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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS QUESTION BANK

OBJECTIVES

To meet the challenge of ensuring excellence in engineering education, the issue of quality needs to be addressed,
debated and taken forward in a systematic manner. Accreditation is the principal means of quality assurance in
higher education. The major emphasis of accreditation process is to measure the outcomes of the program that is
being accredited.

In line with this, Faculty of Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad has taken a lead in incorporating
philosophy of outcome based education in the process of problem solving and career development. So, all students
of the institute should understand the depth and approach of course to be taught through this question bank, which
will enhance learner’s learning process.

1. Group - A (Short Answer Questions)

S. No QUESTION Blooms Course

Taxonomy Outcome
Level
UNIT-I
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1 Define modulation. Why is modulation required? Understand a
2 Define is modulation index? Understand c
3 Describe the DSB-SC wave modulation with spectrum? Understand e
4 Describe the detection of AM wave using a)square law detector b)envelope Remember c
detector
5 Compare Square law detector with envelope detector? Analyze c
6 Explain the detection of DSB-SC wave using a)synchronous detector b)costas Remember e
loop
7 Why frequency translation is required? Remember a
8 Explain the generation of DSB-SC wave using a)balanced modulator b)ring Understand e
modulator

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S. No QUESTION Blooms Course

Taxonomy Outcome
Level
9 What is envelope distortion? Understand c
10 List the various types of modulations? Remember b
UNIT-II
SSB MODULATION
1 What are the Advantages of SSB systems? Remember e
2 Compare different AM systems? Understand c, e ,f
3 List Application of different AM systems? Remember c, e, f
4 What is Hilbert Transform? Remember e
5 Draw the spectrum of SSB modulated signal? Remember e
6 Draw the spectrum of VSB modulated signal? Remember f
7 What are the methods for SSB generation? Understand f

8 What are the methods for SSB generation? Remember e

9 List Application of SSB? Understand e
10 Write the expression for SSB and VSB Waves. Understand e, f
UNIT-III
ANGLE MODULATION
1 What is Angle modulation? What are different types of Angle modulation? Remember d
2 Define PM & FM? What is frequency deviation & phase deviation? Understand d
3 Compare AM and FM? Remember d
4 What are Advantages & Applications of FM? Understand d
5 Explain the Phasor diagram of FM signals? Analyze d
6 Plot FM wave taking modulating wave m(t) as Understand d
a. Sine wave b. Square wave
7 Define is deviation ratio? Remember d
8 What is wideband FM & Narrowband FM? Remember d
9 State Carson’s Rule? Remember d
10 Derive the equations for FM & PM waves? Remember d
UNIT-IV
NOISE IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1 Explain how noise affects performance of analog modulation systems? Remember l
2 Define figure of merit? Understand l
3 Discuss threshold effect Remember l
4 Explain threshold extension Understand l
5 Explain pre-emphasis &de-emphasis Understand l
6 Define Average noise figure. Understand l
7 Define Average Noise Temperature Understand l
8 List out various noise sources. Remember l
9 Define White noise and Shot noise. Remember l

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S. No QUESTION Blooms Course

Taxonomy Outcome
Level
10 Write SNR expressions for FM and AM. Remember l
UNIT-V
RECEIVERS & PULSE MODULATION
1 Define Sensitivity and Selectivity. Understand g
2 List the Classification of receivers. Understand g
3 Explain Super heterodyne working principle. Understand g
4 Define image frequency. Remember g
5 Define Image frequency rejection ratio. Remember g
6 Compare Continuous wave and pulse modulation technique. Understand h
7 State Sampling Theorem. Remember h
8 Write Merits and Demerits of PAM. Understand h
9 Compare PAM,PPM,PWM. Understand h
10 List out the applications of pulse modulation techniques. Remember h

2. Group - II (Long Answer Questions)

Blooms
Course
S. No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
UNIT-I
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. 1. a) Explain necessary expressions, waveforms and spectrums, Explain AM APPLY a
for an arbitrary baseband signal m(t).
b) The output power of an AM transmitter is 1KW when sinusoidally modulated
to a depth of 100%. Calculate the power in each side band when the modulation
depth is reduced to 50%.
2. a) Discuss the main objectives of a communication system design? What are the APPLY c
primary resources of any communication system.
b) The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000 pF capacitor in
parallel with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth that can
be handled for sinusoidal modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if diagonal peak
clipping is to be avoided.
3. a) Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in APPLY c
terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.
b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate a
carrier of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the
side lengths L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
4. a) Plot the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in APPLY c
terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages
b) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated
and 12 A when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
5. a) Explain the collector modulation method for generating AM wave with a APPLY c
neat circuit diagram and waveforms.
b) An AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100% modulation. The

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S. No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
internal loss is 20 W
i. What is un-modulated carrier power?
ii. What is the side band power?
6. a) Write AM equation. Define modulation index, and percentage modulation. APPLY c
b) Define under-modulation and over-modulation. Explain why over modulation
is undesirable.
7. a) Explain operation of square law detector with circuit diagram and APPLY c
waveforms.
b) An AM transmitter has un-modulated carrier power of 10 KW. It can be
modulated by sinusoidal modulating voltage to a maximum depth of 40%,
without overloading. If the maximum modulation index is reduced to 30%.
What is the extent up to which the unmodulated carrier power can be increased
to avoid over loading.
8. a) Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in Analyze c
terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.
b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate
9. a) Define communication. Explain with block diagram the basic communication APPLY c
system.Write about modern communication system.
b) A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak value of 10 V is amplitude
modulated by a 5 KHz sine wave of amplitude 6 V. Determine the modulation
index and draw the one sided spectrum of modulated wave.
10. a) Explain about the quadrature null effect of coherent detector. APPLY e
b) In DSB-SC, suppression of carrier so as to save transmitter power results in
receiver complexity - Justify this statement
UNIT-II
SSB MODULATION
1. a) Describe the time domain band-pass representation of SSB with necessary Apply e
sketches.
b) Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared with AM
system.
2. a) Prove that the modulating signal can be completely recovered if the cut-off Apply e
frequency of the filter is fN < fo < 2fc.
b) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cos[ωc t+ ].
c) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cosωct.
3. a) Why VSB system is widely used for TV broadcasting - Explain? Apply f
b) An AM transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated. Calculate the power
transmitted if it is transmitted as SSB.
4. Describe the single tone modulation of SSB. Assume both modulating and understand e
carrier signals are sinusoids. Write SSB equation and plot all the waveforms and
spectrums.
5. a) Explain the Third method of generating SSB modulated waves. understand e
b) Explain the coherent detection of SSB signals.
6. a) Explain the envelope detection of VSB wave plus carrier. Apply f
b) Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the
sidebands are suppressed in an AM wave modulated to a depth of i. 100 % ii.
50 % .
7. Explain with block diagram, the phase discrimination method of generating SSB Apply e

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modulated waves
8. a)Explain about Diagonal Clipping in a diode detector. How to avoid it? Apply e
b)A 45Volts(rms) sinusoidal carrier is amplitude modulated by a 30Volts(rms)
sinusoidal base band signal. Find the Modulation index of the resulting signal.
9. Calculate the filter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Signal, given that Apply f
the two side bands are separated by 200HZ. The suppressed carrier is 29MHZ.
UNIT-III
ANGLE MODULATION
1. a) Describe generation of FM carrier by Transistor reactance modulator with Apply d
necessary diagrams.
b) Compare the phasor diagram of narrow band FM signal and AM signal and
discuss about the similarities and differences of the two signals
2. a) FM Give the procedure to determine the effective bandwidth of an signal. understand d
b) Which method of FM signal generation is the preferred choice, when the
stability of the carrier frequency is of major concern? Discuss about the method
in detail.
3. Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter output for An FM wave with Apply d
modulation index β = 1 is transmitted through an ideal band pass filter with mid
band frequency fc and bandwidth is 5fm, where fc is the carrier frequency and
fm is the frequency of the sinusoidal modulating wave..
4. An angle modulated signal has the form v(t) = 100 cos (2πfct+4 sin 2000 πt) Apply d
when fc =10 MHz.
i. Determine average transmitted power.
ii. Determine peak phase deviation.
iii. Determine the peak frequency deviation.
iv. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.
5. a) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having Apply d
a frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
b) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating
frequency is 3 kHz. Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be
the bandwidth if the deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
6. a) Explain the operation of limiter circuit in fm demodulation. Apply d
b) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating
frequency is 3 kHz. Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be
the bandwidth if the deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
7. a) Explain about FM generation using transistor reactance tube modulator. understand d
b) Explain balanced ratio detector for detecting FM signal.
8. a) Why are limiters and preemphasis filters used in FM radio. Understand l
b) Classify radio transmitters based on the type of modulation and Service
involved.
9. a) Classify radio transmitters in detail. Understand g
b) Compare low level modulation and high level modulation of radio
transmitters.
10. Draw the black diagram of FM stereo broadcast transmitters and explain its understand g
operation

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S. No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
UNIT-IV
NOISE IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. a) Find the output SNR in a PM system for tone modulation. Apply 1
b) A phase modulation (PM) system, with the modulated wave defined by S (t)
= Ac Cos [2π fct + kpm(t)] where kp is a constant and m(t) is the message
signal. The additive noise n(t) at the phase detector input is n(t) = nI(t) cos (2πfc
t)−nQ (t) sin 2πfc t.Assuming that the carrier-to-noise ratio at the detector input
is high compared with unity, determine
i. the output signal-to-noise ratio and
ii. the figure of merit of the system
2. Explain how S/N ratio is a figure of merit incase of performance of a Analyze 1
communication channel
3. Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM system for large case. Understand 1
4. Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is Remember 1
unity.
5. Compare noise performance of PM and FM system. Apply 1
6. a) Explain the equivalent model of a generalized communication system for Apply 1
noise calculation.
b) Explain the noise performance of DSB -SC scheme with the help of block
diagram
7. a) Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single stone modulation with Apply 1
100% modulation is 1/3.
b) An AM system with envelope detection is operating at threshold. Determine
the power gain indecibels needed at the transmitter to produce (S/N)o = 30dB
for tone modulation with m = 1.
8. a) Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of AM system. Apply 1
b) What is capture effect. Explain FM Threshold effect.
9. Prove that narrow band FM offers no improvement in SNR over AM. Understand 1
10. Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is Apply 1
unity.
UNIT-V
RECEIVERS & PULSE MODULATION
1. a) Explain of the block diagram TRF receiver. Also explain the basic super Understand g
heterodyne principle.
b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF receiver
2. a) Describe the circuit of an FET amplitude limiter, and with the aid of the Analyze g
transfer characteristic explain the operation of the circuit.
b) What can be done to improve the overall limiting performance of an FM?
receiver ? Explain the operation of the double limiter and also AGC in addition
to a limier.
3. a) Explain the purpose and working of Tracking circuits. Analyze g
b) Explain the purpose of pre emphasis and de emphasis circuits and the
working of these circuits.
4. a) List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the intermediate Understand g
frequency for a radio receiver.
b) What is simple automatic gain control? What are its functions?

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Level
5. a) What factors govern the choice of intermediate frequency ? Apply g
b) In a broadcast super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded
Q of the antenna coupling circuit is 100. If the IF frequency is 455 kHz,
determine the image frequency and its rejection ratio for tuning at 1.1. kHz a
station.
6. a) Discuss about the alignment of Radio receiver with all details. Understand g
b) Discuss about the need for limiter and de-emphasis circuits in FM receivers
7. a) Describe the synchronization procedure for PAM, PWM and PPM signals. Understand h
b) Discuss about the spectra of PWM and PDM signals.
8. a) Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM with the help of block Understand h
diagram and hence discuss its spectral characteristics.
b) Define and distinguish between PTM and PAM schemes. Sketch and explain
their waveform for a single tone sinusoidal input signal.
9. a) How is PDM wave converted into PPM system. Understand h
b) Explain why a single channel PPM of system requires the transmission of
synchronization signal, where as a single channel PAM or PDM system does not
it.
10. a)Why is cross talk present in PTM system ? Explain the generation and Understand h
demodulation of PDM signals with suitable diagrams
b)How a PPM signal can be generated from a PWM signal

3. Group - III (Analytical Questions)

Blooms
Course
S.No QUESTIONS Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
UNIT-I
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. Draw the amplitude -frequency characteristic Apply C
of vo(t).The signal v(t) = (1+ 0.1cosω1t+0.1cos 2ω2 t)cosωct is detected by
asquare law detector Vo=2v2.
2. Determine the antenna current when the depth of modulation changes to Apply C
0.8?The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only the carrier is
sent, but it increases to 8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a sine wave
.Find the percentage modulation.
3. What is the total sideband power radiated? A 360W carrier is simultaneously Apply C
simultaneously Amplitude modulated by two audio waves with modulation
percentages of 55 and 65 respectively.
4. Determine the total power radiated when modulated to 30%?A transmitter Apply C
supplies 8kw to the antenna when unmodulated
5. Calculate the percentage modulation employed assuming no distortion.The rms Apply C
value of the antenna current before modulation is 10A and after modulation is
12A.
6. Find the value to which unmodulated carrier power may be increased without Apply c
resulting in overloading if the maximum permitted modulation index is
restricted to 40%?A Radio transmitter using AM has unmodulated carrier
output power of 10kw and can be modulated to a maximum depth of 90% by a
sinusoidal modulating voltage without causing overloading.

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S.No QUESTIONS Taxonomy
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Level
7. Determine the depth of modulation for a Certain AM transmitter is coupled to Apply C
an antenna. The input power to the antenna is measured although monitoring of
the input current , when there is no modulation ,the current is 10.8A.With
modulation ,the current rises to 12.5A.
8. Calculate the power of the modulated signal for a 1MHz carrier is amplitude Apply c
modulated by a 400Hz modulatingsignal to a depth of 50%.The unmodulated
carrier power is 1kw.
UNIT-II
SSB MODULATION
1. Find the various frequency components and their amplitude in the Apply E
Voltage given below E=50(1+0.7cos5000t-0.3cos1000t) sin 5x106t.Draw the
single sided spectrum. Also evaluate the modulated and sideband powers.
2. Determine carrier power, modulating frequency, total power Apply E
output and peak power output for the output voltage of a SSB transmitter is
given by300(1 + 0.3 sin 5210t) sin 2.14 x 10 7t. This voltage is fed to a load of
500Ω resistance .
3. Calculate the power transmitted if it is transmitted as SSB for AM transmitter Apply E
of 1KW power is fully modulated.
UNIT-III
ANGLE MODULATION
1. Find the significant sidebands and the bandwidth of the FM signal as a result of Apply d
these sidebands for an FM broadcast signal which has been modulated by a
single-tone modulating signal of frequency fm=15kHz. The frequency deviation
is the same as allowed by the international regulation.
2. Determine the bandwidth when modulating signals amplitude is doubled? The Apply d
maximum frequency deviation allowed in an FM broadcast system
is 75 kHz. If the modulating signal is a single-tone sinusoid of 10 kHz, find the
bandwidth of the FM signal. What will be the change in the bandwidth, if
modulating frequency is doubled?
3. a) Illustrate the relation between frequency and phase and hence show the Apply d
inter conversion between FM and PM utilizing this concept. How is Narrow
Band FM generated?
b) An FM signal is given by s(t) = 2 cos 20000π t+ cos 2000π t + 3 cos
40000π t. Determine the bandwidth and β assuming K f =104 Hz/volt.
4. Determine the modulation index and bandwidth for FM and PM signals for a Apply d
modulating signal 5 cos 30000 π t angle modulates a carrier A cos2π fct.
Assume Kδ =Kp = 15 KHz/volt.
5. Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter output for FM wave with Apply d
modulation index β=1 is transmitted through an ideal
band pass filter with mid band frequency fc and bandwidth is 5 fm , where
fc is the carrier frequency and fm is the frequency of the sinusoidal
modulating wave.
6. Determine the spectrum of the resulting phase modulated wave, assuming that Apply d
the maximum phase deviation βp=kpAm does not exceed 0.5 radians.The
sinusoidal modulating wave m(t)=Amcos (2π fm t)is applied to a phase
modulation with phase sensitivity K p . The unmodulated carrier wave has
frequency f c and amplitude A c .
7. Calculate the maximum deviation. What is the modulation index when the Apply d
modulating frequency is reduced to 250 Hz and the modulating voltage is
simultaneously raised to 3.2v.When the modulating frequencies in an FM
system is 400Hz and the modulating voltage is 2.4v the modulation index is 60.
8. An angle modulated signal has the form Apply d
V(t)=100(cos 2π fct +4 sin2000πt)when f c = 10 MHz. (a)Determine

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the average transmitted power.(b) Determine the peak phase deviation.(c)
Determine the peak frequency deviation.(d) Is this an FM or a PM signal?
9. find Apply d
i) The modulation index
ii) Phase deviation produced in the FM wave
iii) If another modulating signal produces a modulation index of 100
while maintaining the same deviation, find the frequency and amplitude
of the modulating signal, assuming Kf=15kHz per volt.
A single-tone modulating signal cos(15π103t) frequency modulates a
carrier of 10MHz and produces a frequency deviation of 75kHz.

10 Calculate for An angle-modulated signal has the form Apply d

u(t)=100cos[2πfct+4sin2πfmt]
Where fc=10MHz and fm=1000Hz.
a) Assuming that this is an FM signal, determine the modulation index
and the transmitted signal bandwidth.
b) Repeat part (a) if fm is doubled.
c) Assuming that this is an PM signal, determine the modulation index
and the transmitted signal bandwidth. d) Repeat part (c) if fm is doubled.
UNIT-IV
NOISE IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. What is the required transmitter power and channel bandwidth if the following Apply 1
modulation schemes are employed?
a) DSB AM b)SSB AM c)Conventional AM with modulation
index=0.8The message signal m(t) has a bandwidth of 10KHz, a power of 16W
and a maximum amplitude of 6.It is desirable to transmit this message to a
destination via a channel with 80dB attenuation and additive white
noise with power-spectral density Sn(f)= N0/2 =10-12W/Hz, and achieve
a SNR at the modulator output of at least 50dB.
2. Calculate the following .In a broadcasting communication system the Apply 1
transmitter power is 40KW, the channel attenuation is 80dB, and the noise
power-spectral density is
10-10W/Hz. The message signal has a bandwidth of 104Hz.
a) find the predetection SNR(SNR in r(t)=ku(t)+n(t))
b)find the output SNR if the modulation is DSB
c) find the output SNR if the modulation is SSB1
d)find the output SNR if the modulation is conventional AM with a
Modulation index of 0.85 and normalized message power of 0.2.
3. Calculate the following .The normalized message signal mn(t) has a bandwidth Apply 1
of 5000Hz and power of 0.1W,and the channel has a band width of 100KHz
and attenuation of 80dB. The noise is white with power spectral density 0.5x10 -
12
W/Hz and the transmitter power is 10KW.
a) If AM with a=0.8 is employed what is SNRo?
b) If FM is employed what is the highest possible SNRo?
4. Find the necessary transmitter power. Apply 1
a)SSB b)DSBSC c)Conventional AM with modulation
index=0.5A certain communication channel is characterized by 90dB
attenuation
and additive white noise with power-spectral density of
N0/2 =0.5x10-14W/Hz. The bandwidth of the message signal is 1.5MHz and its
amplitude is uniformly distributed in the interval [-1,1].If we require
that the SNR after demodulation be 30dB,in each of the following
cases

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5. Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single stone modulation with Apply 1
100% modulation is 1/3.
6. A DSB-SC modulated is transmitted over a noisy channel, with the power Apply 1
spectral density of the noise being as shown in figure below. The message
bandwidth is 4 kHz and the carrier frequency is 200 kHz. Assuming that the
average power of the modulated wave is 10 watts, find the output signal-to-
noise ratio of the receiver

7. Prove that the figure of merit of DSB - SC system is 1. Apply 1

8. A Channel has a uniform noise power density spectrum .A Apply 1

DSBSC signal with carrier frequency of 200 kHz is transmitted over this
channel. The modulating signal band limited to 10k Hz . the power of the
sideband signal is 5kW. The incoming signal at the receiver is filtered through
an ideal band pass filter before it is fed to the demodulator
a) What is the transfer function of this filter at the receiver .
b) Find the S/N ratio of demodulator input and output.
c) Find and sketch the noise power density spectrum at the demodulator output.
9. A channel has a uniform noise power density spectrum . A SSBSC Apply 1
signal with carrier frequency of 200kHz is transmitted over this channel. The
modulating signal band limited to 10kHz. The power of the sideband signal is
5kW. The incoming signal at the receiver is filtered through an ideal band pass
filter ( upper side bands ) before it is fed to the demodulator.
a) What is the transfer function of this filter at the receiver.
b) Find the S/N ratio of demodulator input and output.
c) Find and sketch the noise power density spectrum at the demodulator output.
UNIT-V
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS & ALGORTHMIC STATE MACHINES
1 Determine the recovered baseband for a TRF receiver is turned to 1000 KHz Apply g
AM radio broadcast signal by a variable tuned circuit with 1 KHz bandwidth.
Find the bandwidth when receiver is returned to 1550 KHz and 550 KHz.
2 What will be rejection ratio for the calculated image frequency, When a super Apply g
heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555 KHz, its local oscillator provides the mixer
with an input at 1010 KHz what is the image frequency ? The antenna at
receiver is connected to mixer via a tuned circuit whose loaded Q is 40.
3 Find the image frequency for a standard broadcast band AM receiver using a Apply g
455 kHz IF and tuned to a station at 640 kHz
4 Determine the image frequency and its rejection ratio for tuning at 1.1. kHz for Apply g
a station broadcast super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the
loaded Q of the antenna coupling circuit is 100. If the IF frequency is 455 kHz,.

HOD, ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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