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thoroughly done the topic. On some days, start with the questions to test yourself for
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Israel Claims Strikes on Iran's Bushehr, Isfahan, and Natanz Nuclear Sites During Operation Rising Lion
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· IAEA Board passes Resolution declaring Iran in Breach of Nuclear Pact for First Time Since 2005.
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Operation Rising Lion: Key Targets and Outcomes

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Iran's Only Operating Nuclear Power Plant. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

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· Natanz (Tehran): Iran's Main Uranium Enrichment Site.

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· Isfahan (Tehran): Contains 3 Chinese – built Research Reactors.

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· Military Personnel Killed:

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Headquarters
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o Fereydoon Abbasi Dawani: Former Head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran

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· Likely Derailment of US – Iran Talks to Revive 2015 Nuclear Deal (JCPOA).

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· Impact on Indian Diaspora: Risk of Evacuations and Job/Income Loss if conflict escalates.
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· Strategic Connectivity Disruption: Chabahar Port (India's Gateway to Central Asia) may face Sanctions or
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· Diplomatic Challenges: India has strong ties with both Israel & Iran. Rising Tensions pressure India to Choose
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Iran – US Nuclear Talks

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amid Insecurity.

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· Adopted: 1968 | In force: 1970 | Extended Indefinitely: 1995

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· Iran Drafts Legislation to Withdraw

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of January 1, 1967.

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from Nuclear Non – Proliferation

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· Iran Considers NPT Withdrawal

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Security Concerns. Become 2nd Country to Exit After

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· Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017): 1st Binding Ban on Nuclear Weapons; No NWS have Joined.
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· New START Treaty (2010): USA – Russia Limits on Strategic Arms (Expires 2026).
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US and USSR/Russia.
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· Israel launches 1st Naval Strike on Hodeidah Port (Yemen's Largest Port).

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· U.S. Doomsday Plane (E – 4B Nightwatch): Built to Withstand Nuclear Blasts, Cyberattacks, and
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· India Launches Operation Sindhu to Evacuate Citizens from Iran and Israel Amid Escalating Tensions.

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NEWS IN A MINUTE
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· Lucknow Proposed as UNESCO Creative City in Gastronomy Category (UNESCO's World Heritage
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Centre) for Awadhi Cuisine.

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o UNESCO Creative Cities Network (2004) recognizes Culture and Creativity as Key Drivers of
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Sustainable Urban Development (SDG 11).

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§ Covers 7 Fields: Crafts, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, Music.
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§ Indian Cities in UCCN: Jaipur and Srinagar (Crafts and Folk Arts); Varanasi, Chennai and Gwalior
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(Music); Mumbai (Film); Hyderabad (Gastronomy); Kozhikode (Literature).

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Scan the code

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of this month's
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Non – Permanent Members for 2025 – 26 Term.

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Pakistan to Chair UNSC 1988 Taliban Sanctions Committee and Serve as Vice – Chair of Counter – Terrorism
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United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

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· One of Principal Organs of United Nations.

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– 92, 2011 – 12, 2021 – 22.

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· India played Key Role in Listing Pakistani Terrorist Abdul Rehman Makki under UNSC 1267 Sanctions Regime.
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UNSC 1988 Taliban Sanctions Committee

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Why India is Concerned by Pakistan's Hosting?

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· Credibility Gap: Pakistan was on FATF Grey List (2018 – 2022) due to lapses in curbing Terror Financing.

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· Diplomatic Setback: Weakens India's long – standing efforts to label Pakistan as a Global Terror Sponsor.

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with Countries sharing leadership in these committees to act as Global Terrorism Index 2024

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moderating forces. · Published By: Institute for Economics

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· Sustained Engagement at Multilateral Fora: Raise concerns and Peace (Sydney, Australia).

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· India's Performance in GTI 2024: 14th

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· Leverage Soft Power and Strategic Communication: Use

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Largest Decrease in Terrorism –

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platforms like UNSC Briefings, Human Rights Council and Track II related Deaths.
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· Financial Action Task Force: Sets International Standards to combat Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing.
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· INTERPOL: Global Police Organization enhancing Transnational Cooperation.

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· SAARC Convention on Suppression of Terrorism (1987): Promotes Cooperation and Extradition among South Asian

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· Zero Tolerance Policy: Absolute Stance Against Terrorism and its Support Networks.
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· Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) Amendments: Allows Declaration of Individuals (not just
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Organisations) as Terrorists & Enables Property Confiscation linked to Terrorism.

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· National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): Links Databases of 21 Agencies for Real – Time Counter – Terror
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· NAFIS (National Automated Fingerprint Identification System): Over 90 lakh Fingerprint Records; Aids in
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Skill – up: UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee, UAPA 1967, NIA, IB

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NEWS IN A MINUTE
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· Full Bench of Lokpal of India Adopts New Motto: “Empower Citizens, Expose Corruption”. 8
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· European Court of Justice Rules Malta's 'Golden Passport' Citizenship Scheme (Individual Investor
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Programme) Violates EU Law and Must Be Halted.

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o EU Court Flags Malta's 'Golden Passports' for Enabling Schengen Access, Money Laundering Risks,
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and Lack of Transparency.

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· India Participates as Vice President in 2nd International Organisation of Aids to Marine Navigation
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(IALA) Council Session Held in Nice, France.

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o India to Host 3rd IALA General Assembly in 2025 and 21st IALA Conference in 2027 in Mumbai.
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o IALA Founded in 1957, Headquartered in Paris; Now Comprises 39 Member States.

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§ Objectives: Enhance Safety of Navigation at Sea, Reduce Marine Accidents, Protect Marine
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Environment, Promote Uniform Standards, Technical Cooperation and Capacity – Building in Marine
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Navigation.
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Scan the code

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to join our
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TOPIC

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in NEWS

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50 Years of

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1975

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Emergency

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Why in News?

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On 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court (Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha) Nullifies PM Indira Gandhi's 1971 Election
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Over Electoral Malpractices.

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Allahabad HC Verdict triggered Events leading to National Emergency Proclamation on 25 June (Constitution
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Assassination Day) 1975 under Article 352.

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Cliffs Notes
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The Emergency declared on June 25, 1975, marked one of the darkest periods in India's democratic journey.
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Triggered by political unrest and a court verdict against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it led to the suspension of civil
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liberties, censorship of the press, and mass arrests under harsh laws like MISA. For 21 months, democratic institutions
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were weakened, dissent was silenced, and state machinery was used to suppress opposition. Citizens faced forced
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sterilizations, evictions, and a climate of fear.

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This era exposed how swiftly democratic norms can collapse when power goes unchecked. It reminded the nation that

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legal frameworks alone cannot safeguard freedom—an informed and vigilant public is equally essential. As India reflects

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on this chapter fifty years later, the Emergency stands as a stark reminder: democracy is not self-sustaining. It demands
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constant awareness, accountability, and the courage to defend rights, even when doing so is unpopular or dangerous.
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Political & Social Circumstances Leading up to Emergency (1975)

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Political Build – up

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· Jan 1966: Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister after Lal Bahadur Shastri's Sudden Demise.

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· 1971: Gandhi wins a Landslide Election under “Garibi Hatao” Slogan; Congress gains dominance, defeating Opposition.

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· 1971 Indo – Pak War: Boosted Gandhi's popularity Post – Bangladesh Liberation, but Economic Costs were High.
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Legal and Political Crisis
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· 1971: Socialist leader Raj Narain files an Election Petition in Allahabad High Court, alleging Electoral Malpractices by
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Indira Gandhi.

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· 12 June 1975: Allahabad High Court (Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain Case, 1975) finds Gandhi Guilty of Electoral
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Fraud—Disqualifies her for 6 Years and Invalidates her election to Lok Sabha.
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· 24 June 1975: Supreme Court (Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer) grants a Conditional Stay, allowing her to Remain PM but Bars her

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from participating in Parliamentary Proceedings.

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Social Unrest & Growing Opposition (1973 – 1975)
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o Economic Stagnation: Rising Inflation, Unemployment, Oil Crisis.

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o Railway Strike of 1974, Led by George Fernandes.

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o Student – led Nav Nirman Movement in Gujarat & JP Movement in Bihar.

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· Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) calls for "Total Revolution" (Sampoorna Kranti) and Civil Disobedience, Gaining Massive Public
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Support.
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Immediate Trigger
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· June 25, 1975: Indira Gandhi advises President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a National Emergency under Article 352,

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citing “Internal Disturbance”. 8

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o Government Press Note claimed Threats to National Stability from Opposition Leaders “Inciting Police and Armed
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Forces.”
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· June 26, 1975: Indira Gandhi addresses the Nation via All India Radio, justifying Imposition of Emergency to “Save
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Democracy.”
_8
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End of Emergency & Aftermath (1977)

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· Jan 1977: Indira Gandhi announces fresh Lok Sabha

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Elections. Criticism of 1975 – 77 Emergency Period

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· Fundamental Rights Curbed – especially Art 14,

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o All Political Prisoners detained under MISA and

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Other Laws are Released.

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· Press Censorship imposed through Pre –

o ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla (1976): SC
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Censorship Regulations
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Upheld Suspension of Right to Life During

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· Mass Arrests under MISA (Maintenance of

Emergency; Justice H.R. Khanna Delivered Sole
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Internal Security Act)

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Dissenting Opinion.
· Judicial Independence Diluted (39th Amendment
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· March 23, 1977: Formal Revocation of Emergency. kept PM's Election out of Court Purview)
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· Centralization of Power in Executive and PMO

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· 1977 General Elections: Held in March 1977; resulted in

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· Democratic Institutions Bypassed or Weakened

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Crushing Defeat for Congress Party, especially in North

74

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India.
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o Rise of Janata Party, led by Morarji Desai, forming 1st Non – Congress Government at the Centre.

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o Shah Commission of Inquiry (1977 – 78): Established by Janata Government to investigate Emergency Excesses.

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Impacts of Emergency (1975 – 77) on India's Federal Structure

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· Shift from Federalism to Unitarism

94
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o Emergency Provisions under Article 352 override

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Federal Character of the Constitution.

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o India's Quasi – Federal Structure temporarily transforms

138

into a Unitary System during a National Emergency.

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· State Governments Under Centre's Control

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List.
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List.
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o States are Bound to follow Any Direction from the Centre

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(Article 353).
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· Extension of Lok Sabha and State Assembly Terms

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o Article 83(2) & 172(1): Parliament can extend Term of

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Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by 1 Year at a time, during

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Emergency (up to a max of 6 months after Emergency ends).

74
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· Control Over Financial Resources

67

o Article 354: The President, with Parliament's Approval, may Modify Constitutional Provisions relating to Distribution of
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Financial Resources between the Centre and States.

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· Curtailment of State Autonomy

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India's 16th Decennial Census in 2027 to Gather Detailed Demographic, Social, Economic and Caste Data.
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· 1st Census Commissioner (1951): R. A. Gopalaswami

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Social, Economic and Cultural Data from All
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Residents, Irrespective of Citizenship · Bihar (1st), Karnataka (2nd) and Telangana (3rd)
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· 5th Census (1921 | Great Divide): Only Census to

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Why is this Census Important?

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to Sharpen Welfare Schemes Like PM Awas Yojana and Skill India Challenges

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Assemblies.

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· Indian Army Contingent Arrives in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) for Multinational Military Exercise Khaan
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Effort by 2006
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· Donkey Prices Surge in Pakistan Amid Growing Chinese Demand for Ejiao
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o Ejiao, a Gelatin from Donkey Skin, Is Valued in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Health Benefits
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· 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum 2025 Kicks Off in Brasília, Spotlight on Global South Unity and
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o BRICS Parliamentary Forum: Non-Executive Platform Fuels Dialogue on Geopolitics,

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Air India Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Crashes Near Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, Shortly After Takeoff for London.
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Major Civil Aviation Safety Concerns
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Mayday Call
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· Bird Strikes: Risk of Engine Failure or Damage.

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· International Distress Signal (m'aider

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· Pilot Fatigue & Human Factors: Long Duty Hours and Rest Deficits
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cause Impaired Decisions. = Help Me in French)

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· U s e d f o r L i f e – T h re a t e n i n g
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· Controlled Flight into Terrain: Major Cause of Crashes globally

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Emergencies like Engine Failure, Fire

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· Loss of Control In – Flight (LOC – I): Accounts for significant fatalities globally.

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Most Prominent Air Disasters in History

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· Tenerife Airport Disaster (Boeing 747 | 1977 | Canary Islands, Spain): Deadliest Aviation Accident Ever
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· Japan Airlines Flight 123 (Boeing 747SR | 1985): Worst Single – Aircraft Disaster in history
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· Lockerbie Bombing (Pan Am Flight 103 | 1988 | Scotland): Most Deadly Terror Bombing of a Commercial Airliner.
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· Jeju Air Flight 7C 2216 Crash (Boeing 737 – 800 | 2024): Deadliest Aviation Accident on South Korean Soil.
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· Entebbe Hijacking (Air France Flight 139 | 1976 | Uganda): Israeli Commandos rescued 102 hostages in
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· Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 (1999 | Kandahar, Afghanistan): Hostages released after India freed 3 Terrorists.
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Indian Civil Aviation Sector Status (2024 – 25)

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International Air Transport Association

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· Established: 1945 in Havana (Cuba)

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· Mission: To Represent, Lead and Serve Airline Industry globally.

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· Goals & Functions: Promote Safe, Secure, Efficient and Economical Air Transport

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· HQ: Montreal (Canada)

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International Civil Aviation Organization

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· Purpose: To promote Safe, Secure and Orderly Growth of International Civil Aviation globally.
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· Members: 193 Countries (Including India) · Secretary General: Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez
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· HQ: Montreal, Canada

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Safety Initiatives in India

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Black Box
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· Resilience: Survives 3,400 G – Force, 1,100°C for 60 Mins, Deep – Sea Pressure up to 6,000m.
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· Mount Etna, Europe's Largest Volcano Erupts, Reinforcing Its Status Among World's Most Active Giants.
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· Indian Navy and UK Royal Navy Conduct PASSEX in North Arabian Sea to Boost Maritime
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· UN Declares 2026 as International Year of the Woman Farmer, Honoring Women's Vital Role in Feeding the
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Leh Apex Body and Kargil Democratic Alliance (including Climate Activist Sonam Wangchuk's Hunger Strike)
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In early June 2025, the Centre introduced landmark policies for Ladakh—defining domicile status, boosting
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local employment, elevating women's representation, and protecting native languages. Only those who have lived in Ladakh
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continuously for 15 years (post-October 2019), or studied locally for seven years and appeared for Class 10 or 12 exams,
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The domicile criteria also include children of central government employees posted in Ladakh. Locals now enjoy 85%
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reservation in UT government jobs, with 80% for Scheduled Tribes and 10% for Economically Weaker Sections. Hill
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Councils in Leh and Kargil will reserve one-third of seats for women, rotated constituency-wise . Five languages—English,
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These measures institutionalize long-standing demands but fall short of granting permanent constitutional safeguards like
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· Local Job Protection: Legally enforces Domicile – based Reservation; a Long–Standing Demand from Ladakhi Groups
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· Gender Inclusivity: 33% Reservation in Hill Development Councils Institutionalizes Women's Political Participation.

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· Administrative Clarity: Ends Dependence on Outdated J&K Laws, Creating Bespoke Legal Architecture for Ladakh.

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· Member of Parliament: Mohmad Haneefa
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Shubhanshu Shukla Becomes 1st Indian to Reach ISS via Axiom – 4, Marking Historic Private Spaceflight
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Shukla Becomes 1st Indian in 41 Years to Cross Kármán Line Since Rakesh Sharma’s Historic 1984 Spaceflight.
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Axiom – 4 (Ax – 4) Space Mission

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· 4 Commercial Human Spaceflight by Axiom Space, a U.S. – based Private Space Company.
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· A 14 – day Mission to International Space Station (ISS) focused on Scientific Research and Global Cooperation.
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· Launch Vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket (Crew Dragon Capsule)

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o Muscle Degradation in Zero Gravity: Studying Muscle Changes without Earth's Gravitational Pull.
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Moong Dal Sprouting in Space: Research in Space Agriculture and Sustainability.

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o Micro – Algae Study: For Food, Oxygen Production and Waste Recycling in Space.
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o ISRO sends Microscopic Tardigrades to ISS to Unlock Secrets of Life's Survival in Extreme Space Environments.
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§ Tardigrades First Discovered in 1773 by German Zoologist Johann Goeze.

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Peggy Annette Whitson (1960, Iowa)

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· NASA's 1 – ever ISS Science Officer.
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· 1st Woman (Non – Military) to command ISS.

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· Oldest Woman in Space.

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· Holds Record for Most Spacewalks by a Female Astronaut.

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· Holds Record for Most Time in Space by an American Astronaut with 675 Days Cumulative Stay.
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· Completed 10 Spacewalks, Most by a Female Astronaut and 3rd Most Overall.

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· 1st Indian on International Space Station: Unlike Rakesh Sharma (flew aboard Soviet Soyuz in 1984), Shukla is 1st

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· Action Against Migrant Smuggling: Forms Coalition to Counter Migrant · Capital: Ottawa
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Yom Kippur War (Oct 1973): Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel.
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17th India – Mongolia 'Nomadic Elephant 2025' Joint Military Exercise held in Ulaanbaatar's Special Forces
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with only 64.1% parity. While the nation shows modest progress in economic participation (labor force participation at 45.9%,
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income parity rising to 29.9%) and maintains stability in education and health metrics, political empowerment remains
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critically weak.
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The concerning decline in women's political representation—from 14.7% to 13.8% in Parliament and 6.5% to 5.6% in
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ministerial positions—undermines overall progress. This political underrepresentation reflects decades of legislative delays,
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· Global Status: 68.8% of Gender Gap is closed

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· Regional Status: North America > Europe > Latin
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Economic Participation (144th): Improved to 40.7%, with Wage Parity inching up from 28.6% to 29.9%.
94

·
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· Underrepresentation in Leadership: Only 17% of CEOs and 20% of Board Members in Indian Corporates are Women.
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· Indian Navy to Commission 1st Anti – Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft 'Arnala'.
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· Rwanda Announces Withdrawal from Economic Community of Central African States, After Denied
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Repatriation Rights for Seafarers and Recognizes Seafarers as Key Workers.

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· Article 41: Provides that Within Limits of its Economic Capacity State shall Secure for Right to Work and Education.

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· ILO's Conventions 1 – 6 are Ratified by India.

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· E – Shram Portal: A Centralized Digital Database for Unorganised Sector Workers.

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· Rajasthan was 1st State in India to legislate on Gig Workers, followed by Karnataka.
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· Theme 2025: Safety and Health of Workers
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· Khichan and Menar Wetlands Declared Ramsar Sites; India Now Leads Asia with 91 Wetlands Recognized

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India Launches BharatGen LLM: 1st Indigenous, Government – Funded Multilingual AI Model covering 22
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· Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited signs MoU with Norway's Kongsberg to build India's 1st
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o BRICS introduced 'Partner Country' Category at 2024 Kazan Summit.

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Qingdao Defence Ministers' Conclave Concludes Without Joint Communique After India's Refusal to Sign.
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Hijacking Incident, as Reason for Not Signing Qingdao Declaration.

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· Type: Inter – Governmental Organization

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by Shanghai Five Nations, Uzbekistan and India.

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· World's Largest Regional Bloc: Spans 60% of Eurasia,
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Covers 40% of Population and Accounts for 20% of Global

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held 23rd Meeting in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism & Promote Stability

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and Development in Central Asia.

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· Members & Observers

Varanasi named SCO Region's 1st “Tourism
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Full Members (10): China, Russia, India (2017), Pakistan,
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o and Cultural Capital” for 2022 – 23.

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Iran, Belarus (2024), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

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Linking Turkmenistan's Caspian Reserves

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· Organisational Structure

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· Security Focus: Prioritizes Asian Security, Targeting Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism across Region.
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Influence and Strategic Autonomy.
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· Expanding Membership: Inclusion of Belarus, Aiming to Boost Its Global Standing and Strategic Influence.

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Strategic Counterbalance: Alongside BRICS, Forms Key Pillar of China-Russia Strategy to Build Alternative
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Importance for India

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· Energy Security: Central Asia's Oil, Gas, Uranium Resources are Strategic for India
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· Central Asian Outreach: Overcoming Connectivity Challenges (e.g., Lack of Direct Access)
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· Security – Heavy Focus: Economic and Developmental Issues often sidelined.

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· Institutional Limitations: Consensus – based Decision – making Slows Progress on key issues.
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· Critical Minerals: Interest in joint exploration of Rare Earth

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Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

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· India – Central Asia Dialogue (1st – Samarkand, Uzbekistan): Serves as Key Institutional Framework Steering
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· Sahitya Akademi announces 2025 Yuva Puraskar for 23 Young Writers, Bal Puraskar for 24 Children's
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Authors in 24 Languages.
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Literary Works in 24 Recognised Languages.

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aged 9 to 16 Years for Original Literary Works in 24 Recognised Languages.

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Award) for Works in Any of 22 Scheduled Languages + English + Rajasthani.

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· World Sickle Cell Awareness Day 2025 Observed on June 19 with Theme 'Global Action, Local Impact:
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Empowering Communities for Effective Self-Advocacy'.

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· Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Wins Bid to Manufacture ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)
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Following Key Technology Transfer.

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Bihar to become India's 1st State to use Mobile – based E – Voting in Urban Polls; Estonia remains World's
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Only Country with Nationwide E – Voting.

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· ISRO Launches Bharatiya Antariksh Hackathon 2025 Nationwide, Partners with Hack2skill for Innovation
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· India's First E-Waste Eco Park to Be Established at Holambi Kalan in Delhi

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India is now home to an estimated 1.46 billion people in 2025, officially making it the world's most populous
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nation, according to the latest UN demographic data. However, a significant shift is underway: the nation's total fertility rate
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has declined to approximately 1.9 births per woman, falling below the replacement threshold of 2.1.
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This downward trend is especially pronounced in urban and southern regions, where women are having fewer children due to
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later marriages, prioritization of careers, and greater focus on education and family planning.
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While India's youthful population remains substantial—with roughly a quarter under age 14—the falling birth rate signals the
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beginning of an aging demographic and potential future shrinkage. Policymakers are now reflecting on balancing this
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demographic transition, considering measures like reproductive healthcare access, family-friendly policies, and support
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systems to ensure sustainable population trends.

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· Current World Population: 8.2 Billion

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o Low – and Middle – Income Countries (LMICs) like India, Nigeria still see Population Expansion.
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· Global TFR: Drops from 5 in 1950 to 2.25 in 2024; Projected to Hit Replacement Level of 2.1 by 2050.

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o Replacement Level (2.1): 93 Countries remain above this threshold.

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· Global Life Expectancy: 73 Years
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Key Terms

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o Highest: Japan (84.5), Switzerland (83.9)

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Lowest: Central African Republic (54), Chad (53)
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Population Stability.

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Japan (30%), Europe (20%), India (7%)

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Population Compared to Dependents in a

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· Youth Bulge in LMICs: India, Nigeria, and others face a _8 Country's Age Structure.
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Youth – Heavy Demographic Profile

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Healthcare Investment.
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Below 1.5, Raising Ageing Population Concerns

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Key Highlights: India's Fertility Rate

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· Fertility Rate (2025): 1.9 (Below Replacement Level: 2.1)

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· Population (2025): Estimated at 146.39 Crore [Highest in the world, surpassing China 141.61 Crore: China's One – Child
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Policy (1979 – 2015) curbed Birth Rates but Accelerated Population Aging]
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o Peak Population Projected: Around 170 Crore by 2065 – 70

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· Working – Age Population (15 – 64 years): 68%

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· Life Expectancy: Men – 71 Years, Women – 74 Years

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Above – Replacement States: Bihar (2.98), Meghalaya
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(2.9), UP (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), Manipur (2.2) · Founded: 1969 (as United Nations Fund for

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Population Activities)

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· Factors Behind Fertility Decline · Mission: Ensure Sexual and Reproductive

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o Economic Pressures: 38% cite Financial Stress as Health and Rights for All.
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o Empower Women and Youth to make Informed

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Main Reason for Fewer Children

Choices about their Bodies and Lives.
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ü Job Insecurity (21%), Housing Challenges (22%),

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(Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender
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o Family Dynamics: Partner Preference (19%), Lack of Equality).

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Domestic Help (15%) · Head: Natalia Kanem

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o Medical Pressure: 14% felt Healthcare providers · HQ: New York (USA)

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Influenced Fertility Decisions 8

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Factors Contributing to Population Reduction

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Care Access.
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· Advances in Women's Education and Careers Delay Family Formation, Leading to Lower Fertility Rates.
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· Urban Living Trends Drive Smaller Household Sizes Due to Space Limits and Higher Costs.
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· Economic Challenges like Rising Living Costs and Job Instability Discourage Larger Families.
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Importance of Declining Population Trends

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· Reduced Birth Rates and Later Marriages Improve Maternal Health and Child Well-Being in India
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· Declining Fertility Reflects Women's Empowerment through Education, Workforce Participation and
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Autonomy; Driving Social and Economic Growth

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Choice, Contraception Access and Maternal-Child Health Improvement.

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· Mission Parivar Vikas (2016): Targets 146 High – Fertility Districts across 7 States (Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan,

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2030 as Signatory to Global Goals.
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· National Health Mission: Focus on RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health).
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· Scheme for ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activists) Workers: Promote Birth Spacing and Contraceptive Use,

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Facilitate Institutional Deliveries.

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o Provide Free Delivery, Transport, and Postnatal Care, supporting Family Planning post – delivery.
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· Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006: Proposal to raise Legal Age of Marriage for Girls to 21 Years.
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o Aims to Reduce Adolescent Pregnancies and Early Childbearing.

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Negative Impacts of Declining Population

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· Shrinking Workforce Threatens Future Labour Supply as Youth Replacement Falls Short Over Time.
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· Ageing Population Growth Poses Rising Burden on Healthcare, Elderly Care, and Pension Systems.
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· Low-Fertility States Face Youth Shortages, High-Fertility States Struggle with Overpopulation
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· Fertility Aspirations Unmet as Economic and Social Barriers Prevent Many from Having Desired Number of
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· Developed Nation Trends Show Rebound Unlikely Once Rates Fall Below Replacement Level
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· Yogandhra 2025 Held Near Chittoor's Puligundu Hills as Part of Andhra Pradesh's Statewide Yoga and
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Wellness Campaign
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· Diu Becomes First District in India to Meet 100% of Its Electricity Needs Through Solar Energy
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· Indian Army Contingent Departs for 17th India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise NOMADIC ELEPHANT
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· Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag Launched by Ministry of Home Affairs with ₹56 Crore for Developing Hindi-
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Indian Language Translation Tools via C-DAC

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· Iran Strikes U.S. Bases in Qatar (al-Udeid Air Base) and Iraq (Ain al-Assad base) in Retaliation for Attacks
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on Nuclear Sites.
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· World Refugee Day 2025 Observed on June 20, Emphasizing “Solidarity with Refugees” Through

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Meaningful Action

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· Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO) to Launch First Overseas Nano-Fertiliser Plant in Brazil
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3 UN Ocean Conference
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2025 (UNOC3) &

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2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice Adopts “Our Ocean, Our Future” Declaration, Reinforces Global Commitment to SDG 14.

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France and Brazil launch Blue Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) challenge to boost Ocean – centric Climate Action

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ahead of COP30 (Belém, Brazil, 2025).

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From June 9–13, 2025, global leaders, scientists, and activists gathered in Nice for the third UN Ocean
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Conference (UNOC3)—a vital platform to translate commitments into action. With over 60% of the oceans beyond national
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jurisdiction and only 2.7% effectively protected, the stakes are high.
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Key priorities include ratifying the High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty, funding the blue economy, strengthening governance, and
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· Become International Law only when it is signed and
Other Conventions related to Seas

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June 2025

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TOPIC

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in NEWS

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10 Sustainable
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UN SDSN Releases Sustainable Development Report 2025 Tracking Global Progress on Sustainable Development Goals.
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India Climbs to Rank 99 in 2025 Sustainable Development Report, up from 109 in 2024, Enters Top 100 for First Time

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with Score of 67 among 167 Nations.

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Sustainable Development Report

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· Annually published since 2016.

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· Publisher: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network

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o Established in 2012 to mobilize Science and Technology in support of SDGs and Paris Agreement.
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· Purpose: Tracks Country – Wise Progress on 17 SDGs of 2030 Agenda.

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· SDG Index Scores Range from 0 (No Progress) to 100 (All Goals Achieved).
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· 2025 Theme: Financing Sustainable Development to 2030 and Mid – Century

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Sustainable Development Goals

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· Adopted in 2015 by All UN Member States.

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o Built upon Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which were active from 2000 to 2015.
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· Brundtland Commission (1983 – 1987) Report: 1 defined Sustainable Development as Meeting Present Needs
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o Johannesburg Declaration 2002 (Rio+10) Assessed Progress on 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
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o Rio+20 Summit 2012 established Foundations for SDGs and a Broader Global Development Agenda
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· Total Goals: 17 Global Goals, ranging from Poverty Eradication to Climate Action.
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Key Findings of SDR 2025

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o 190 out of 193 Countries have adopted National Action Plans.

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§ Haiti, Myanmar and United States Remain Only Countries Not Participating.
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§ Yet, No SDG is on projected to be Fully Achieved by 2030.

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· Top Performers
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Finland ranked 1st in Global SDG Index, followed by Sweden, Denmark.

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§ Highest among Organisation: Brazil (25 | G20), Chile (7 | OECD)
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§ U.S. ranked Lowest (193rd) in support for UN Multilateralism.

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o East and South Asia Lead Global Sustainable Development, Recording Fastest Regional Progress Since 2015.
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o Nepal, Benin, UAE, and Peru Lead as Top Improvers in SDG Scores.

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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

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· Popularly known as Earth Summit 1992.

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· Key Outcomes:
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PM leads Banyan Tree Plantation under 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' as Part of Aravalli Green Wall Project Initiative.

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· Global Plastic Crisis: 11 Million Tonnes Enter Oceans Annually, Costing $300–600 Billion Each Year.

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· Global Tourism Plastics Initiative: To unite Tourism

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· High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People (2021): Aims to protect 30% of Land and Oceans by 2030.
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· National Afforestation Programme 2002: To restore Ecologically

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Report 2023. ·
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above Koyna River in Buffer Zone of

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· Mangrove Restoration
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· Adani New Industries Limited (ANIL Commissions India's First 5 MW Off-Grid Green Hydrogen Pilot
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Plant in Kutch, Gujarat

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· Indian Chess Prodigy Divya Deshmukh Stuns World No. 1 Hou Yifan at World Team Blitz
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Championships in London
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SIPRI Yearbook Report 2025

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· Top Spenders: USA ($997 Billion), China ($314 Billion)

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Monaco Marine Conference 2025

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Wonder: Sustaining What Sustains Us).
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IndARC, India's 1st Underwater Arctic Observatory, Deployed in 2014 at Kongsfjorden Fjord, Norway.
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· Aims to Achieve Blue Revolution via Sustainable Fisheries Development in India.

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Reframing Religious Freedom: India's Stand Against USCIRF's Annual Report

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) 2025 Report Again Designates India as “Country of

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· Established: Under International

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Nuances. Congress.
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· Mandate: To Monitor and Report on

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· Selective Reporting: Allegedly relies on Non – Representative

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Religious Freedom globally & Advise

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Scholars and NGOs with Partisan Interests.

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· Disregard for India's Civilisational Ethos: Fails to recognize India's

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Non – Western Model of Pluralism, where Diversity thrives without

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a Uniform Religion – State Relationship.

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Interpretations of Rights and Freedoms.

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Complex, Pluralistic Society.

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· India has described USCIRF itself as an "Entity of Concern" due to its Repeated Use of Politicised Narratives.
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o Supreme Court in Rev. Stainislaus vs State of MP (1977) Clarified: Right to Propagate does Not include Right to Convert
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Others Forcibly.
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· Article 26: Religious Denominations can Manage their Own Institutions and Affairs.
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· Article 27: Prohibits State Funding of Religion through Taxation.

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· Article 28: Restricts Religious Instruction in Government – Run Educational Institutions.

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· Article 29 & 30: Protect Cultural and Educational Rights of Religious and Linguistic Minorities, Allowing them to Run
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Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India (SPMEPCI)

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· 3 Largest Market Globally

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₹10,000 Crore

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· Eligible Investments: New Plant and Machinery, Charging Infrastructure, Equipment and Utilities

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· Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Heavy Industries

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· Tenure: 5 Years

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· Reduced Import Duty: Completely Built Units priced above $35,000

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Electric 2W/3W, Trucks, Buses,

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· Investment Commitment: Minimum ₹4,150 Crore within 3 Years for

Charging Infra, Testing Facilities
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Plants, R&D and Charging Infra

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· FAME – II: Demand Incentives for

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EVs and Components
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· PM e – Bus Sewa: Deployment of

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· Implementation: Project Management Agency

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Kashmir Merino: India's 1st Gene – Edited Sheep

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Sher – e – Kashmir University (SKUAST, Srinagar) Scientists

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Biotechnology. · World's 1 Gene – Edited Rice: DRR Rice 100
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(Kamala) and Pusa DST Rice 1

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Scientists Uses CRISPR-Cas9 to Edit Myostatin Gene (Regulator

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· World's 1st Cloned Pashmina Goat: Noori

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of Muscle Growth), Enhancing Muscle Growth.

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· World's 1st Test Tube Baby: Louise Brown

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(Fibroblast Growth Factor 5) Gene Next to Boost Sheep Fibre · World's 1st Cloned Mammal: Dolly (Sheep)
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Quality. · India's 1st Test Tube Baby: Kanupriya Agarwal

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(Durga)
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· Breeding Location: Government Sheep Breeding and

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Research Farm, Reasi, Jammu. · Cloning: Process of Creating an Exact Genetic

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Replica of a Living Organism with Identical

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· Genetic Background: Result of Cross – Breeding Native

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DNA Using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Sheep Breeds — Poonchi, Gaddi, Bakerwal — with Exotic
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Technique.
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Breeds like Australian Merino and Delaine Rams.

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· Significance: Produces Fine, High – Quality Wool Suitable for Textile Industries and Valued for Good Meat Production.
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· Key Tool: CRISPR – Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)
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o Cas9 Enzyme guided by a Synthetic RNA Sequence to Target DNA.

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o Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna Won 2020 Nobel Chemistry Prize for Developing CRISPR –

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Cas9 Genetic Scissors.

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Financial Stability and Development Council
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Finance Minister recently chaired 29 Meeting of FSDC.

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· Chairperson: Union Finance Minister (Nirmala Sitharaman)

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· Composition: Governor of RBI (Sanjay Malhotra), Finance Secretary (Ajay Seth), Chief Economic Adviser (V Anantha
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Nageswaran), Chairpersons of SEBI (Tuhin Kanta Pandey), IRDAI (Debasish Panda), PFRDA (Sivasubramanian Ramann).
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· Key Functions
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o Promote Inter – Regulatory Coordination

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SEZ Reforms for Semiconductor and Electronics Sector

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India Amends SEZ Rules, 2006 to Boost Semiconductor and Electronics Component Manufacturing.
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Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

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· Objective: To attract Foreign/Domestic Investment, Enhance Exports and Generate Employment.

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· Asia's 1st Export Processing Zone: Kandla EPZ (1965)
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Key Committees and Proposals

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· Baba Kalyani Committee (2018): Suggested WTO – compliant SEZs

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· Proposed DESH (Development of Enterprise and Service Hubs) Bill: Seeks to replace SEZ Act, enhance

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integration with Global Value Chains.

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ICDRI 2025 – International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

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PM Modi Addresses ICDRI 2025's First European Edition (France), Calls for United Efforts on Coastal Climate Resilience.
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Theme 2025: Shaping a Resilient Future for Coastal Regions
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Aligned with UNDRR Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva), 3rd UN Oceans Conference (UNOC3).
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India's 5 Key Global Priorities for Disaster – Resilient Infrastructure

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3. Promoting Innovative Financing: Ensuring Accessible Disaster-Resilience Funding for Developing Countries.
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4. Recognising SIDS As Large Ocean Countries: Special Focus on Vulnerabilities of Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
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Call to Action for Coastal Resilience in SIDS (2025 – 2034)

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· Focus: Enhance Resilience in Coastal Infrastructure in Vulnerable Regions Like SIDS.

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· Key Actions Include:

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o Launch SIDS Global Data Hub 2.0.

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o Establish Resilience Units in Ministries of Finance for Better Climate Fund Management.
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Chenab Rail Bridge – World's Highest Railway Arch Bridge

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India Receives its 1st Interpol Silver Notice

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India issues 1st Interpol Silver Notice to trace Cross – Border Crime Proceeds in French Embassy Visa Fraud Case.
38

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Background: French Embassy Visa Fraud Case

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· CBI is investigating a Case involving Fraudulent Issuance of Schengen Visas through French Embassy in India.
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· It is suspected that Money generated from this scam was funneled into Foreign Bank Accounts or Investments.
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· Silver Notice will now assist in tracking these assets globally.

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INTERPOL
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· Full Form: International Criminal Police Organization

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Silver Notice
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· Established: 1923
41

· Special Type of Alert issued by Interpol to Trace,

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o Current Name Adopted: 1956

Locate and Recover illicit Assets or Proceeds of
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· India's Liaison Agency: CBI serves as National

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Crime that may have been Transferred Abroad.

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Central Bureau (NCB) for INTERPOL. · Enables Global Law Enforcement Collaboration to
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· Members: 196 Countries (including India) Identify and Recover Stolen or Illegally Obtained
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Assets
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· HQ: Lyon, France

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India @ Nor-Shipping 2025

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India Hosts Inaugural Country Session at Nor-Shipping 2025, Led by Ministry of Ports and Indian Embassy in Norway.

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Nor – Shipping: Biennial Maritime Trade Fair in Oslo Focused on Shipping, Ocean Development, Shipbuilding, and

44

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Sustainability.

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Hong Kong Convention: Adopted by IMO in 2009 to Ensure Safe, Eco-Friendly Ship Recycling; India is HKC-Compliant.
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Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2.0

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Ministry of Education released PGI 2.0 Report assessing School Education Performance across States and UTs for 2022 – 24.
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Key Rankings (2023 – 24)

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· No State/UT scored in Daksh Grade (761 – 1,000 Points).

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Top Performers: Chandigarh (703 | Prachesta – 1 | 3rd Consecutive Year) > Punjab > Delhi
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·
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· Bottom Performers: Meghalaya (417.9) < Arunachal Pradesh < Mizoram < Nagaland < Bihar (471.9)
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· Notable Performers (581 – 640 Band): Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha, Haryana, Goa, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
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Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand

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World Milk Day 2025

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World Milk Day 2025 Marked on June 1 with Theme

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“Let's Celebrate the Power of Dairy,” Established by · White Revolution 2.0: Aim for 100 Million Kg Daily Milk
60
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FAO in 2001. Procurement, Tackle Malnutrition, Empower Women,

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Promote Sustainable Dairying

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India Observes National Milk Day on 26 November to

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Honor Dr. Verghese Kurien, Architect of the White · Bharat Pashudhan: 12 – Digit ID for Livestock Tracking)
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Revolution.
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NEWS IN A MINUTE
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· Dwarka Expressway Becomes India's First Highway with AI-Based Advanced Traffic Management System
6 06

by IHMCL
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· Union Cabinet Clears International Potato Centre – South Asia Regional Centre Setup in Agra, Uttar
138

Pradesh.
44

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o International Potato Centre, Founded 1971, Focuses on Tuber Crops; Headquartered in Lima, Peru
94

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· Union Minister Launches Three Tech Platforms to Reform and Monitor India's Public Distribution System
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for Better Food Governance.

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o Depot Darpan Portal: A Monitoring and Self – Assessment Portal for FCI and CWC Food Grain Depots.
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o Anna Mitra Mobile App: Role – based app for FPS Dealers, District Food & Supply Officers and Food
67
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Inspectors.
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o Anna Sahayata Grievance Redressal System: Multilingual platform for NFSA/PMGKAY beneficiaries
67

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to Lodge Complaints.
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· Aizawl (Mizoram's Capital) Linked to National Railway Network for 1st Time through Bairabi – Sairang Rail
74
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Line in Mizoram.
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o Aizawl Becomes 4th North – East State Capital Connected by Rail After Dispur, Agartala, and Itanagar.
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o Indian Railways, Established in 1853 with 1st Train from Bombay to Thane, Ranks as World's 4th Largest
60

Rail Network after USA, China, Russia.

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o National Rail Plan 2030 Aims to Modernize Indian Railways and Build a “Future-Ready” Rail Network.
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· India set to test Extended Trajectory – Long Duration Hypersonic Cruise Missile (ET – LDHCM | Mach 8),
67

Indigenous Hypersonic Cruise Missile Developed under DRDO's Project Vishnu (Hypersonic Cruise
60
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Missile Development).
60

· Ministry of Ayush and Invest India Launch Ayush Nivesh Saarthi Portal to Attract Investments in Ayush
38
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sector (Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy).

67
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Sir C. Sankaran Nair Shipki La
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Kesari Chapter 2: The Untold Story of Jallianwala Bagh sheds Himachal Pradesh CM Launches Border Tourism Initiatives at

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light on Sir C. Sankaran Nair's Defiant Stand Against British Shipki-La to Boost Regional Connectivity and Tourism.

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Rule and Social Injustice. · Location: Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh

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· Born: 1857, Malabar (Present – day Kerala) · Borders: India – China (Tibet Autonomous Region)

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· Profession: Jurist, Reformer, Constitutionalist

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· Historically Part of Ancient Indo – Tibetan Trade Route
74

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· One of India's Earliest Liberal Voices who stood for _8

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· Sutlej River enters India here from Tibet (Langqen
Reform within the Law, challenging Both Colonial
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Zangbo)
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Oppression and Social Orthodoxy.

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· Proposed as Easiest Route for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.

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· 1st Malayali to Preside over Indian National Congress

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· Other Strategic Passes: Nathula (Sikkim), Lipulekh

(Amaravati Session, 1897).
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(Uttarakhand), Khardung La (Ladakh)

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· Served as Advocate General and Judge of Madras High

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Court.
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Magna Carta (1215)

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· Became one of 1st Indians on Viceroy's Executive Council

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Magna Carta Signed on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, Marking

44

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(Handling Education and Health)

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Birth of Constitutional Governance.

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· Member of Prestigious National Liberal Club in London.

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· 1st Document to establish Principle that even King is

60
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· Wrote "Gandhi and Anarchy" (1922), Criticizing
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subject to Rule of Law.

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Gandhi's Non – Cooperation and Khilafat Movement.

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· King John of England sealed Magna Carta on 15 June

38

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1215, Curbing Royal Power under Pressure from English

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AUKUS Submarine Agreement

67
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Barons.
60
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U.S. Launches Formal Review of AUKUS Agreement Amid

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o Barons rebelled due to King John's Arbitrary Rule,

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Strategic Reassessment of Indo-Pacific Security Partnership.

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Excessive Taxation, Military Failures (Loss of

38
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· A Trilateral Security Partnership: Australia + UK + US

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Normandy in 1204, Defeat at Bouvines in 1214).

60

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· Primary Goal: Counter China's Assertiveness in Indo –

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Feudal Barons forced Magna Carta to Limit

94

o
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Pacific.
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Monarchy in Exchange for Military Support.

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· Two Pillars of AUKUS o Barons demanded Codified Rights and Limitations

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o Pillar 1: Nuclear Submarines on Royal Authority.

38

§ Australia to acquire 3 Virginia – class Submarines from

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· Location: Runnymede Meadows (London)

74

U.S. (starting 2032).

94

§ Joint Development of Next – Gen Nuclear Submarines by

67

AI RAM Initiative
60

UK & Australia with U.S. Tech.

UNESCO Regional Office for South Asia, INDIAai, and Ikigai
_8

§ Submarines to be built in UK and Australia.

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