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IMPORTANT TOPICS

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CONTENTS

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND NEWS

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1. Armenia–Azerbaijan Peace Agreement ...........................................................................03

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2. India–Philippines Strategic Partnership ...........................................................................07

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3. U.S. Announces 25% Tariff and Penalty on Indian Exports ............................................13
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4. Visit of India's External Affairs Minister to Russia...........................................................19

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24th India – China Special Representatives' Dialogue .......................................................23

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NATIONAL NEWS AND ISSUES
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100th Anniversary of Kakori Train Action..........................................................................29
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130th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2025 .......................................................................33
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POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

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8. Five Years of National Education Policy 2020..................................................................40

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9. Lok Sabha Passes Indian Ports Bill, 2025 .........................................................................45

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10. Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025..................................................50

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SCIENCE, SPACE, DEFENCE
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11. NISAR Satellite .................................................................................................................54

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12. Ethanol Blending in Petrol ................................................................................................60

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ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER

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13. COP15 of Ramsar Convention ..........................................................................................65

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SPORTS AND AWARDS

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14. Divya Deshmukh Clinches Fide Women's World Cup 2025.............................................70

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How to use the magazine

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The magazine consists of topics that hold relevance and importance in relation to CLAT.
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2. Cliffs Notes : This section helps the reader to know the context of the topic.
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Explanation that will help the reader understand about the topic is the motive of this
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section of the magazine. Before cramming the facts and details about the topic it is
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essential that you understand the topic. A little detail has never hurt anybody.
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3. Skill up : This section contains those topics which are related to the main topic
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discussed throughout the page. A little information on the periphery helps you

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answer those questions that are not part of the daily news but have crawled into the
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have often helped in gaining that last mark which eventually puts you into the final
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selection list of the CLAT.

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4. Practice Questions: This section has a set of questions to help you gauge your
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understanding of the topic. You should try and solve the questions once you have
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thoroughly done the topic. On some days, start with the questions to test yourself for
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that one situation in the CLAT when you know nothing about the topic, but you will
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have to guess the answers. On a side note, some questions might come across to you
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as a surprise but then when has the CLAT main exam not thrown us off our seats!
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Happy Learning!
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ARMENIA–

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PEACE

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AGREEMENT

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Why in News?

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United States Brokers Historic Peace Deal Between Armenia and Azerbaijan to End Decades of South Caucasus
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Hostilities.

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Key Provisions of Agreement

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1. Cessation of Hostilities: Formal End to Armed Conflict.
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Establishment of Full Diplomatic Relations between Two Nations.
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2. "Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity" (TRIPP): A New Transit Corridor connecting Azerbaijan to its
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exclave Nakhchivan
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o Exclusive Development Rights granted to United States.

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3. US Cooperation Agreements: Armenia and Azerbaijan signed Separate Bilateral Deals with US to enhance partnerships in
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Energy, Technology, Economic development

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Nagorno – Karabakh
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· Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict Over Nagorno-Karabakh Classified as

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One of the World's “Frozen Conflicts”.

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· Nagorno – Karabakh, Called Artsakh by Armenians, is a Landlocked 0

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Mountainous Region in the Caucasus (Between Black Sea and

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· Nagorno-Karabakh Internationally Recognised as Part of

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Azerbaijan, Yet Predominantly Inhabited by Ethnic Armenians

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o Nagorno-Karabakh Operates Its Own Government, Closely

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Linked to Armenia, But Unrecognised by Armenia or Any Other

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Country.
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Reasons for Dispute

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· 1920s: Soviet Union Established Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous

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Oblast Within Azerbaijan.

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· 1988: Nagorno – Karabakh Legislature Votes to Join Armenia

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Despite Legally Being Part of Azerbaijan

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· 1991: Post-Soviet Collapse, Armenia and Azerbaijan Gain

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Statehood; Nagorno-Karabakh Declares Independence.

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· 1993: War Erupts Between Armenia and Azerbaijan; Armenia

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Captures Nagorno-Karabakh and Occupies 20% of Azerbaijan's

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Territory (1st Nagorno – Karabakh War).

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· 1994: Bishkek Protocol Ceasefire, Brokered by Russia, Creates De – Facto Independent Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno –

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· 2016: Nagorno-Karabakh Sees Intense Conflict, Known as “Four – Day War” Between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

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2020: 2nd Nagorno-Karabakh War Erupts; Azerbaijan Regains Control of Territory Around Nagorno – Karabakh.

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2022: Azerbaijan Blockades Lachin Corridor, Triggering Severe Shortages of Food, Fuel, and Water in Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Peaceful Resolutions of Past
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· Package Deal (1997): Proposed Simultaneous Withdrawal of Armenian Forces and Determination of Nagorno-

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Karabakh's Status, But Rejected.

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· Common State Proposal (1998): Suggested Nagorno-Karabakh Have Separate Passport, Law Enforcement,

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India – Azerbaijan – Armenia

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· Thomas Cana Believed to be 1 Armenian to arrive on Malabar Coast in 780

Armenia
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· Capital: Yerevan
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· Emperor Akbar's Queen Mariam Zamani Begum Mentioned as of

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· President: Vahagn Khachaturyan

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Armenian Origin.
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· PM: Nikol Pashinyan

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· In 1773 Shahamir Shahamirian in Madras Published Vision for Future · Currency: Dram
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Armenian Nation, Considered First-Ever Draft Constitution of Independent

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Armenia
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· Holy Church of Nazareth in Calcutta, Built in 1707 and Renovated in 1734,

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is the Oldest and Largest Armenian Church in India · Nickname: The Land of Fire

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o Yanar Dag has a Natural Eternal

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· “Azdarar,” First Armenian Language Journal Worldwide, Published in

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Fire fuelled by Seeping Natural

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Madras (Chennai) in 1794.

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Gases, burning for over 65 years

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· Indian Classical Singer Gohar Jaan, First Recorded on Gramophone in

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along Caspian Sea.

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1902, Was of Armenian Origin.

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· Capital: Baku
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· Azerbaijan and Armenia are part of INSTC. · President: Ilham Aliyev

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o Azerbaijan is a Dialogue Partner of SCO. · PM: Ali Asadov

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· Currency: Manat
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· Armenia (3rd Largest Defence Exporter of India) Procured India's SWATHI

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Weapon Locating Radar and Signed a Defence Deal for PINAKA Multi-
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Barrel Rocket Launchers and Akash Missile.

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· In 2018, India's External Affairs Minister paid the first-ever bilateral visit to Azerbaijan.
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· India's ONGC – Videsh is an Investor in Azeri – Chirag – Gunashli Oil Fields and Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan Pipeline.
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Pakistan Angle
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· India has supported Armenia while Azerbaijan has been supported by Pakistan.
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· Pakistan was 2nd Country to recognize Azerbaijan's Independence after Turkey.

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· Pakistan Signs $1.6 Billion Defense Deal with Azerbaijan, Supplying JF – 17 Thunder Jets.
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· Pakistan is Only Country that does Not recognize Armenia as an Independent State.
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Skill – Up: Caspian Sea, Black Sea, SCO, INSTC

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NEWS IN A MINUTE
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· PM Inaugurates MS Swaminathan Centenary International Conference on 100th Birth Anniversary, Theme:

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“Evergreen Revolution – Pathway to Biohappiness”.

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o M.S. Swaminathan (1925–2023), Pioneer of India's Green Revolution, Honoured with Ramon
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Magsaysay, World Food Prize (1st Recipient, 1987), UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize, UNESCO
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Gandhi Gold Medal, Posthumous Bharat Ratna (2024).

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o M.S. Swaminathan Held Key Roles Including Planning Commission Member, UN Science &
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Technology for Development Chair, International Rice Research Institute (Philippines) Director General
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and Founded MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (Chennai, Tamil Nadu).

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· India's Resolution on “Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for Wetlands” Adopted at Ramsar CoP15 in
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Zimbabwe with Support from 172 Nations, Themed Advocates for Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for
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Environment).
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o Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), Launched by India at COP26 Glasgow 2021, Aims to Foster
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Eco – Friendly Lifestyles and Cut Ecological Footprints.

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Scan the code

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the answer key

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of this month's
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magazine.
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INDIA–PHILIPPINES

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India, Philippines Sign 2025 – 2029 Strategic Partnership Plan, Marking 75 Years of Diplomatic Ties.

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1. India and Philippines Formally Establish Strategic Partnership to Boost Bilateral Cooperation in Security, Trade, and
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2. Philippines Grants Visa-Free Entry to Indians; India Offers Gratis E-Tourist Visas to Filipinos for One Year from August
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2025.
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3. India and Philippines Finalize Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty and Transfer of Sentenced Persons Agreement to Strengthen
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Judicial Cooperation and Legal Assistance Framework.

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4. Digital Infrastructure Cooperation: India to support a Pilot Project on Sovereign Data Cloud Infrastructure for
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Philippines.
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5. Maritime and Security Partnership: Philippines invited to join Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region
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Strategic Significance of Strengthening India–Philippines Ties

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· Shared Indo-Pacific Outlook: Both Nations advocate for a Free, Open, Inclusive and Rules – based Indo –
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Pacific, aligning with India's MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth
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Across Regions) Vision.

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· Geostrategic Balancing in South China Sea: India's Support Reinforces: 2016 Arbitral Ruling under
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UNCLOS, which recognized Philippines' Exclusive Economic Zone.

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o India serves as a Credible and Trusted Strategic Partner amid Growing Regional Tensions with China.
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· Reform – Oriented Global Partnership: Both Countries are advocates of Reforming Multilateral Institutions.
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o Addressing Global Challenges such as Climate Change, Digital Transformation, Socio – Economic
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India – Philippines Relations

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1. India's “Look East” (1992) and “Act East” (2014) Policies Deepened Engagement with ASEAN, Strengthening Ties with the
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Philippines.
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o Philippines Assumes Role of Country Coordinator for ASEAN-India

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Dialogue Relations from 2024 to 2027. · Capital: Manila

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Defence and Strategic Cooperation: Philippines became 1st International

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2. · President: Bongbong Marcos

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Buyer of India's BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile. · Currency: Philippine Peso

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· India and Philippines Conduct 1st – Ever Joint Naval Exercises (Maritime Cooperative Activity) in 2025.

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· Hosted 1st Track – 1 Maritime Dialogue in Manila in 2024.

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· Trade Relations strengthened through ASEAN – India Free Trade Agreement (2009).

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· India Emerges as Largest Supplier of Pharmaceutical Products to Philippines.
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Philippines Becomes 1st ASEAN Nation to approve Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for Emergency Use During COVID – 19
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Evolution of South China Sea Dispute

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used Several Islands for Military Reasons and stated that

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these islands were Unclaimed.

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conquered during war.

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· People's Republic of China made various claims to Islands

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during 1951 Treaty Negotiations.

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o Chinese claims in South China Sea are described in part

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by “9 – dash Line”.
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indicated by Nationalist Kuomintang Government

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of Republic of China in 1947, for its claims to South

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Part of the Sea.

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· In 2002, ASEAN & China signed "Declaration on Code of 0

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· Philippines and China had conflicting claims over "Scarborough Shoal", located approx 100 miles from
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o A Standoff in 2012 resulted in China gaining "De – Facto Control" over the region.
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o In 2013, Philippines brought dispute with China to Permanent Court of Arbitration, asserting that China's Claims
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violated its Sovereignty under UNCLOS.

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· PCA ruled in 2016 that China's Claims over 90% of South

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o Tribunal Rules China's 9 – Dash Line Violates

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Philippines' Sovereign Waters, Including Scarborough

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Shoal Within Its Exclusive Economic Zone.

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Negotiations with Involved Parties.

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· "South China Sea" and "East China Sea" together form "China Sea".

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· "Arm of Western Pacific Ocean" that borders "South – East Asian Mainland".

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· Bordered by Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.

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Connected by "Taiwan Strait" with East China Sea and by "Luzon Strait" with Philippine Sea.

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· Importance of South China Sea
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o Holds 11 Billion Barrels of Oil and 190 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas South China Sea.
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o Hosting 12% of Global Fisheries, Sees Over Half of World's Fishing Vessels Operating in Its Waters.

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o Crucial Trade Route, Carries Over 21% of Global Trade Worth $3.37 Trillion.
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o Nearly One-Third of Global Shipping, Valued at $11.3 Trillion Annually, Passes Through South China Sea

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Waterway.
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Permanent Court of Arbitration

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· Established in 1899 by Hague Convention for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.
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· International Tribunal Functions as Dispute Settlement Body for States, Organizations, and Private Parties on
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Sovereignty, Trade, Rights, and Investments.

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· India, a Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration, Ratified 1899 Hague Convention in 1950.
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· ASEAN stands for Association of South East Asian Nations.

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o Elevated to a "Strategic Partnership" in 2012 and a

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o 1st Summit was held in Bali (Indonesia) in 1976. o 44th Summit 2024: Laos (Vientiane)
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· India Records 18,900 Organ Transplants in 2024, Ranks 3rd after United States and China Globally and Leads
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o World Organ Donation Day on 13 August; India Observes Organ Donation Day on 3 August and Organ
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Donation Month in July.

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· 2 Indian Aquanauts Reach Record Depths Aboard French Submersible Nautile in IFREMER IFREMER
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(France's Marine Research Institute) – NIOT (National Institute of Ocean Technology) in Atlantic Ocean
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Deep – Sea Exploration Collaboration.

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US imposes 25% Tariff, Extra Penalties on Indian Exports from August 1, 2025, intensifying Trade and

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· Introduction of Global Tariffs: On Apr 2, President Trump unveiled the so – called “Liberation Day” Tariffs,
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applying a 10% Universal Tariff on Imports and Additional Country – specific Duties. For India, this meant an
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· Backlash and Temporary Relief: In response to criticism from Trade Partners, the U.S. Administration announced
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· Final Outcome: With talks stalling, the U.S. proceeded with a 25% Tariff on Indian Exports from Aug 1, 2025.
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High Import Duties by India: US has long criticized India's High

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Stringent Sanitary and Phytosanitary Norms imposed by India are

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Oil Imports, while also maintaining Deep Defense Ties with

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4. India's BRICS Role: US perceives BRICS, where India is a Leading

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Member, as a Grouping challenging Dollar Dominance and American
· Smartphones, Electronic Products

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· Pharmaceuticals

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conclude a Mini Trade Deal before August Deadline. Tariff is seen as a

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· China purchased 47% of Russia's Crude Exports, followed by India (38%), EU (6%), Turkiye (6%).

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Billion (2024) to $500 Billion by 2030. · Protecting Interests of Farmers, MSMEs and
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2. Export Challenges: Indian Goods now face Higher Tariffs than

· Negotiating a Mutually Beneficial BTA
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competitors like Vietnam (20%), Indonesia (19%).

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o India is a Major Exporter of Non – Patented (Generic) Drugs

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· Trade Measure where One Country

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· They directly Increase Cost of Imported Items, influencing Trade

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Patterns and Domestic Markets.

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Nation in response to Similar Actions taken

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Types of Tariffs
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against it.
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· Objective: To maintain Fairness and

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regardless of its price. Balance in Trade Relations by Matching

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o Example: A Flat Fee of $500 imposed on Every Imported Car. Tariff Rates or Trade Barriers.
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2. Ad Valorem Tariff – A Tax calculated as a Percentage of Product's · While designed to Protect Domestic
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Industries and ensure Parity, Reciprocal

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Tariffs often risk Escalating Tensions,

o Example: 5% Duty on Value of an Imported Laptop.
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sometimes leading to Trade Wars and

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Why Governments Impose Tariffs Broader Economic Disruptions.

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· Revenue Generation: To Raise Funds for Government Budget.

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· Strategic or Political Reasons: Tariffs can be used as a Foreign Policy Tool, such ss U.S. Tariffs on Russian Goods during

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Unintended Consequences of Tariffs

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· Reduced Competitiveness: Domestic Industries may become Less Efficient and Innovative due to Weaker Competition.

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and Other Trade Barriers.

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o This escalation Disrupts Global Supply Chains, Increases Business Uncertainty and Negatively Impacts

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Practices, including Intellectual Property Theft and Forced Technology Transfers.

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Skill – Up: Indo – Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity, China Plus One Policy, Generalised System of Preferences
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· UN Women Celebrates 15th Anniversary Since 2010 Establishment, Headquartered in New York,
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Advancing Global Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment.

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· COP15 of Ramsar Convention (Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe) Concludes with Indo-Burma Ramsar Regional
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Initiative, Involving Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.

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Naam' Campaign in Aravalli Hills.

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· First-ever BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival 'SaptaSur: Seven Nations, One Melody' held at Bharat
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Mandapam, New Delhi..

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Horizontal Strike Recorded.

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· 3rd UN Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC3) Begins in Awaza, Turkmenistan,

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· India Achieves Major Success in Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) Conservation, Population Rises from
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284 in 1990 to 891 in 2025 Lion Census.

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o Project Lion (2020) Focuses on Habitat Improvement, Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation, and
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Scientific Monitoring with Radio Collars and Camera Traps

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o Barda Wildlife Sanctuary (Gujarat) Designated as 2nd Habitat for Asiatic Lions (World Lion Day: Aug
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· IndiaAI Mission Launches Cancer AI & Technology Challenge (CATCH) to Promote AI-Driven Innovations
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India's External Affairs Minister Co-Chairs 26th India – Russia Inter – Governmental Commission in Moscow to Boost

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o Revised Bilateral Trade Target of USD 100 Billion by Economic Integration with a Legal
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· Members: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,

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Ganga – Volga Dialogue

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· Organised By: Ministry of External

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Systems, MiG – 29 Fighter Aircraft, Su – 30MKI Fighters, AK – · Objective: To provide a Platform for
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203 Assault Rifles and BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missiles.

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enhancing Special and Privileged

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St. Andrew the Apostle”.

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by 40%.

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§ Type: Multi – Modal Transportation Route

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· Oil Boost: Since beginning of War in Ukraine, India has been buying Large Amounts of Russian Oil.

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Special Vostro Rupee Account

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RBI Eases Process for Special Vostro Rupee Accounts, Removing Prior Approval to Boost Rupee-Based Trade and
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Internationalisation.
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· A Type of Account held by a Foreign Bank with a Domestic Bank in Local Currency.
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o Example: If Citibank (USA) holds an account in State Bank of India (SBI) denominated in INR, it becomes
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SBI's Vostro Account.

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· Difference from Nostro Account

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Process of enabling Rupee to be used Outside India for International Trade, Financial Transactions and as a
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· Reduced Exchange Rate Exposure: Enables Exporters/Importers to transact in Rupees, Minimising

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India and China Hold 24th Round of Special Representatives' Talks on Boundary Issues after Diplomatic Freeze since

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2020 Galwan Clashes.

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Dragon – Elephant Tango

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China and India.

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o Dragon → China: Represents Strength, Power and Cultural Symbolism in Chinese Mythology.
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o Elephant → India: Symbolizes Wisdom, Strength and Cultural Heritage in Indian Tradition.
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o Tango → Dance of Coordination: Implies Harmony, Mutual Understanding and Synchronized

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Highlights 3 Ds (Disengagement, De – Escalation, De – Induction) Significance of Dialogue

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75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Ties (1950

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Approach & Mutual Respect, Sensitivity, and Interest. ·

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· Marks Rapprochement after Post –

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Galwan Freeze.
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· Border Trade Re – Opened via Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand + Tibet

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+ Nepal), Shipki La Pass (Himachal Pradesh + Tibet) and Nathu La after New Tariffs.
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Pass (Sikkim + Tibet).

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· Both Countries stressed Multipolar World

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People – to – People Exchanges to be held in India (2026).

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2015), Managed by Ministry of External Affairs.

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4. Trans – Border Rivers: China agreed to share Hydrological Data during Emergencies.
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· India raised concerns about China's Mega Dams on Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra).
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o Tibetans Buddhists: Known as Mount Meru, Cosmic Axis connecting Heaven and Earth.
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Hinduism: Abode of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

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Trading Partner (USD 127.7 Billion) in 2024 – 25.

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· China's Assertiveness in South Asia & Indo-Pacific: Expansion via “String of Pearls” Strategy.

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China Rejects McMahon Line as Illegal; Proposed in 1914 Simla Accord to Define Tibet-India and Tibet-
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o Network of Ports and Bases: Pakistan (Gwadar Port), Sri Lanka (Hambantota Port), Bangladesh
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(Chittagong Port), Myanmar (Sittwe & Coco Islands), Djibouti (Military Base)
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· Necklace of Diamonds (India's Response):

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Pakistan, China and Afghanistan Agree to Extend CPEC to Kabul

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Afghanistan, China and Pakistan Foreign Ministers Agree to

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Diplomatic Leverage: Positions Pakistan as Gateway to Central Asia.

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Afghanistan's Infrastructure and Development.

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· Security Risks: China–Pakistan–Afghanistan Alignment May Empower Extremists Hostile to India, Especially
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Amid Unconditional Taliban Legitimisation.

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Port and International North-South Transport Corridor.

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· Karnataka's Bibi Fatima Women's SHG Wins UNDP Equator Initiative Award for Biodiversity
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Conservation, Climate-Resilient Farming, and Livelihood Improvement.

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· Union Cabinet Approves Four New Semiconductor Projects in Odisha, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh, Total
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ISM Projects Reach 10 Across Six States

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· IN-SPACe Selects PixxelSpace India – led Consortium, including Piersight Space, Satsure Analytics India
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and Dhruva Space, to Develop India's 1st Indigenous Commercial EO Satellite Constellation.
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· RBI Releases Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence (FREE – AI)
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Framework with 7 Sutras to Promote Responsible and Ethical AI Adoption in India's Financial Sector.
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· Indian Olympic Association (President: PT Usha) Formally Approves India's Bid to Host 2030
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Commonwealth Games.
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o Commonwealth Games, Inaugurated in 1930 at Hamilton (Canada), Remains 2nd Largest Multi-Sport
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Event with Participation from 71 Nations and Territories.

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o Date: August 9, 1925

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o Location: Kakori (Lucknow, UP).

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o Incident: Revolutionary Freedom Fighters

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robbed Official Government Cash from Number 8

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Down Train (Shahjahanpur to Lucknow) to

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finance Freedom Struggle.

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2. Key Personalities Involved: Ram Prasad Bismil,

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Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Keshav Chakraborty, Mukundi Lal, Banwari Lal, Chandrashekhar Azad
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3. Legal Proceedings Against Participants

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Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

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· Court: Special Sessions Court under Justice Archibald

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· Formation: 1924, Kanpur.

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o Formed after Jallianwala Bagh & Non –

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Cooperation setback to fund Revolution via

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Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh — executed by British in
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Adult Suffrage.

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choosing self-sacrifice over capture by British forces.
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o To avenge his death, HSRA targeted Police Chief Scott, but mistakenly killed J.P. Saunders instead.
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· Central Legislative Assembly Bombing (1929): On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw Low – Intensity
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o Both Sentenced to Life Imprisonment, but Bhagat Singh was later tried in Lahore Conspiracy Case (Saunders'
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o Jatin Das's death on 13 September 1929 after 63-day hunger strike ignites nationwide protestssa.
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o Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death (executed on 23 March 1931).
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Centre Introduces 3 Bills on Tenure of Officials Facing Serious Criminal Charges, Refers Them to Joint Parliamentary
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· Union Ministers (Article 75): If a Union Minister is Arrested and Detained for 30 Consecutive Days for an Offence
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punishable with 5 or More Years of Imprisonment:

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Reappointment: Minister can be Reappointed after release from

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Disqualifications: MPs (Art 84)

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Governor). · Unsound Mind.

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Minister and Ministers of Delhi (Removal Authority: Lieutenant
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· Disqualified under Any Law made by
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· Constitutional Morality Upholds Ethical Governance, Preventing Leaders from Retaining Power While Facing
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· Good Governance Ensured: Eliminates “Governance from Jail” Anomaly, Aligns Executive Functions with
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· Bridging Legal Gap: Bill Addresses Interim Arrests, Supplementing Representation of People Act Which

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· Threat to Federalism: Bill Reduces Autonomy of Elected State Leaders, Granting Union Indirect Control
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· Presumption of Innocence at Risk: Bill Contravenes “Innocent Until Proven Guilty” Principle, Allowing
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· Section 8, Representation of People Act 1951: Legislators Disqualified on Conviction for Specified

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Offences with Imprisonment of Two Years or More.

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· Manoj Narula v. Union of India (2014): Supreme Court Rules No Constitutional Bar Exists for Appointing

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· V Senthil Balaji Case (2025): Supreme Court Orders Tamil Nadu Minister to Choose Between Freedom and

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· Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013): Supreme Court Strikes Down Section 8(4) of Representation of

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· Indian Naval Ships INS Rana and INS Jyoti Participate in 12th Sri Lanka–India Naval Exercise (SLINEX-
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· Kerala Becomes First Indian State to Achieve 100% Digital Literacy Under Digi Keralam Programme
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Project Legacy That Made Malappuram India's 1st E – Literate District.

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· National Board for Wildlife (2003 | Narendra Modi) Approves Expansion of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in
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West Bengal, Elevating It to Second Largest Tiger Reserve in India.
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· Maharashtra Partners with IIT-Madras Incubated TuTr Hyperloop to Develop Linear Induction Motor –
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based Hyperloop Mobility System.

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· India Partners with French Aerospace Firm Safran to Co-Develop Advanced Jet Engines for Fifth-
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Generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft Fighter Aircraft.

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· India Elected Chairman of Executive Board at 23rd AIBD General Conference in Thailand.
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o AIBD, Founded in 1977, Promotes Collaborative Electronic Media Across Asia-Pacific, Comprising 92
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Members from 45 Countries, Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur.

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· Indian Air Force to Acquire Israeli-Origin Rampage Missiles to Boost Long-Range Strike Capabilities;
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Supersonic Air-to-Ground Precision Weapons Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries.

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· Ukrainian Strike Halts Druzhba Oil Pipeline Operations, Disrupting Russian Crude Supplies to Hungary and
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Slovakia.
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o Druzhba Pipeline, One of World's Largest Crude Networks, Spanning 5,500 km from Russia Through
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Belarus and Ukraine to Slovakia and Hungary.

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· Nepal Joins International Big Cat Alliance.

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· India's 3rd Education Policy after Independence (1st: 1968, 2nd: 1986)
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Objectives of NEP 2020

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1. Focus on Holistic Development.

§ India's 1st National Education Policy of 1968 Framed on
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2. Integration of Vocational Education

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Recommendations of Kothari Commission (1964 – 66).

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· Early Childhood Care and Education: National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for ECCE for Children up to 8
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· Attaining Foundational Learning and Numeracy Skills through
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· Western Sydney University – Greater Noida
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· La Trobe University – Bengaluru
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· Emphasis on Seamless Movement between Academic and · University of Bristol – Mumbai

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Sanitation, Hygiene and Environmental Standards.

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Challenges in Implementation
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Lok Sabha Passes Indian Ports Bill 2025 to Replace 1908 Indian Ports Act, Modernise Port Governance and Align with
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· MAITRI: To streamline Trade Processes, Reduce Bureaucratic Delays and Improve Efficiency through AI and Blockchain.
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MAITRI stands for Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface.
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· India Maritime Week 2025: India will host India Maritime

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Week from Oct 27-31, 2025, in Mumbai. Key Facts about Ports in India
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· Oldest Port: Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port

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o Highlight India's 'Maritime Virasat' (Heritage) and

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'Maritime Vikaas' (Development), featuring 4th Global

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· Newest Port: Vadhavan, Maharashtra

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Maritime India Summit and 2nd Sagarmanthan.
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· Largest Port: Mumbai Port, Maharashtra

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· India's Coastline Officially Extended to 11,098.81 km (15th), from earlier 7,516.6 kms.
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o Alang Ship Breaking Yard in Gujarat being World's Largest Ship Recycling Facility
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· Vadhvan Port in Maharashtra's Palghar District Set to Become India's Largest Container Port
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Mundra Port: India's 1st Private and Largest Commercial Port, Located on Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat
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· Maritime Development Fund: ₹25,000 Crore Fund for Long-term Financing to Modernize Ports and Shipping

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· Sagarmanthan Dialogue: Annual Maritime Strategic Dialogue to position India as a Global Center for Maritime
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Conversations.

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o Only Germany, Netherlands, Russia and Belgium have Model Testing Facilities for Ships.

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· MV Ganga Vilas: World's Longest Motor Vessel River Cruise.

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o Route: Varanasi (UP) to Dibrugarh (Assam) via Bangladesh (3200 km)
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o States Covered: UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam
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o Top 5 Global Aviation Markets: United States, China, United Kingdom, Spain, India
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o Busiest Route: Jeju – Seoul (S. Korea) & Mumbai – Delhi (7th)
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· PM's 'Pariksha Pe Charcha' 2025 Sets Guinness World Record for the “Most People Registered on a Citizen
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· NASA to Fast-Track Plans for Building First Lunar Nuclear Reactor by 2030 for Future Moon Missions.
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o China and Russia Plan to Establish Automated Nuclear Power Stations on the Moon by 2035.
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· Private Sector Contributes Record ₹33,979 Crore to India's Defence Production in FY 2024-25, Highest
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o India's Defence Exports Rise 34-Fold in a Decade, Reaching ₹23,622 Crore in FY 2024-25 from ₹686
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Lok Sabha Passes Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill 2025, Introduced with President's Recommendation
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Under Article 117.

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Dream11 Ends Sponsorship of Indian Cricket Team Following Online Gaming Bill Passage

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Key Reasons for Online Gaming Bill, 2025
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· Addressing Addiction and Financial Risks: Online Money Games encourage Gambling Habits, especially
8
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among Vulnerable Players.

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o Many Players lose Deposited Funds, pushing Families into Debt and Financial Crises.
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of Depression and Suicides.

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o WHO (2019) classified “Gaming Disorder” as a Mental Health Condition.

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Transactions and Money Laundering, necessitating stricter oversight.

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Key Highlights of Bill

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Objective
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Categorization of Online Games

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· e – Sports will be recognized as a Legitimate Competitive Sport in India.

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Development, Without Monetary Stakes or Expectation of Financial Gain.

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of Skill or Chance, Excluding E-Sports.

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Areas of Concern
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99

has expertise in Skill – based Real – Money Games (RMG).

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(Right to Practice Any Profession/Trade).

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03

· Lotteries Regulation Act 1998: Lotteries Legal in India Only When Organised by State Governments
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· 28% GST on Online Gaming.

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ISRO commercially launched a Fully NASA – owned Satellite for the first time, Considered to be one of the Expensive
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Orbit (Completes a Revolution around Earth every 97 Minutes).
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· All India Speakers' Conference in New Delhi Marks 100 Years of Vitthalbhai Patel's Election as First Indian
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· Commerce Ministry Launches ₹25,000 Crore Export Promotion Mission (EPM) with Six-Year Plan to Boost
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· United States and Indonesia Launch Largest-Ever Edition of Joint Military Exercise 'Super Garuda Shield'.
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· Sikkim to Open Doklam (at Tri – Junction of India, Bhutan, China) and Cho La for Battlefield Tourism,
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Expanding Access after Nathu La Opening.

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· India and Singapore Conduct 14th Edition of Joint Military Drill 'Exercise Bold Kurukshetra'.
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· UN Secretary-General Awards 2025 Nelson Mandela Prize to Brenda Reynolds of Canada and Kennedy
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Odede of Kenya for Humanitarian Service.

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· Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Records India's Third-Highest Tiger Density after Bandipur (Karnataka) and
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Corbett (Uttarakhand) Reserves.

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· Union Govt Confirms Neutralisation of Three Pakistani Terrorists in Pahalgam Attack under Operation
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· Archaeologists Discover First-Ever Harappan Settlement in Rajasthan's Thar Desert at Ratadiya Ri Dheri,
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Jaisalmer District.
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· India and DP World (UAE) Launch 'Bharat Africa Setu' to Boost India–Africa Trade through Logistics,
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Finance, and Certification.

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· Indian Army Launches Project SAMBHAV, a Secure 5G-Based, Network-Agnostic Mobile System under
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India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol by 2025, Five Years Ahead of National Biofuels Policy Target under
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National Policy on Biofuels (2018), now aims 27% by 2030.

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Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), a Renewable Flammable Bio-Alcohol, Serves as Transport Fuel; Produced via Sugar/Starch
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Fermentation or Ethylene Hydration.
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· Launched: Pilot in 2003; expanded under National Policy on Biofuels (2018).

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Fuels.
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· Target: 20% Ethanol Blending (E20) by 2030, Achieved in 2025.

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· Lifecycle Emissions: 2G Ethanol reduces GHG Emissions

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converting Stubble, Dung and Biomass into Fuel.

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crore through Ethanol Procurement Transfers.

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· Drop in Mileage: Survey Finds 67% of Petrol Vehicle Owners Report Reduced Mileage and Higher

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· Limited Price Benefit: Despite 65% Drop in Global Crude Prices Since 2022-23, Petrol Prices in India Fall by

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· Land Degradation: Unsustainable Farming Causes Degradation of Nearly 30% of India's Land..

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· Food vs Fuel: Diverting Rice and Corn for Ethanol Production (34% of Corn Output in 2024–25) Raises Corn

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Imports, as the Country Relies on 85% of Crude Oil.
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· Economic Benefits: Biofuels Offer Economic Benefits by Reducing India's Oil Imports, Lowering Import Bills,
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Boosting Farmer Incomes, and Utilizing Surplus Crops..

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· Abundant Availability: Biofuels Offer Abundant Availability, Produced from Diverse Sources Like Crops,
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· National Policy on Biofuel, 2018: Aims to Reduce Import Dependence by promoting Fuel Blending with Bioethanol,
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Additive Production.
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· Global Biofuels Alliance: Multi-Stakeholder Alliance to facilitate International SCooperation and promote Use of
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come up in Manesar, Haryana.
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Proposed 2G Bio – Ethanol Plants in Mathura

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Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana, 2019: To
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Agricultural Waste.
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· GOBAR (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources)

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DHAN Scheme, 2018: Focuses on managing and

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Villages Clean and increasing Income of Rural

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· Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO): Launched by Haryana

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Ecosystem that will enable Collection and Conversion of 10th Aug, Commemorating Sir
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Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel. Rudolf Diesel's 1893 Engine Run

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· Reduced GST on Ethanol: Government Lowered GST

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Staging, and Non-Breeding; there are 9 Major Flyways Globally.

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o Central Asian Flyway Spans Eurasia from Arctic to Indian Ocean.

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· Udaipur and Indore Receive International Recognition as “Wetland Cities” for the First Time.
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· India to Develop Nature–Culture Tourism Corridor Linking Ayodhya and Devi Patan in Uttar Pradesh.
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Humpy Koneru in Final.

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Divya Deshmukh Becomes 3rd – Ever Winner of Women's World Cup after GM Alexandra Kosteniuk (2021 | Russia) and

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GM Aleksandra Goryachkina (2023 | Azersbaijan).
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FIDE Women's World Cup, a Knockout Chess Tournament Distinct from Women's World Championship, Organized by
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Key Points
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· Divya Deshmukh Becomes India's 88th Grandmaster and 4th

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Woman GM, Joining Humpy Koneru, Harika Dronavalli and

· Established in Paris in 1924.
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Vaishali Rameshbabu.
· Serves as Global Governing Authority for
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o Grandmaster, Chess's Highest Title, Conferred by FIDE

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§ Koneru Humpy Once Held Record as Youngest 0

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Woman Grandmaster, Surpassing Legendary Chess
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Player Judit Polgar.

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· Deputy President: Viswanathan Anand

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§ Hou Yifan (Ranked 1) Becomes Youngest Female

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Chess Grandmaster.
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World Chess Championship, Established in 1886, Saw Wilhelm Steinitz Defeat Johannes Zukertort to Become 1st
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Title in 2019.
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o Secures 1st Classical Chess Victory Over Former World No.1 Magnus Carlsen at Norway Chess 2025.

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§ 2nd Indian, After R Praggnanandhaa, to Defeat Magnus Carlsen in Classical Chess.

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Won 1st Tata Steel Masters Title 2025, Defeating World Champion D Gukesh.
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Indian GM Pranav Venkatesh Wins FIDE World Junior Chess Championship 2025 in Montenegro, Becomes 4th Indian After
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Viswanathan Anand, Pentala Harikrishna, Abhijeet Gupta.

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· World No.1 Magnus Carlsen Wins Freestyle Chess Grand Slam in Paris, Defeating Hikaru Nakamura in Final
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· India to Host Chess World Cup 2025 in Goa (Oct 30 -Nov 27), 2nd Time After Hyderabad Edition in 2002.
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· 44th Chess Olympiad 2022 Hosted in Chennai, 1st – Ever in India and Returning to Asia After 30 Years Since
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1927 Inception.
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· All India Chess Federation: 1951 | Nitin Narang | New Delhi

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· International Chess Day Celebrated on July 20 to Mark FIDE's 1924 Founding; 2025 Theme Announced
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as “Every Move Counts”

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India Successfully Test – Fires Agni – 5

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Missile Under Strategic Forces Command, Reaffirming Nation's

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· Type: Nuclear – capable Surface – to – Surface Ballistic Missile.
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Massive 8.8 Earthquake Jolts Russia

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· 1st Best Actress Award: Nargis (Raat

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(12th Fail) 1st Best Actor Award: Uttam Kumar

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CAG Report on FRBM Act

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Receipts Ratio Improved from 86.66% in FY 2019 – 20 → 81.46% in Finances.

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· Fiscal Deficit Target: Achieve FD below 4.5% of GDP by FY 2025 – 26.

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Alaska (USA)
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· Largest and one of Most Northern States in United States.

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o Shares Maritime Boundaries with:

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o Shortest Russia – America Distance is just 3.8 km, measured between Diomede Islands across Bering Strait.

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Transfer of Undertakings) Acts of 1970 & 1980

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1. Substantial Interest Threshold Raised: Aims to reflect Inflation – adjusted Value and Current Financial Realities.

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Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana

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o Incentive: Equivalent to 1 Month's EPF Wage (up to ₹15,000), paid in 2 Instalments:

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· Part B – Incentives for Employers

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o Eligibility: Employers hiring New Employees with salaries up to ₹1 Lakh / Month

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o Incentive Amount: Up to ₹3000 Per Month for 2 Years, Per Additional Employee.
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§ For Manufacturing Sector → Incentives extended to 3rd and 4th Year as well.
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1 India Electric Mobility Index UN Nelson Mandela Prize 2025
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Index to Track State-Wise Progress. Outstanding Humanitarian Service..

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· A Performance Benchmarking Tool for States and Union

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Territories on EV Adoption and Readiness.

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with Cumulative Scoring out of 100:

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o Transport Electrification Progress (50%): Focuses on

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EV Penetration across Public and Private Transport

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Charging Stations.

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o EV Research & Innovation Status (20%): Measures 0

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Local Technological Innovation, Research Activity and

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Policy Ecosystem. AUKUS

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Australia and United Kingdom Sign Historic Geelong Treaty

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India–Singapore Ministerial Roundtable Held to Review and Development Cooperation.

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· India recognized Singapore's Independence in

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Submarine Design and Construction.

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ranks 6 globally & Major Source of FDI into India.
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· Aimed at strengthening Defence Technology Cooperation

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· Multilateral Cooperation: Singapore actively participates in Indo – Pacific Region.

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with India in platforms like International Solar Alliance and

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· Encompasses 2 Pillars:
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Global Biofuel Alliance.

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· Defence Exercises: Agni Warrior (Army), SIMBEX (Navy).

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· India's access to Changi Naval Base bolsters its maritime

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presence and balances China's Influence in the region.

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HOPE Analog Mission assassinating Michael O'Dwyer, former Lieutenant

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ISRO Opens HOPE (Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Governor of Punjab, Act of Revenge for Jallianwala Bagh

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Exploration) Facility in Ladakh (Tso Kar Valley) to Simulate Massacre (1919)

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Mars and Moon Conditions for Planetary Exploration. o Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: 13 April 1919, Amritsar,

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· India joins Ranks of Nations running Earth –
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Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew.
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opened Indiscriminate Fire on Unarmed
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· Objective: To replicate Space – like Conditions on Earth By June 2025, Nearly 14,888 Women Register on Nyaya
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Bandhu App, Indicating Growing Access to Legal Aid.

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Human Space Exploration Missions. _9

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· Full Name: Nyaya Bandhu (Pro Bono Legal Service)
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· Led By: Human Space Flight Centre (ISRO) · Launched: 2017 under Legal Services Authorities Act,
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o In collaboration with Indian Academic Institutions 1987.

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and Private Industry Partners. · Part of “Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic
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Access to Justice” (DISHA).

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Project Kusha (PGLRSAM)

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· Objective: Provide Free Legal Assistance to Eligible

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Indian Air Force Pushes for Rapid Progress on Project Kusha, Beneficiaries by connecting them with registered Pro
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India's Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Program,

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Following Operation Sindoor Success. · Implementing Agency: Department of Justice, Ministry of

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· Full Form: Program Long Range Surface to Air Missile Law and Justice
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(PGLRSAM).
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Pingali Venkayya
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· Cleared in 2022 with an outlay of ₹21,700 Crore.

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PM Narendra Modi paid tribute to Pingali Venkayya on his

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· Objective: To Develop Indigenous Multi-Layered Long- Birth Anniversary.

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Range Air Defence System to Counter Advanced Aerial

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· Born: 2 August 1876, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh.

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Threats.
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· Freedom Fighter and Designer of Indian National Flag.

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· Nodal Agency: Defence Research and Development

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· Revered as 'Flag Man of India'.

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Organisation (1958 | Motto: Strength's Origin is in Science

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| Samir V. Kamat | New Delhi). · In 1921, Presented a flag design to Mahatma Gandhi at
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Congress Session in Vijayawada.

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Shaheed Udham Singh Sacred Piprahwa Relics

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martyrdom day. Reinforcing Spiritual Heritage and Strengthening Global

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· Born: 1899 (Sangrur, Punjab) Buddhist Connections.

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· Through Ghadar Party, inspired Patriotism among Indians · Unearthed in 1898 by British engineer William Claxton
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Abroad. Peppé in Piprahwa (Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh)

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believed to be ancient Kapilavastu (Hometown of Buddha).

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· Death: Hanged on 31 July 1940 in London for

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· Believed to be Mortal Remains (Body Relics) of Gautama (e.g., Minimal, Limited, High – Risk, Unacceptable).

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Buddha. · Stringent Obligations for AI Developers and Users across

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Value Chains & Penalties for Violations can reach up to 7%

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· Brahmi Inscription confirms Telics were deposited by

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Khelo India Water Sports Festival

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Srinagar's Dal Lake Hosts Inaugural Khelo India Water Sports
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MERITE Scheme

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Union Cabinet Approves MERITE Scheme for 275 Technical
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Institutions, Covering 175 Engineering Colleges and 100 · Organisers: Sports Authority of India and Jammu &

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Polytechnics. Kashmir Sports Council.

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· MERITE stands for Multidisciplinary Education and

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· Demonstration Events: Water Skiing, Dragon Boat Race,
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· Type: Central Sector Scheme Shikara Race.
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· Objective: Enhance Quality, Equity and Governance in

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· Budget: ₹4,200 Crore (2025 – 26 to 2029 – 30), including Argentina and Chile.
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Indigenisation to Empowerment). reply in Lok Sabha.

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· Hosted at: Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. · Full Form: Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational
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and Technology Infusion Goals. · Nodal Ministries: Ministry of Skill Development &
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Entrepreneurship, Ministry of Women & Child

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EU AI Act Development
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26 Tech Giants Including Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM · Target Group: Adolescent Girls aged 16–18 years, from
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AI Ahead of Landmark EU AI Act. Class 10.

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on Artificial Intelligence. Skills for Socio – Economic Independence, Enhanced

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Employability, Entrepreneurship Opportunities.

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· Regulates AI Systems based on Level of Risk they pose

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