PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present Perfect Tense is used: -

1. To indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just); as,
He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
2. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite; as,
Have you read ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?
I have never known him to be angry.
Have you seen the ‘Taj Mahal’.
3. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action
itself; as,
e.g. Gopi has eaten all the biscuits.
I have cut my finger.
I have finished my work.
4. To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present
moment (often with since- and for-phrases); as,
I have known him for a long time.
He has been ill since last week.
we have lived here for ten years.
We have not seen Padma for several months.

Affirmative sentence
Subject + has/have + verb(III) + object.
1) I have just received your letter.
2) The train has just left the station.
3) My mother has just arrived.
4) The show has just begun.
5) I have got my licence made.

Negative sentence
Subject + has/have + not + verb(III) + object.
1) People have not become aware of their rights.
2) He has not bought a new house.
3) We have not taken the decision.
4) Jai has not stolen my book.
5) I have not completed my graduation.

Interrogative sentence
Has/have + subject + verb(III) + object?
1) Has he spent all his money?
2) Has it stopped raining?
3) Has the fire burnt the house?
4) Has the fire gone out?
5) Has she caught a cold?

Interro-negative sentence
Has/have + subject + not + verb(III) + object?
1) Has he not shot a parrot?
2) Have we not lived here for the last five years?
3) Have I not seen him for a long time?
4) Have they not known me for a very long time?
5) Have I not served the nation for ten years?

Exercise
1. Fill up the blanks with correct form of the verb given in bracket.
1) He ______ a letter to his friend. (write)
2) She ________ food for us. (cook)
3) They ________ us for the party. (invite)
4) He ________ a birds. (shoot)
5) Our soldiers _______ bravely. (fight)
6) Our results ______ . (declare)
7) She ________ a new uniform. (sew)
8) We _____ some mangoes from the market. (buy)
9) She ______ a surgery recently. (undergo)
10) The farmers ________ their fields. (plough)
2. Make negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
3. Make interrogative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
4. Make interro-negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect Tense is used: -
1. To describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past; as,
E.g. I had reached home before 8 p.m.
He had done his homework by 5.30 p.m.
The bell had rung before I reached.
2. If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened
earlier than the other. The Past Perfect is mainly used in such situations. The Past Perfect is
used in one clause (previous action) and the simple past in the other (subsequent action); as,
(a) Previous Action Subsequent Action
(Past Perfect) (Simple Past)
1. The train had left before I reached the station.
2. I had finished my work before you came.
3. The patient had died before the doctor came.
(b) Subsequent Action Previous Action
(Simple past) (Past perfect)
1. The doctor came after the patient had died.
2. The police came after the thieves had fled away.

Affirmative sentence
Subject + had + verb(III) + object.
1) I had received your letter.
2) The train had left the station.
3) My mother had arrived.
4) The show had begun.
5) I had got my licence made.

Negative sentence
Subject + had + not + verb(III) + object.
1) People had not become aware of their rights.
2) He had not bought a new house.
3) We had not taken the decision.
4) Jai had not stolen my book.
5) I had not completed my graduation.

Interrogative sentence
Had + subject + verb(III) + object?
1) Had he spent all his money?
2) Had it stopped raining?
3) Had the fire burnt the house?
4) Had the fire gone out?
5) Had she caught a cold?

Interro-negative sentence
Had + subject + not + verb(III) + object?
1) Had he not shot a parrot?
2) Had we not lived here for the last five years?
3) Had I not seen him for a long time?
4) Had they not known me for a very long time?
5) Had I not served the nation for ten years?

Exercise
1. Fill up the blanks with correct form of the verb given in bracket.
1) He ______ a letter to his friend. (write)
2) She ________ food for us. (cook)
3) They ________ us for the party. (invite)
4) He ________ a birds. (shoot)
5) Our soldiers _______ bravely. (fight)
6) The board ______ our result . (declare)
7) She ________ a new uniform. (sew)
8) We _____ some mangoes from the market. (buy)
9) She ______ a surgery recently. (undergo)
10) The farmers ________ their fields. (plough)
2. Make negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
3. Make interrogative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
4. Make interro-negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future Perfect Tense is used: -
1. To talk about actions that will be completed by a certain future time; as,
E.g. I shall have written my exercise by then.
He will have left before you go to see him.
By the end of this month I will have worked here for five years.
2. Future Perfect denotes that an action will be completed in the future before another future
action takes place. The verb expressing the previous future action is put into the Future Perfect
Tense. The verb expressing the subsequent action is put into the Simple Present Tense; as,
E.g.
(a) Previous Action Subsequent Action
(Future Perfect) (Simple Present)
 1. We shall have reached the station before the train starts.
2. He will have reached home before the rain falls.
3. The sun will have risen when we get up.
4. We shall have reached the theatre before the show begins.
5. He will have earned a lot of money before he retires.
Affirmative sentence
Subject + will/shall + have + verb(III) + object.
1) I shall have received your letter.
2) The train will have left the station.
3) My mother will have arrived.
4) The show will have begun.
5) I shall have got my licence made.
Negative sentence
Subject + will/shall + have + not + verb(III) + object.
1) People will have not become aware of their rights.
2) He will have not bought a new house.
3) We shall have not taken the decision.
4) Jai will have not stolen my book.
5) I shall have not completed my graduation.
Interrogative sentence
Will/shall + subject + have + verb(III) + object?
1) Will he have spent all his money.
2) Will it have stopped raining.
3) Will the fire have burnt the house.
4) Will the fire have gone out.
5) Will She have caught a cold.
Interro-negative sentence
Will/shall + subject + have + not + verb(III) + object?
1) Will he have not shot a parrot?
2) Shall we have not lived here for the last five years?
3) Shall I have not seen him for a long time?
4) Will they have not known me for a very long time?
5) Shall I have not served the nation for ten years?
Exercise
1. Fill up the blanks with correct form of the verb given in bracket.
1) He ______ a letter to his friend. (write)
2) She ________ food for us. (cook)
3) They ________ us for the party. (invite)
4) He ________ a birds. (shoot)
5) Our soldiers _______ bravely. (fight)
6) The board ______ our result. (declare)
7) She ________ a new uniform. (sew)
8) We _____ some mangoes from the market. (buy)
9) She ______ a surgery recently. (undergo)
10) The farmers ________ their fields. (plough)
2. Make negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
3. Make interrogative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.
4. Make interro-negative sentence of the 10 sentences given above.