Rangkuman psycolinguistik

Kel 1
Production Process
1. Conceptualization : This process involves the individual's understanding of the topic to
be discussed, interpretation of the context, and extracting information from the
individual's knowledge.
2. Formulation : The formulation process is the process of compiling and formulating ideas
into sentences or utterances so that they can be understood by other people. This process
involves the use of knowledge about grammar such as grammar and lexicon.
3. Articulation : The articulation process is the stage when an individual utters or recites
speech using his or her own speech organs such as the mouth, tongue, lips and palate
(roof of the mouth).
Pausing and Planning
1. Amount of Planning : before saying something, usually everyone has prepared in detail
the contents of the speech, interview answers, suggestions, suggestions, and so on.
2. Cycles of Planning : Planning an unscripted speech involves complexity in organizing
ideas as the basic unit of planning
Macroplanning and Microplanning
1. Macro Planning : Macro planning aims to organize ideas to achieve communicative goals
by using appropriate speech actions.
2. Micro Planning : Micro planning is concerned with the details of each individual speech
act, focusing on the perspective and information structure appropriate to each speech act.
Grammatical Encoding
1. Functional Processing : Functional processing aims to select appropriate words and
assign functions in sentences, such as lexical selection and function assignment.
2. Positional Processing : Positional processing involves organizing selected lemmas into
string sequences (phrase structure) and placing them in a sentence frame.
Evidence from Speech Errors
1. Speech Errors : Speech errors reveal incorrect assignment of functional roles in
sentences, which in turn lead to inappropriate placement of words at the positional level.
2. Syntactic Priming : Participants in this study tended to select sentence structures that
were consistent with the primary sentences they read,
Kel 2
FINDING WORDS
1. Pausing : phenomenon that often occurs when a speaker takes time to collect

thoughts, express emotions, or organize his next word

2. Predictability : efers to how easily the speaker can predict the words that will be used

based on the context and available information.

3. Speech Errors : Speech errors are a phenomenon in which there is a discrepancy between

what is said and what is intended by the speaker.

4. Kind of speech Error :

Substitution (Same meaning)

I like Reading books

I like Reading magazines

Blends (Combination of 2 word)

She's wearing brancelet and ring

She's wearing brang

Malapropism (Different meaning)

She is amazing woman

She is Amazon woman

5. Lexical Selection : Lexical selection is a mental process in which speakers choose

appropriate words from their word inventory to express their thoughts or ideas.

6. Serial Models : speakers choose words sequentially based on their suitability to the

context. Ex : ”I need to find my keys. They should be on the table or maybe in my

bag”
 7. Interactive Models : words are selected simultaneously and mutually influence each other

in the process. Ex: “I feel... um... happy! Yes, I feel happy because the weather is nice

outside”

8. Getting the Order : Getting the Order Wrong: Getting the Order Wrong is a

phenomenon in which a speaker or writer makes a mistake in arranging the

order of words in a sentence so that it does not correspond to correct

grammar or intended meaning.The causes of sequencing errors can come

from :1. Cognitive impairment 2. Lack of understanding of grammar 3.

Impaired thought processes

9. Association Norms: Association norms are lists of the words that are evoked in the minds

of native speakers when a target word is presented to them.

Kel 3

1. Building words in psycholiguistic is the process of forming new words in English using

prefixes,word roots and suffixes.

2. The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon is a situation where someone feels like they can

almost remember a word or piece of information, but cannot completely remember it. It is

often compared to the expression “on the tip of the tongue”, which describes a situation

where a person is sure they know something but cannot retrieve it from memory.

3. Speech errors are a phenomenon in which there is a discrepancy between what is said and

what is intended by the speaker

 4. Morphological structure in psycholinguistics refers to the internal structure of words and

how this structure is processed and understood by the human brain.: Inflectional

morphology , Derivational morphology

5. Morphological Inflection is the process of modifying word forms to indicate various

grammatical functions

 Tense: Verbs change form to show time, like "eat," "eats," "ate," and "eaten."
 Number: Nouns change form to show singular or plural, like "book" and "books."
 Gender: Nouns and pronouns may change form for gender, like "man," "woman,"
"he," and "she."
 Case: (Less common in English) Nouns can change form based on their role in the
sentence (subject, object, possessive), like "she" vs. "her."

Morphological derivation is the process of creating new words from base words by adding bound
morphemes, which can be prefixes, suffixes, or infixes. Examples: 1.Prefixes:

 un-: not (unhappy, untie)

2. Suffixes:

 -er: someone who does something (singer, teacher)

3. Infixes: (Less common in English)

 -en-: cause to (lengthen, strengthen)

phonological encoding is the mental process by which we convert written symbols (letters) into
their corresponding sounds

A tongue twister is a phrase or sentence designed to be difficult to pronounce quickly and

clearly. These challenges often involve words with similar sounds or repetitive sounds that trip
up the tongue.

Kel 4

1. Spontaneous speech is a communication interaction that occurs naturally without the

preparation of a script.
 2. Self-monitoring refers to one's ability to monitor or supervise one's own speech
production. During speech, we constantly monitor the fluency, grammatical accuracy,
and clarity of the message we are conveying.
3. Research on monitoring and repair often uses the "induced errors" method. In this
method, researchers manipulate the environment or speech instructions to induce speech
errors in participants. For example, the researcher may display a picture with the wrong
object name, thus triggering a naming error in the participant.
4. Self-monitoring is useless without the ability to correct mistakes. Repair is an action
taken by the speaker to correct his or her own mistakes in speaking.
5. Editor theory [Hartsuiker & Kolk, 2001; Cognitive Psychology] describes the monitoring
and repair process as an internal editing process. Similar to an editor in writing,
6. SPEAKERS HELPING LISTENERS : One important function of monitoring and repair
is to help the listener understand the message. By identifying and correcting their own
mistakes, the speaker ensures that the message is conveyed clearly and accurately.

Kel 5