WEEK 11

1896 REVOLUTION,
END OF EXILE IN
DAPITAN TO ARREST,
TRIAL AND
MARTYRDOM
 MEMBERS
Roma Mae Doronio
Charles Ivan Yamaguchi
Kurt Andrei Reyes
Tricia Ortiz
Lovely Miranda
NicoleAnn Lanugon
Micaela Kyla Santiago
 THE 1896 REVOLUTION & RIZAL
1 8 9 5 - the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards
1896 - the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain
The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for them because
Spain would have divided attention and strength
April 1896 - In a Montalban cave, Bonifacio and the Katipunan
decided to start the revolution.
May 2, 1896 - Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK Supreme Council
to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and lead the Katipunan, he being
the recognized leader and savior of the Filipinos.
Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK
He believed the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish army
because of several reasons
 Y FIL IPIN O S W OU LD
REAS ON S W H
O D R. JO SE RIZ AL:
FA IL AC CO RDIN G T

1. The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight against

the fully equipped Spaniards
2. The KKK members do not have enough skills and training
to fight a professional army tested in war
3. The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result
confusion in the chain of command
RIZAL ADVISED WHEN DECLARING REVOLUTION:
1. The enemy has allies which necessitates that the revolutionaries must have
foreign aid to ensure sufgicient funds
2. Naval ships are needed especially in an archipelago like the Philippines for
communcation purposes.
3. Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution
4. It must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and burning passion.
5. It must be launched on the context of the ability to succeed in the end
6. If the revolution is the last resort it must be prepared for another five to ten
years to ensure victory
7. He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, a man of
military expertise
8. The KKK must also seek the financial support of the Japanese
 END OF RIZAL’S EXILE
Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban revolution hoping to
end his Dapitan exile
His letter was finally approved after months of waiting
July 31, 1896 - he left Dapitan together with Josephine, Narcisa, three
nephews and a niece on board the steamer España.
This ended his Dapitan exile.
Arrival of España in Manila was delayed
The Isla de Luzon had left
Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in 28 days
Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique Santalo, where he
would wait for another 26 days
RIZAL STRANDED IN MANILA
Arrival of España in Manila was delayed
The Isla den Luzon had left
Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in 28 days
Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique Santalo,
where he would wait for another 26days
Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked in and made a
last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal
Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be rescued
Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was doing
 1896 REVOLUTION
THE

Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the

Isla de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered
On the 26th of the month, Bonifacio and the rest of
the K raised the "Cry of Pugadlawin," which marked
the start of the Philippine Revolution
Rizal expected this to happen
 LAST VOYAGE ABROAD
August 30, 1896 - Rizal finally received the letter of Gov. Blanco, expressing
his congratulations and recommendation.
September 3 - Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain
The Ship proceeded to Singapore
His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped and he was
encouraged to do the same
Rizal refused because he didn’t want to become a fugitive
 RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN
The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its secrets
Bulk of documents were uncovered
Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK
Pictures, copies of the Noli and Fili were also found
Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president were likewise
discovered
Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally cry of the
members
He was regarded as their true leader and hero
These documents together with many letters and testimonies from those
arrested let to the conclusions that Rizal was part of the revolutionary group
 RIZAL’S ARREST

As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of Manila Archbishop

Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered arrested and detained inside the
ship
September 30, 1896 - Capt. A. Alemany followed the order and kept Rizal in
his cabin during the remainder of the trip
October 6 - the ship reached Barcelona
Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell Eulogio Despujol, former
Philippine governor who banished him Dapitan visited later that day
October 7- Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the SS Colon bound for
Manila
 RIZAL’S FINAL HOMECOMING
Rizal kept records pf the Philippines since he left for Barcelona
He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the bloody revolution
He thought of coming home to confront his accusers and vindicated his
name
Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal escape his
present predicament
Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort asking him to file
a writ of habeas corpus in Rizal’s behalf
Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the writ for lack of Jurisdiction
 THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL
Presented before him were two kinds of evidences documentary and
testimonial
There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary evidence
Testimonial evidences on the other hand, were comprised of oral proofs
provided by:
- Martin Constantino
- Aguedo del Rosario
- Jose Reyes
- Moises Salvador
- Jose Dizon
- Domingo Franco
- Deodato Arellano
- Pio Valenzuela
- Antonio Salazar
- Francisco Quison
- Timoteo Paez
l
THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL
Blanco designated Capt. Rafael
Dominguez as the ajudge advocate
assigned with the task of deciding
what corresponding action should
be done
Dominguez, after a brief review,
transmitted the records to Don
Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge
Advocate General.
 THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL
These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor
Ramon Blanco
Blanco designated Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the ajudge
advocate assigned with the task of deciding what
corresponding action should be done
Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Don
Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General.
 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Judge Advocate General Peña’s recommendations were as follows:
Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
He must be held in prison under necessary security
His properties must be issued with order of attachment, and as indemnity,
Rizal had to pay one million pesos
Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal
Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of the Spanish Artillery to
be his defense lawyer
 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of Lt. jose Taviel de
Andrade who worked as Rizal’s personal body guard in Calamba In 1887.
On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his Spanish counsel,
charges against Rizal were dead.
Rebellion- punishable by death
Sedition- also punishable by death
Illegal Association- punishable with reclusion perpetua or lower
HE WAS ACCUSED OF BEING
The principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino insurrection
The founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and
propagating ideas of rebellion.
When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal
replied that:
He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he
had not dealt in political matters
He has nothing to admit on the charges against him
He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not
met nor knew, against him.
 MANIFESTO TO THE
PEOPLE
Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's successor, Governor
Camilo de Polavieja, who had the authority to command that the case be
court martialed.
On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote a controversial
letter, The Manifesto addressed to his countrymen.
The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody struggle, and promoting
education and industry as the best means to acquire independence.
Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to Gov. Polavieja
that the publication of the manifesto be prohibited
 THE TRIAL OF RIZAL
December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning,the court-martial of Rizal
commenced. The hearing was actually a kind of moro-moro, a planned trial
wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged
Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know the people who
witnessed against him.
The trial took place at Cuartel de Espana, a military building, with a court
composed pf seven miltary officers headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona
Present at the courttoom were Jose Rizal,
 THE TRIAL OF RIZAL
Six other officers in uniform
-Lt. Taviel denAndrade
- Judge Advocate CaPt. Rafael Dominguez
- Lt. Enrique de Alcocer ( Prosecuting Attorney)
- a number of spectators, including Josephine Bracken
Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial
It was followed by Atty. Alcocer’s reiteration of the charges against Rizal, urging the court
that the latter be punished with death.
Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were rebellion, sedition and illegal association.
Lt. taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, layer took the floor reading his speech in defense of
Rizal.
To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense which he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago
 DR. JOSE RIZAL’S DEFENSE
According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his innocence:
As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion
He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan comprising
revolutionary elements
Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if he
really was guilty, he could have escaped while he was in Singapore.
If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile; ehe
shouldn’t have built a home, bought a parcel land or established a
hospital in Dapitan.
If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionists should
have consulted him.
He did nit deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga Filipina but
to make things clear, the organization was a civic association, not a
revolutionary society.
 DR. JOSE RIZAL’S DEFENSE
● If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should
not have been organized
● If the Spanish authorities found his letters having bitter
atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was being persecuted
resulting to their dispossession of properties and deportation of all
his brother in law.
● He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan th- politico-military
commanders and missionary priests in the rovince could attest to
that.
● It accroding to witnesses the speech he delivered at Doroteo
Ongjunco’s house had inspired the revolution, then why did the
Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so
because all his friends were aware that he never advocated
violence.
 The Final Verdict
The military court remained indifferent to the pleads of Rizal. After short deliberation
he was sentenced to be shot in musketry until death at 7oclock in the morning of
December 30,1896 at Bagumabayan Field (Luneta)
The decision was submitted to Gov. Palavieja who immediately sought the opinion
of Nicolas de la Pena- the latter found the verdict just and final
Two days later, the governor general signed the court’s decision and ordered Rizal’s
execution.
 DR. JOSE RIZAL’S LAST HOURS
Upon hearing the courts decision, Rizal already knew that there’s no way that his destiny
would be changed
● Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate.
● Captain Rafael Domingues at 6 o’clock in the morning of December 29, 1896, read
before him the official notice of his execution, scheduled the next day.
● Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel where he spent his last hours on
earth
● Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing correspondences to friends and family,
bidding everyone farewell
● Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata- The Rector of the Ateneo Municipal; arrived in the prison early
in the morning
● Fr. Luis Viza - came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom Rizal asked for the image of the
Sacred Heart of Jesus which he made during his stay in Ateneo
● Lt. Taviel de Andrade - rizal extended his appreciation for Andrade’s services as his
defense counsel.
● Fr. Federico Faura - had prophesied earlier rather that Rizal would lose his head for
writing the Noli Me Tangere and the latter “congratulated’ the priest for being right.
 DR. JOSE RIZAL’S LAST HOURS
● Fr. Jose Villaclara - Rizal’s former teacher on Ateneo; ate lunch with him.
● Fr. Vicente Balaguer - accompanied Fr. Villaclara; ate lunch with Rizal
as well
● Santiago Mataix - contributor in the El Heraldo de Madrid.
● Teodora Alonzo - Rizal knelt before his beloved mother, begging for
forgiveness and understanding; the mother and son were separated by the
strong grip of the prison guard.
● Trinidad - arrived when Teodora Left the chapel; to her, Rizal handed
down an alochol cooking stove and whispered that something was inside it
(turned out to be his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a small piece
of paper
● Gaspar Castano - fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a good
conversation with Rizal.
● Late at night, around 10 o’clock a retraction letter prepared by
Archbishop Bernadino Nozaleda was presented to Rizal
 THE RETRACTION

● Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another draft from Fr. Pio Pi
● Rizal liked it but wanted some parts of which be changed.
● By 11;30pm, Rizal wrote and signed the retraction letter in which he renounced the
mason movement.
● Witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief of the Guard Detail) and Eloy
Moure (Assistant of the Plaza)
 THE RETRACTION CONTROVERSEY
● If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then was he not given a Catholic burial? Where is the death Certificate?
● If Josephine Bracken were married before the farmers execution, where then is the marriage certificate?
● Where are the books that Rizal signed?
● There is an allegation that the retraction document was forgery.
● Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a
retraction is not keeping with Rizal’s character and mature beliefs.
● He called the retraction story a “pious fraud”
● Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide, Ambeth Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero III, and Nicolas
Zafra of Up state that the retraction document was deemed authentic by Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw.
● They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book, and
recited Catholic prayers and, the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution.
● Supporters see in it Rizal’s “moral courage to recognize his mistakes”, his reversion to the “true faith” and thus his
“unfading glory” and a return to the “ideals of his fathers” which brings his stature as a patriot to the level of
greatness.
 RIZAL MARTYRDOM
By 6:30am, Rizal march to Bagumbayan commenced. He, in his black suit, black
necktie, black hat, black shoes and white vest- calmly walked from his prison cell
in Fort Santiago to the execution site.
He was with Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and Fathers Estanislao March
and Jose Villaclara, on the other side. They walked behind four advanced guards
armed bayonets.
Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although, still had the freedom
to move his arms. In his right arm was a rosary which he kept on holding until his
final breath.
In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the two priest and his
defender, bidding them farewell.
A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he gently kissed
Rizal had one request that is that he be shot facing the firing squad however in
vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot
 RIZAL MARTYRDOM
physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Castillo, was amazed that Rizal’s vital signs
were normal, particularly his pulse rate-was Rizal really unafraid to die?
The firing squad was commanded in unison with drumbeats. Upon the brisk
command:
Preparar!; Apunte!
Fuego! The guns of the squad flared.
Rizal by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted his body around to face
the firing squad, and so fell on the ground with his face toward the blue sky, his
head slightly inclined toward the rising sun of the east.
What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their loud , audible boice
shouting “Viva Espana”(Long love Spain!) “Morir el traidores! (Death To
traitors). Jose Rizal died at exactly 7:03om in the morning of December 30
 THE MYSTERY OF MISSING GRAVE
Located at the outer circle is a landmark that indicates the bUurial place of national hero
Dr. Jose Rizal after his execution in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.
Unusual is how the Initials of Jose P. Rizal are inscribed in reverse(RPJ) On the cross
According to story, the day before he was put to death, the family of Rizal prevailed
upon spanish authorities to turn over his corpse to them later the next day.
The pleas were met with refusal after refusal because the authorities feared the burial
site would be used a symbol of martyrdom
Finally, toward evening the civil governor of Manila, Manuel Luego, took pity on Rizal’s
mother and gave her permission to take the body after the execution.
Rizal’s sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a coffin and transportation.
One notified that the execution was over, The family proceeded to the execution site,
but the remains of Jose had already been removed
Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother in all the cemeteries in manila
Passing through Paco Cemetery in the afternoon, she came upon some civil guards and
correctly surprised that their presence indicated that her brother had been buried there.
She searched all over paco cemetery until she found a grave with freshly turned earth.
She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with Rizal initials in reverse (RPJ) to mark
the site
Those who have lived a good life do not fear death, but meet it
calmly and even long for it in the face of great suffering
But those who do not have a peaceful conscience, dread dath as
through life means nothing but physical torment.
The challenge is to live our life so that we will be prepared for
death when it comes——UNKNOWN SOURCE.
THANK
YOU