrosive/toxic liquids
• Fumes, • Solids, sludge/residual
• Inert Gases. liquors
Physical hazards
•Noise Vibration, • Wet/damp surfaces,
•Poor Visibility, • Extreme temperatures,
•Falling debris, • Moving parts, energy.
•Slippery surfaces, • Contact with mechanical or electrical equipment,
•Sharp surfaces • Steam or other sources of heat,

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:16

 Hazards: Oxygen Concentration
Hazard: Oxygen Deficiency (<20% Oxygen)
Top Event: Asphyxiation
Consequence: Fatality

Processes that can Lead to Oxygen Deficiency

Consumption: Oxygen used up: Combustion or Respiration
Reaction: Oxygen reacted with other materials: Rusting
Displacement: Denser materials displaces the oxygen: e.g. Purging with
Nitrogen, Use of Fire Extinguisher.
Note: A lack of oxygen cannot be perceived with the senses.

Hazard: Oxygen Enrichment (>23.0% )

Top Event: Flash Fire
Consequence: Burns, Fatality, Asset Damage

Note: Clothing, and even body hair and oils, are

subject to flash fires if ignited in an oxygen-rich
atmosphere.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:17

 Effects of Changing Oxygen levels (%)

25%
23%+ is oxygen enrichment
23%
Normal air. NLNG standard for entry (20.8%)
Min. Oxygen level 20%

Oxygen deficient

10%

Loss of consciousness
6%

Death in less than 1 minute

0%

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:18

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Entrant

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:19

 Hierarchy of Controls
 Eliminate the hazard. E.g. eliminating the task or activity

 Substitute the hazard with a less hazardous agent. e.g. using water
instead of solvent based paint

 Engineering controls to reduce hazard. e.g. Use fencing or guards,

(Isolation/Segregation)

 Procedural controls/Safe Systems of Work e.g. Permit to work

 Training, Information and Supervision

 Personal Protective Equipment. e.g. wearing hard hat, Hand gloves,

etc.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:20

 Controlling Confined Space Hazards

To address the above the following controls will be put in place:

 Engineering Controls – Extraction ventilation, Insulated matting
 Administrative Controls - Safe System of Work for Entry into Confined
Spaces (PTW, JHA, LMRA etc.) No. of Entrants, Job rotation, Isolation tags,
regular breaks.
 Gas Testing, Warning Signs & Barriers, Means of communication
 Entry Attendant / Stand-by Man
 Training, Competency & Physical Fitness, Supervision, & PPE
 Emergency Preparedness / Rescue Plan

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:21

 Confined Space Entry Considerations
• Entry into a confined space, for whatever purpose, should ONLY be
considered after all reasonably practicable steps have been taken to
deal with the problem in some other way.
• Entry into a CS must be subject to the permit to work system.
• Identify the nature of the CS and all potential hazards.
• Entry with Breathing Apparatus ONLY when it is not reasonably
practicable to Ventilate & Make the Space safe to work in.
• Specify isolation and testing requirements and other conditions needed
to carry out the job safely.
• Number of persons entering the CS
[

• Whether cleaning of the CS is necessary

• Have all potential concurrent activities been reviewed which may have
impact on the CS activity.

• Are all Emergency Response and Rescue procedures in place and fully
understood by personnel involved in the CS activity.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:22

Confined Space Entry Considerations

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:23

 Types of Confined Space Entry
1. Entry Without Breathing Apparatus

 Contains normal atmospheric air; 20 – 21.0% oxygen.

 Less than 0% of the Lower Explosive Limit
 The CS DOES NOT CONTAIN HAZARDOUS RESIDUES
 The confined space should be free from any hazardous gas e.g. CO,
H2S etc
 C.S. cannot be contaminated from other external sources e.g.
furnaces, turbines, etc.
 The confined space should be free from any inert gases

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:24

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Isolation in CSE

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:25

 Types of Confined Space Entry

2. Entry With B.A.(condition unstable)

• LEL equal to 1%; and oxygen greater than 20%
• For entry to isolate confined spaces – AOC, COC and possibly Sewage
Systems.
• Entry to test the atmosphere in the C.S. floating roof of Condensate
tanks
• Entry to clean hazardous residues from C.S. residue HC in tanks

3. With B.A.
• Oxygen less than 20%; LEL greater 1%
• Very unusual and requires senior management approval (PO level).
• Detailed Planning
• It is a LAST RESORT action.
• Examples of such confined space includes- slug catchers, Condensate
tanks, Bunker oil tanks.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:26

 Confined Space Entry: Controls
Before entry into a confined space, for whatever purpose, a Job
Hazard Analysis should be carried out to

• Identify the hazards

• Access the Risk Level (categorize the confined space)
• Identify the activities that will be carried out inside the CS
• Identify the tools and equipment needed for the work
• Identify the knowledge level (training) of assigned to carry out
the work
• Put adequate mitigation in place
• Select the adequate PPE
• Put in place an effective recovery / emergency response

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:27

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PPE for CSE

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:28

 Confined Space Entry Considerations
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK:
• Job Planning: Good / Quality JHA
• PTW: Stating all the precautions, tools, Isolation, spade list,
Attached JHA
• Face to Face Discussion between Permit Holder and Issuer
• Tool Box Talk
• LMRA:
• Effective Supervision:

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:29

Permit To Work (Confined Space)

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:30

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Permit to Work for CSE

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:31

ISOLATIONS / CLEANING

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:32

 Verify isolation before work begins and use
the specified life protecting equipment
Isolation separates you from danger, such as electricity, pressure, toxic
materials, poisonous gas, chemicals, hot liquids or radiation to keep
you safe. Specified life-protecting equipment by the Work Permit protect
you from danger

Permit Holder should

 Understand the isolations that protect you from danger
 Verify with the Area Operator that isolations are in place
 Confirm with the Area Operator that it is safe to start work

Area Operator should

 Ensure isolation is in place, for example, lock switches, separate pipes with
spades,
or lock access doors
 Confirm no stored energy or other dangers remain
 Confirm that it is safe to start work

Page 5
Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:33
VENTILATION

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:34

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Communication

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:35

 GAS TESTING
• You may not SEE
• You may not SMELL
• You may not TASTE
• But Gas-Tester Will detect

REMEMBER!
 An Authorized Gas Tester must carry out the gas test.
 Always test the air at various levels to be sure that the entire
space is safe.
 The test must be documented and provided with the permit.
 The Authorized Gas Tester must repeat the test at a frequency as per
PTW.

NEVER MAKE ASSUMPTIONS - ALWAYS CHECK

AND IF DOUBT - CHECK AGAIN.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:36

 Conduct gas tests when required

Air test is carried out to prevent explosions and/or make sure you can breathe
the air safely

Permit Holder should

Confirm with the Area Operator the work that the air is tested
Confirm with the Area Operator it is safe to start work
Stop work if you smell gas
 Confirm that gas testing is carried out as per Work Permit and documented
Gas Tester should
Understand which tests the Work Permit requires and how often
Use certified equipment for the tests and perform the tests as per the Work
Permit
Perform additional gas tests if the conditions changes
 Confirm that it is safe to start work

AGSI should
 Identify adequate gas test requirements and set frequency as per the job

Page 4
Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:37
 STANDBY PERSON
• Ensure a fully signed PTW & JHA is at entry point.

• Remain outside Confined Space when work is in progress.

• Keep access in/out of vessel clear at all times.

• Keep account of people in/out of C.S. Maintains a C.S. entry board with name
and time of entry & exit for each person.

• Be trained in the use of BA.

• Be equipped with radio or have a means of communicating with CCR.
• Equipped with backup torch for lighting.
• Maintains communication with persons inside e.g., eye contact, by voice.
• Notify CCR at the start & end of series entries into C.S.
• Watches out for any deteriorating conditions inside or outside, and advise those
inside to evacuate until conditions improve.
• Ensures everyone evacuates C.S. whenever the plant emergency alarm goes off,
and they all move down to muster point.

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:38

ATTENDANT / STAND BY MAN

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:39

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Attendant

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:40

ENTRANTS

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:41

SPECIAL EQUIPMENT & PPE

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:42

COMMUNICATION & RESCUE

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:43

Confined Space Emergency Rescue Response
• Assess the situation fully before commencing a rescue operation
• Alert medical service and request for assistance
• Check the functionality of the rescue equipment to be used for rescue
• Identify a point of safety to move casualty to
• Check CS atmosphere to determine under what condition rescue will be
carried out
• Use SCBA or LLBA with escape bottle on the rescuer
• Carry out the rescue in a steady and controlled manner
• Make sure communication is maintained at all times
• Activate site Emergency response plan if rescue is considered beyond
dedicated team/plan.
• Monitor the casualty condition at all times and where possible provide the
necessary first aid.
Call the emergency number (3999 / 2999)

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:44

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:45
SUMMARY

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:46

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Summary Final

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Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:47

 Thank You!

Do The Right Thing!!

Please proceed to the next slide to complete the

examination questionnaire.

Not Observing Work Area Hazard Analysis Leads to Accident…NO WAHALA Take 5!

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:48

 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY INDUCTION TRAINING

Press F5 on your PC keyboard

When you are ready for the CSE Induction Examination,

Click here
and login using your usual Windows UNITE-NG username and
password to complete the Examination Questionnaire

Note that if you score below 80% in the examination questionnaire, you will be
informed to go through the CSE slides again and re-attempt on the questionnaire.

If you have any questions or difficulties in accessing the questionnaire, please call
Ext. 3194 for the Shift Job Instructors

By POT/4 Operation Support and Training Team

Date: 5 September, 2014 Slide Number:49