CCN1LN1S
1 IN1kCDUC1ICN
2 AN1LNNA DIAGkAMS
3 AN1LNNA DL1AILS
4 MA1LA8 CCDL
S MA1LA8 CU1U1
6 SIMULA1ICN
7 kLSUL1
IN1kCDUC1ICN
Porn anLenna ls Lhe mosL wldely used mlcrowave anLenna lL ls one of Lhe slmplesL
anLennaexlsLlng Llll daLe 1he Porn AnLenna aL 8ell 1elephone LaboraLorles ln Polmdel
new !ersey ls llsLed as a naLlonal PlsLorlc Landmark because of lLs assoclaLlon wlLh Lhe
research work of Lwo radlo asLronomers Arno enzlas and 8oberL Wllson ln 1963 whlle
uslng Lhe Porn AnLenna enzlas and Wllson sLumbled on Lhe mlcrowave background
radlaLlon LhaL permeaLes Lhe unlverse CosmologlsLs qulckly reallzed LhaL enzlas and
Wllson had made Lhe mosL lmporLanL dlscovery ln modern asLronomy slnce Ldwln
Pubble demonsLraLed ln Lhe 1920s LhaL Lhe unlverse was expandlng
1he horn anLenna ls used ln Lhe Lransmlsslon and recepLlon of 8l mlcrowave slgnals and
LheanLenna ls normally used ln con[uncLlon wlLh wavegulde feeds 1he horn ls wldely
used as a feed elemenL for large radlo asLronomy saLelllLe Lracklng and communlcaLlon
dlshes ln addlLlon Lo lLs uLlllLy as a feed for reflecLor and lenses lL ls a common elemenL
of phased arrays also lL serves as a unlversal sLandard for callbraLlon and galn
measuremenLs of oLher hlgh power anLennas lLs wldespread appllcablllLy sLems from lLs
slmpllclLy ln consLrucLlon ease of exclLaLlon versaLlllLy large galn and preferred all over
performance Porns can be exclLed ln any polarlzaLlon or comblnaLlon of polarlzaLlons
1he horn anLenna galns lLs name from lLs appearance Porn ls noLhlng more Lhan a
hollow plpe of dlfferenL cross secLlons whlch has been Lapered Lo a larger openlng
1ype dlrecLlon and amounL of Laper can have a profound effecL on Lhe overall
performance of Lhe elemenL as a radlaLor 1he wavegulde can be consldered Lo open
ouL or Lo be flared launchlng Lhe slgnal Lowards Lhe recelvlng anLenna llare
waveguldes produce a nearly unlform phase fronL larger Lhan Lhe wavegulde lLself
1he Lplane secLoral horn ls Lhe one whose openlng ls flared ln Lhe dlrecLlon of L fleld A
deLalled geomeLry ls as shown ln Lhe flgure 1he Pplane secLoral horn ls Lhe one whose
openlng ls flared ln Lhe dlrecLlon of P fleld A deLalled geomeLry ls as shown ln Lhe
flgure 1he yramldal horn ls Lhe one whose openlng ls flared ln Lhe dlrecLlon of P fleld
and L fleld boLh A deLalled geomeLry ls as shown ln Lhe flgure lLs radlaLlon
characLerlsLlcs are a comblnaLlon of Lhe L and P plane secLoral horns Whlle Lhe
pyramldal L and P plane secLoral horns are usually fed by a recLangular wavegulde Lhe
conlcal horn ls fed by a clrcular wavegulde 8esL of Lhe behavlor ls same
AN1LNNA DIAGkAMS
L SecLoral Porn P SecLoral Porn
Conlcal horn yramldal Porn
AN1LNNA DL1AILS
L |ane Sectora| horn
Aperture I|e|ds
Porn belng an aperLure anLenna lL ls necessary LhaL Lhe LangenLlal elecLrlc and magneLlc
fleld componenLs over a closed surface are known Lo develop an exacL equlvalenL of lL
An lnflnlLe plane colncldlng wlLh Lhe aperLure of Lhe horn ls usually selecLed as a closed
surface lf Lhe horn ls noL mounLed on an lnflnlLe grounded plane Lhe flelds ouLslde Lhe
aperLure cannoL be calculaLed and an exacL equlvalenL cannoL be formed Powever as a
usual approxlmaLlon we assume Lhe flelds ouLslde Lhe aperLure Lo be zero1he flelds
wlLhln Lhe horn can be expressed ln Lerms of cyllndrlcal Lransverse elecLrlc and
Lransverse magneLlc le 1L and 1M wave funcLlons whlch make use of Pankel funcLlons
1hls meLhod flnds Lhe flelds noL only aL Lhe aperLure buL also wlLhln Lhe horn
1he lowesL order mode flelds aL Lhe aperLure of Lhe horn can be found very easlly Laklng
lnLo conslderaLlon Lhe Lwo assumpLlons LhaL
1) llelds of Lhe feed wavegulde are Lhose of lLs domlnanL 1L 10 mode
2) Porn lengLh ls large compared Lo Lhe aperLure dlmenslons
n |ane Sectora| norn
P lane vlew
yram|da| norn
1he mosL wldely used horn ls Lhe one whlch ls flared ln boLh Lhe dlrecLlons lLs radlaLlon
characLerlsLlcs are essenLlally a comblnaLlon of Lhe L and P plane secLoral horns
P lane vlew
L lane vlew
MA1LA8 CCDL
funct|on horn
d|sp(L|ane and n|ane norn Spec|f|cat|ons)
k1 k2
k1 |nput(rho1(|n wave|engths) )
k2 |nput(rho2(|n wave|engths) )
a b
a |nput(a(|n wave|engths) )
b |nput(b(|n wave|engths) )
a1 b1
a1 |nput(a1(|n wave|engths) )
b1 |nput(b1(|n wave|engths) )
u (1]sqrt(2))*((sqrt(k2)]a1)+(a1]sqrt(k2)))
v (1]sqrt(2))*((sqrt(k2)]a1)(a1]sqrt(k2)))
v Iresne|(v)
w Iresne|(b1]sqrt(2*k1))
Dn 4*p|*b*k2]a1*((rea|(u)rea|(v))2 + (|mag(u)|mag(v))2)
DL 64*a*k1](p|*b1)*((rea|(w))2 + (|mag(w))2)
D p|](32*a*b)*DL*Dn
k 2*p|
Lmax 0
nmax 0
L and n p|ane Cutputs
L|ane Amp||tude
for(theta 00S360)
I theta*2 + 1
theta theta*p|]180
ph| p|]2
ky k*s|n(theta)
kxp p|]a1
kxdp p|]a1
t1 sqrt(1](p|*k*k1))*(k*b1]2ky*k1)
t2 sqrt(1](p|*k*k1))*(k*b1]2ky*k1)
t1p sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2p|]a1*k2)
t2p sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2p|]a1*k2)
t1dp t2p
t2dp t1p
exp([*k2](2*k)*kxdp2)*(Iresne|(t2dp) Iresne|(t1dp)))
I2 sqrt(p|*k1]k) * exp([*k1](2*k)*ky2) * (Iresne|(t2) Iresne|(t1))
y(I) (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2
y(I) abs(y(I))
end
for(I 1721)
|f(y(I) Lmax)
Lmax y(I)
end
end
for(I 1721)
|f(y(I) 0)
Ldb 100
e|se
Ldb 20*|og10(abs(y(I))]Lmax)
end
theta (I1)]2
x(I)theta
q1(I)Ldb
end
n|ane Amp||tude
for(theta 00S360)
I theta*2 + 1
theta theta*p|]180
ph| 0
kxp k*s|n(theta) + p|]a1
kxdp k*s|n(theta) p|]a1
t1 sqrt(1](p|*k*k1))*(k*b1]2)
t2 sqrt(1](p|*k*k1))*(k*b1]2)
t1p sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2kxp*k2)
t2p sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2kxp*k2)
t1dp sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2kxdp*k2)
t2dp sqrt(1](p|*k*k2))*(k*a1]2kxdp*k2)
exp([*k2](2*k)*kxdp2)*(Iresne|(t2dp) Iresne|(t1dp)))
I2 sqrt(p|*k1]k) * exp([*k1](2*k)*ky2) * (Iresne|(t2) Iresne|(t1))
y(I) (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2
y(I) abs(y(I))
end
for(I 1721)
|f(y(I) nmax)
nmax y(I)
end
end
for(I 1721)
|f(y(I) 0)
ndb 100
e|se
ndb 20*|og10(abs(y(I))]nmax)
end
theta (I1)]2
x(I)theta
q2(I)ndb
end
f|gure(2)
ht1e|evat|on(x*p|]180q16004b)
ho|d on
ht2e|evat|on(x*p|]180q26004r)
set(ht1 ht2||new|dth2)
|egend(ht1 ht2Lp|anenp|ane)
t|t|e(I|e|d patterns)
D|rect|v|ty Cutput
d|rect|v|ty 10*|og10(D)
Iresne| Subfunct|on
funct|ony Iresne|(x)
A(1) 1S9S769140
A(2) 0000001702
A(3) 6808S088S4
A(4) 0000S76361
A(S) 6920691902
A(6) 00168986S7
A(7) 30S048S660
A(8) 007S7S2419
A(9) 08S0663781
A(10) 002S639041
A(11) 01S0230960
A(12) 0034404779
8(1) 0000000033
8(2) 42SS387S24
8(3) 0000092810
8(4) 7780020400
8(S) 0009S2089S
8(6) S07S161298
8(7) 0138341947
8(8) 1363729124
8(9) 0403349276
8(10) 0702222016
8(11) 021619S929
8(12) 0019S47031
CC(1) 0
CC(2) 002493397S
CC(3) 0000003936
CC(4) 000S7709S6
CC(S) 0000689892
CC(6) 0009497136
CC(7) 0011948809
CC(8) 0006748873
CC(9) 0000246420
CC(10) 0002102967
CC(11) 0001217930
CC(12) 0000233939
D(1) 0199471140
D(2) 0000000023
D(3) 00093S1341
D(4) 0000023006
D(S) 00048S1466
D(6) 0001903218
D(7) 0017122914
D(8) 0029064067
D(9) 00279289SS
D(10) 0016497308
D(11) 000SS98S1S
D(12) 0000838386
|f(x0)
y0
return
e|se|f(x0)
xabs(x)
x(p|]2)*x2
I0
|f(x4)
for(k112)
II+(A(k)+[*8(k))*(x]4)(k1)
end
y I*sqrt(x]4)*exp([*x)
y y
return
e|se
for(k112)
II+(CC(k)+[*D(k))*(4]x)(k1)
end
y I*sqrt(4]x)*exp([*x)+(1[)]2
y y
return
end
e|se
x(p|]2)*x2
I0
|f(x4)
for(k112)
II+(A(k)+[*8(k))*(x]4)(k1)
end
y I*sqrt(x]4)*exp([*x)
return
e|se
for(k112)
II+(CC(k)+[*D(k))*(4]x)(k1)
end
y I*sqrt(4]x)*exp([*x)+(1[)]2
return
end
end
MA1LA8 CU1U1
lL ls very clear from Lhe above ouLpuLs LhaL Lhe flnal radlaLlon possesses mlnlmum
radlaLlon lnLenslLy ln Lhe back lobe (aL angle of 180 degrees) and a maxlmum of lobe
power ls concenLraLed ln Lhe maln lobe along Lhe axls of Lhe horn anLenna lL ls a hlghly
dlrecLlve anLenna wlLh Lhe dlrecLlvlLy value resulLlng ouL Lo be
lor Lhe lnpuL parameLers
8PC1 6 a1 33 a 03 all readlngs ln Lerm of lambda
8PC2 6 b1 273 b 023
1he value of dlrecLlvlLy glven by MaLlab ls up 7634 buL Lhe LheoreLlcally calculaLed
value comes ouL Lo be up' 7334
1herefore error ln calculaLlon of Lhe dlrecLlvlLy by Lhe MaLlab program ls wlLhln 1
SIMULA1ICN
AN1LNNA DLSIGN
WlLh Lhe followlng Porn AnLenna dlmenslons a solld horn was obLalned
Lower cubold dlmenslons 1296 x 648 x 302cube cm
a1296 cmb648 cm p1 p246 cm a133 cm b1428 cm
AfLer obLalnlng Lhe solld horn our requlremenL ls Lo have a hollow conducLor ln place of
solld one wlLh Lhe Lop and lnLersecLlon faces removed AfLerwards a wlre ls placed as a
feed elemenL and an exclLaLlon volLage source wlLh an ampllLude of 1 volL and operaLlng
frequency of 1643 CPz ls placed ln Lhe wlre porL
1he neL resulLanL deslgn appears Lo be as follows
1he 3u far fleld paLLern can be shown as
SlmulaLlon resulL of LlecLrlc lar lleld ln CarLeslan coordlnaLes
SlmulaLlon resulL of LlecLrlc lar lleld ln polar coordlnaLes
kesu|ts
It was thus found out that the resu|ts of Mat|ab |mp|ementat|on and theoret|ca||y
ca|cu|ated resu|ts are w|th|n the requ|red error ||m|ts of 1 It was found that the
f|na| rad|at|on possesses m|n|mum rad|at|on |ntens|ty |n the back |obe (at ang|e of 180
degrees) and a max|mum of |obe power |s concentrated |n the ma|n |obe a|ong the
ax|s of the horn antenna8oth the s|mu|at|ons that of Mat|ab prov|de us w|th a
ver|f|cat|on of above ment|oned resu|t
