Geology and Mineral Resources of Orissa
Orissa, situated on the eastern seaboard of India is one of the gifted parts of the world, where a gamut of mineral resources exist in bounty. The state is endowed with large reserves of bauxite, chinaclay, chromite, coal, dolomite, fireclay, graphite, gemstones, iron ore, limestone, manganese ore, mineral sand, nickel ore, pyrophylite and quartz. Recent discovery of diamond in the Dharambandha area of Nuapada district by the State Directorate of Geology has added a coloured feather in the cap of the state. Other minerals of the state include copper ore, lead ore, titanium bearing vanadiferous magnetite, talc/ soap stone and high magnesia igneous rocks. Recent boom of the mineral industry has turned the state into a hotspot, with entrepreneurs from all over the world crowding for their share of fortune. The rich mineral wealth of the state is attributed to its favourable geological setup. Situated on the eastern fringe of the peninsular India, Orissa has about 72.5% of the area occupied by Precambrian metamorphic rocks (of Archaean and Proterozoic age) which host the majority of the minerals. The Gondwanas hosting the coal resources occur over about 8% of the land mass. The Tertiary and Quaternary formations, occupying rest of the area, provide avenues for aluminous/ nickeliferous laterite and heavy minerals (in beach sand). The Archaean rocks in northern Orissa include the Supracrustal belts of metasedimentary rocks including Iron Ore Super Group having deposits of iron, manganese, gold and basemetals. These are also represented by the gneisses, granite, migmatite (Singhbhum, Bonai and Mayurbhanj Plutons) and mafic/ ultramafic intrusives. These intrusives are associated with the chromite, titaniferous vanadiferous magnetite and PGM. The Bastar cratonic complex of Archaean age in the Western Orissa includes gneisses, granite, migmatite and Strontium-Tantalum-Niobium bearing pegmatites. Proterozoic rocks in the western Orissa exhibit platformal sedimentary formations and associated limestone deposits. In north-western Orissa they contain metasediments of low to medium metamorphic grade classified as the Gangpur Group, which host manganese, limestone and Lead-Zinc deposits. In central and southern Orissa, the Proterozoics are represented by the Easternghats granulite belt comprising
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of khondalite, charnockite, migmatite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks accounting for the mineralisation of bauxite, manganese, graphite and gemstones. The Mesozoic rocks of Gondwana Super Group host the major coal resources of the state. Formations of Cenozoic age occupy the eastern coastal plains in form of alluvial sediments, ash beds and low level laterite, providing avenues for occurrence of beach sand minerals and building materials. The deltaic fans extending into offshore regions play hosts for oil and gas. Orissa has a lions share of the Countrys mineral reserves. The chromite, nickel, bauxite, iron ore and coal resources of the state respectively stand at a staggering 83, 92, 55, 38 and 26 percent of Indias total reserves. Some of these minerals also account for a visible spot in the worlds mineral map. The states mining revenue during 2009-10 amounted to Rs.2020.71 crore. Several mineral based industries have already come up in the state. The major ones include Rourkela Steel Plant, Alumina refinery and smelter of Nalco at Damanjodi and Anugul, Charge chrome plants at Baminipal, Bhadrak, Choudwar and Theruvali by OMC, FACOR, ICCL and IMFA respectively, Mineral sand separation unit at Chhatrapur by IRE. Many cement and sponge iron plants have been set up. Coal based thermal power plants have been set up at Talcher, Kanihan and Banaharpali. Captive thermal power plants have also been set up by NALCO, RSP, ICCL, INDAL etc. and many more are in the pipeline. The dynamic State Government of Orissa has left no stone unturned in cashing in on the attention it has been getting from different business houses in recent times. The visionary Chief Minister with his view on the future development of the state has signed 79 MoUs with various companies to setup mineral based industries with a total proposed investment of Rs 3,65,327.20 crores, which is supposed to provide value addition to the mineral wealth thereby augmenting employment and enhancing the economic standard of the public. The huge mineral resources of the state, 480 km long coastal stretch, the liberalised economic policy of Govt. of India, Industrial Policy 2007 and availability of infrastructural support makes the state an investors paradise.
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MINERAL RESOURCES OF ORISSA
MINERAL BAUXITE DISTRIBUTION Koraput District LOCATION Panchpatmali, Pottangi, Maliparbat, Ballada, Kodingamali, Hatimali, Kakrimali, Chintamgundi, Kornapadikonda, Medamgundi etc. Baphilimali, Sasubohumali, Pasangmali, Majhigaonmali, Sijimali, Tikrimali, Budharajamali, Taljhir, Dabuguda, Nangalghatmali etc. Korkanda, Siktapalli and Korpalli KarlapatPollingpadar,KutrumaliTangridongar,Lanjigarh Niyamgiri,Keluamali, Krishunmali etc Anamini Parbat, RukuniCuttack, Demoli, Ushabali etc. Dholkata pahar GEOLOGY Associated with Eastern Ghat Super Group of Rocks i.e. Khondalites and Charnockites; Occur as blankets capping the parent rocks on plateau tops. RESERVE 1810 Million tonnes with >40% Al2O3 and <0.5% SiO2 USES Aluminium industry Refractory industry Chemical industry Petroleum industry
Raygada District
Malkangiri District Kalahandi District
Kandhamal District Kendujhar District
Sundargada District
Tantra, Kodalia , Jaldihi, Kusumdihi etc.
IRON ORE
Kendujhar District
Sundargada District
Mayurbhanj District Jajpur District
Roida-Bhadrasahi, Unchabali, Jajang, Jurudi, Belkundi, Bolani, Khandbandh, Katamati, Thakurani, Gandhamardan, Joda-East, Haromoto, Guali, Kasia, Malangtoli etc. Barsuan,Taldihi, Kalta, Khajuridihi, Ganua, Koira, Kurmitarpahar, Rantha, Mankarnacha, , Badamgarh pahar, Baliapahar MithihurdaBasada etc. Suleipat, Ghusura, Gorumahisani, Badampahar, etc. Daitari-Tomka
Occur over metatholeitic basalt. Assocaited with manganiferous shales, shales , phyllites of Nuamundi Group Iron ore bands occur in layered BIF along with volcanosedimentary rock piles known as Iron Ore Super Group
5153million tonnes
Pig iron Sponge iron Steel Blast Furnace Alloys
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CHROMITE
Jajpur District Kendujhar District Baleswar District
Sukinda Ultramafic complex. Boula-Nuasahi Igneous complex. Bhalukasuni
Occur as intrusive into Precambrian metamorphites as well as differentiated layered igneous complexes
173.80 million tonnes of all categories with 40 to 45% Cr2O3
MANGANESE
Kendujhar District
Joda, Chormalda, Katasahi, Jurudi, Parelipado, Roida, Sidhamata, Dubna, Jaribahal (Palsa), Katasahi-KolhaRudkela, Gurda Orahari, Patamunda, Malda, Mahulsukha, Nuagaon, Teheral, Sarkundo, Kusumdihi, Gonua, Dendulo, Kanthor-Koira, Oraghat, Kolmong Ghariajor-Manmunda area Nishikhal, Podakana, Khurigaon, Anajori, Liliguma, Ambadola, Rukunibari, Loharapara, Bhalumaska Champasar, Bharatbahal, Rengali, Tamiya, Babja, Ucchabapali, Banipali, Biarpali, Gadashankar, Bhaludungri Adash
Confined to Shale formation of Horse shoe synclinorium belonging to Precambrian Iron Ore Super Group
119.81 million tonnes
Chromium metal, Various alloys with iron, nickel, cobalt, tungsten etc. Chromium compounds Refractory industry Iron and Steel Industry Ferromanganese industry Dry cell (battery) Chemical industry
Sundargada District
Rayagada District
Balangir District
Associated with Gangpur Group of rocks Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of Rocks i.e. quartizites, Khondalites calcgneiss and calcgranulites as tabular bodies.
COPPER
Debagada District
Mayurbhanj District
Kesarpur
Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of Rocks i.e. Khondalites and Charnockites .Pyroxene granulite is the main host rock. Occur within sheared metabasics belonging to Proterozoic s of Eastern Singbhum
3.09 million tonnes with cutoff grades of 0.8% Cu,
Electrical equipment, conductive wires, Auto ancilliary, semis &alloys
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LEAD AND ZINC
Sundargada District
Sargipalli Galena, Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite, Cerussite, Azurite, Malachite, Covelite.
Confined to Garnetiferous biotite schist within Gangpurs
Sargipalli deposit 1.89 million tonnes between 220 m & 60 m with 6.73% Pb, 0.33% Cu and 51 PPM of Ag at 3% cut off. *Sargipalli mine has been closed since 2001-02
Storage battery industry, Paint industry, chemicals, alloys, cables, ammunition Galvanising industry, dry cell, chemicals
Balangir District Baragada District Kalahandi District Debagada District MINERAL SAND Ganjam Coast
Saintala area Kermeli area. Sisakhal area. Gangajal area. All along Ganjam coast from A.P.-Orissa border to Ganjam-Puri border. Important Sector are: Gopalpur Sector, Chhatrapur Sector and Prayagi Sector
Occur as fracture fillings in quartz veins
Eastern Ghats Super Group of rocks on weathering release the heavy minerals ,which are carried into the sea by many rivers , tidal waves, littoral drift, wind action etc. have played their part in the concentration of heavy minerals.
226.24 million tonnes. 12% approximately.
Puri Coast
On both side of Chilka lake PaikirapurBajrakot Sector and Brahmagiri Sector
NICKEL ORE
Sukinda valley (Jajpur District) Kansa sector Mayurbhanj District
Saruabil, Sukrangi, Kamarda, Kaliapani, Bhimtangar mines and Kansa sector Similipal compex
Occur as nickeliferous laterite (as overburden in chromite mines) overlying the serpentinised dunite-peridotite bed rock
Reserve In Sukinda valley (with cut off of 0.5% Ni)174 million tonnes
(i)Ilmenite : Source of titanium, used for manufacture of titanium dioxide & ferro-titanium alloys (ii)Rutile: Source of titanium used for titanium dioxide pigment welding electrodes production of titanium sponge & metal (iii)Zircon: Foundaries, ceramics, refractories (iv)Sillimanite: Manufacture of high temperature refractories (v)Garnet: Used as abrasive (vi)Monazite: Production of Rare Earth Compounds Thorium, Uranium Helium Stainless steel, nickel plating, coil making, electronic industry
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PLATINUM
Kendujhar Jajpur Baleswar
Baula_Nuasahi complex, Amjori sill Sukinda valley Bhalukasuni
Associated with Singhbhum-Orissa craton comprising high grade schist and gneiss intruded by layered mafics and ultramafics
Auto catalyst, Jewellery, dentistry, industrial application.
Dhenkanal
TIN ORE (Cassiterite)
Malkangiri District
Bhuban, Asurba, Maulabhanj, Kathpal and Ostapal Bijapadar, Vederupalli, Durmaguda, Mohapadar, Kurumpalli, Gurupada, Permanasu
ASBESTOS
Malkangiri District
MV 76 Uruvalley Madatalguda Billiguda Maharajpalli MV-114 MV-96
Associated with metasedimentari es and metabasics of Bengpal Group intruded by pegmatites and quartz veins and also as secondary placers Occur in the contact of granite gneiss and amphibolite
Tin metal, packing material, tin plates, alloys with other metals, chemical use
Not estimated
CHINA CLAY
Mayurbhanj District
Kendujhar District Nawarangpur District Rayagada District Baragada District
Joshipur, Chanchbani, Dumuria, Jamda, Kadodiha, Jamkeswar & Thakurmunda .Dhobadiha, Kalapathuria, Sorisbari, Jamkesar, Kalikapur, Ramchandrapur, Kathkaranjia, Nanua, Nijli, Mangalpur, Tikasil etc. Unchheibera, Guras, Bholpara, Pradhanpara Devdhara, Sorispadar, Ambagan Kudingmali Khola
Occur in a long belt stretching from southern Singbhum to Mayurbhanj extending upto Kendujhar in the Singbhum Granite belt
314 mt.
Used for asbestos cement products such as asbestos cement sheets, pipes, brake linings, insulation mill boards, asbestos paper, and fire proof paints, clothes etc. Ceramic, pottery industry, cement industry, textile, paper, rubber, paint
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COAL
Anugul Dhenkanal District SambalpurJharsuguda Dist. Other areas
Talcher Coalfield
Ib River Coalfield Uneconomic coal occurrences are found in following basinsAthgarh basin, Gaisilat basin, Athmallick basin, Katrinjia Basin. Talbasta, Brahmabasta, Ghantikhal. Jagannath Prasad, Andharua, Bantal Confined to Talcher Coalfields Jagannath Colliery, South Balanda Colliery, Kaniha, Telisinga Telipali, Buramunda, Gaisilat Belpahar, Jurabaga, Darlipali, Rampur, Kuropali, Baria pahar, Lukopoli, Khinda, Rail, Ainlapali, Kirwara, Belpur, Siarmal, Kulda, Ratansera, Lakhanpur, Bundia, Bholamal etc.
In the Barakar and Karaharbari formation of Lower Gondwana Kamthi/Raniganj Formation
65226.86 million tonnes non-coking coal.
Thermal power generation
FIRE CLAY
Cuttack District
Athgarh Formation of Upper Gondwana
175.53million tonnes
Refractory bricks, Sanitary ware
Khurda District Anugul District
In the Barakar and Karaharbari formation of Lower Gondwana
Baragada District Ib River Coalfield area
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LIMESTONE
Sundargada District
Koraput District
Biramitrapur-Raibaga, Hatibari-Purnapani, Gatitangar, Lanjiberna, Khatkurbahal, Kiringsera, Bimta, Khairtola Sunki, DumajodiKundajodi, Parasagudi, Binsuli, Gupteswar Kottametta, Nandiveda, Uskalvagu
Associated with Biramitrapur Formation of Gangpur Group
1007.2million tonnes
Malkangiri District
Nuapada District
Chandpala, Sagundunguri, Deobahal, Rohapadar, Gorramura.
Balangir District
Dhamandanga, Kuliadaha, Hial
Baragada District
DOLOMITE
Sundargada District
Baragada District
Dungri, Banjipalli,Jampalli Putka-Saramsil Biramitrapur-Raibaga, Gamardihi, Turmura, Lefripara, Dublabera, Sapai river section, Litibera Nuapara - Putka
Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of rocks Limestone occur interbanded with shale, phyllite and quartzite of Vindyan Super Group Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of Rocks and in Khariar Highland Group of rocks Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of Rocks Associated with Proterozoic cover sediments Associated with Biramitrapur Formation of Gangpur Group Associated with Proterozoic cover sediments
Cement Industry Iron and Steel Industry Glass industry Chemical industry Sugar industry Fertiliser industry
330.90 million tonnes.
Refractory Industry (Blast Furnace Lining) Alloys industry Glass Industry Steel Industry
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GRAPHITE
Anugul
Dandatopa, Akharkata, Adeswara Kamalpur, Girida Temrimal, Tentulikhunti, Hardatal, Ranjitpur,Dahigaon, Menaramunda Gerdi, Fulmati, Ganjaudar, Rengali, SargipalliGolomunda,Dhandamu nda, Godgadbahal, Mahulpati, Banjipali, Dukukamal, Beherapani, Beheramunda, Sapmunda, Mohanilaha, Malisira, Sargibahal Sargipada, Gaidar, Singjharan, Lamer, Badibahal Madagurha (Tumudibandh), Bargaon, Dhursi, Mahabali Kirkita, Dharamsagar, Gandabahali Lakhajharan, Bandhamandi, Sanamaturu, Malimunda, Kumbhibhata, Gundrugaon Narajpada A 90 km long belt extending from RebnaPalasbahal in the south to DhobakuchudaBalabhadrapur in the North. Main deposits are Dhobakuchuda, Baliadihi, Balabhadrapur, Amjor, Madrangojodi, Nitigotha, Roduan ,Rebna,Palasbahal etc. Jashipur, Gorumahisani, Bangiriposi and Manada
Baragada
Balangir
Occur within Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt,associated with khondalite, quartzite, calcsilicate, granulite, charnockite, basic granulites and quartzofeldspathi c gneises cross cut by leptynites and pegmatites.
4.40 million tonnes
Crucible Industry, pencil,brick lining, battery,lubricants paint
Kalahandi
Kandhamal
Nuapada Rayagada
PYROPHYLLITE
Nayagada Kendujhar District
Associated with Singbhum Granite Phase II that is overlain by Dhanjori quartzites
8.35million tonne (Al2O3 20-23%, SiO2 65-75%, Fe2O3 0.77, LOI 3-4%
Refractory industry Stone ware/ china ware, Sanitary ware/ porcelain
Mayurbhanj District
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DIMENSION STONE
Anugul District Dhenkanal District Gajapati District
Ganjam District
Nawarangpur District Nuapada District
Gobinda Pana Sahi, Durgapur Panasahi Mahapada, Haripur, Radhadeipur Raghunathpur, Sanadola, Sanatundi, Baguda, Lubarsingi, Sundaraba, Sabarapalli, Kankargurha, Taraba, Ranala, Nuasahi, Ragaisingi, Bhramarpur, Tundari & Sauri, Marlaba, Barahapadar, Mahulpadar, Kuddada, Jhingiriguda, Puigurha, Hatimunda, Kharia, Burhamali, Guruduma, Laxmipuram, Venkatpuram, Salkijeypore, Addanguda, Appanayupeta, Antarba, Jamudiha, Poibandha, Khariguma, Bariabandha, Dengama, Kandha Adaba, Narayanpur, Khariaguda, Mandimera. Gudiapalli area, Dakhinpur, Lanja, Sukunda, Lathi, Bada Dumula, Kandasara, Dasipur, Mathura, Radhamohanpur, Gobinda nagar, Krushnanagar, Nuaparha, Baranga, Dutipur, Gopalpur, Sarahanaipalli, Manikyapur, Hinjlicut, Pathan Punji, Kirtipur, Sahaspur, Butasarsingi, Purusottampur, Khetapalli, Patapur, Gudiali, Mandalpur, Matisahi, Kohibiradi, Nuamundia, Bishnuchakra, Kanteipalli, , Olamba, Chakunda, Baragada, Badangi, Ekatapur, Matisahi etc. Cheptiamb, Karlapada, Samarcharan, Hatibari, Tohra Bhaira, Dalipathara, Damarkhol
Eastern Ghats Super Group of rocks consisting of khondalites, leptynite, charnockite, pyroxene granulite, nephelene syenite , granite etc. can be categorised as dimension stone.
463.53 million cubic metres of all varieties.
As polished blocks & tiles for flooring kitchen Platforms, wall panels, table tops, in commercial complexes, domestic houses, monuments, temples , platforms, tomb stones, land scaping etc. Many coloured varieties are used for flower vases, name plates. pen stands, paper weights, statues & modern sculptures.
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Cuttack District
QUARTZ & QUARTZITE
Boudh, Baragada, Kandhamal, Kendujhar, Jharsuguda, Kalahandi, Mayurbhanj, Nuapada, Subarnapur, Nabrangpur, Rayagada & Koraput districts
Murdamekh, Paikregeda, Jagannath Prasad, Saradapur Patna, Jogibahali, Kakuria, Pancham, Sukad, Sitarampur, Ghantapara, Bhejiapara, Basantpur, Ramachandrapur, Mulikata, Tagila, Rusigara, Kanpur Numerous occurrences of Boudh, Baragada, Kandhamal, Kendujhar, Jharsuguda, Kalahandi, Mayurbhanj, Nuapada, Subarnapur, Nabrangpur, Rayagada & Koraput districts
Quartz occurs in the form of veins and as a constituent of pegmatites. In Orissa, quartz and silica sand deposits are located in the Precambrian terrains Quartzite occurs as beds interstratified with other metasedimentaries
70.30million tonnes
HIGH MAGNESIA ROCKS
Jajpur District Kendujhar District Dhenkanal District Baleswar District Sundargada Sambalpur District
Sukinda area Managovindpur. Boula Nuasahi area Bhuban AsurbandhMaulabhanj Bhalukasoni near Nilgiri Rajabera, Jharbeda Thelkobadi of Kuchinda Sub-division
Dunite, perodotite, serpentinite, pyroxenites mostly associated with Iron Ore Super Group
Not esimated
Ceramic, fertilizers, abrasives, electrical, paint, rubber, chemical and textile industries with different specifications. Transparent varieties of quartz such as rock crystals, amethyst, citrine, rose quartz and smoky quartz are used as semiprecious gem stones. Quartz is a piezoelectric material and is used in radio circuit, radars, ultrasonic devices, chronometers etc. Quartzites are used in refractory, iron and steel making, ferro-silicon, glass & ceramics etc. Used as flux in blast furnace for steel making in place of dolomite
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GOLD
Mayurbhanj District
Suriagoda, Jagaguda, Ghutudihi, Maredihi, Janudihi, Jhabukucha, Jharadihi, Amdiha, Joshipur, Surda Dhusurapahar (Suleipat)
Kendujhar District
Sundargada District Koraput District
Gopur, Salaikena, Dimirimunda, Rangadihi, Gajipur, Odal, Kushkala, Kardangi, Kalima, Koilisuta Digajharan, Malidihi, Ghoger DasmantpurGovindpalli, Kusumghati, Kyang, Kaliaguda
Occur within boulder-pebblyquartz conglomerate associated with metasediments and metabasites of Iron Ore super Group Occur within quartz vein associated with Iron Ore Super Group of rocks On the bank of Ib river On the bank of Kolab river
Not definite
Ornament, metallurgical etc.
Anugul District
In Tikira river Charbati, Beldihi Associated with Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt interbanded with mafic and ultramafic complexes, anorthosites, and alkaline complexes intruded by granites, pegmatites and quartz vein Contact of beryl bearing pegmatite with ultramafic rocks Not esimated As semi-precious stone
PRECISOUS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES
AQUAMARINE Sambalpur District
Balangir District
Subarnapur District
Saraibahal, Sukulimuri, Guchhepalli, Desand, Chhanchanabhata Badmal, Mursundi, Bairagipalli, Amarpalli
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CHRYSOBERYL
Sambalpur District
Meghpal (Ranchipada)
Occur within pegmatites in khondalite suit of rocks
Not esimated
As semi-precious stone
Rayagada District Koraput District Kandhamal District Balangir District
Paikadakalguda, Karlaghati, Karanjguda Turia Belghar Ghumsar Associated with pegmatite intruding into quartzofeldspathic gneiss
Kalahandi District GARNET Anugul District Dhenkanal District Debagada District Subarnapur Boudh District Kalahandi District Nuapada District Sambalpur District Balangir District Kalahandi District
Sirjapalli, Tundla, Muribahal Nuagaon, Parhang, Biribolei,Barkotia Ghagarmunda, Katamunda, Asanabahal, Tipeijharan Budido, Palsama, Jharposhi Siali, Naktamunda, Binika, Subarnapur Boudh, Ramgarh, Kantamal, Manmunda Banjipadar, Sargidua, Ghatpara Sardhapur, Patialpada, Damjhar, Patialpada, Budhapada, Mantritarai Bagdhopa, Tabloi Khaliapalli,Kesaipalli, Luhuramunda, Jhillingdhar, Hinjlibahal, Kerumunda
Occur in high grade pelitic schist, amphibolites, calc granulite etc.
Not esimated
As semi-precious stone
RUBY
SAPPHIRE
Nuapada District
Katamal, Karlakot, Amera
Contact of pegmatite and ultramafic rocks associated with cordieritesillimanite-garnet schists and para gneisses High grade pelitic schist at the contact of alkali syenite and pegmatite
Not esimated
As semi-precious stone
Not esimated
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DIAMOND
Nuapada District
Kalamidadar valley of Nuapada district Mahanadi river bed particularly from Binika in Subarnapur district to Madhapur in Boudh district.
Diamond occurrences are associated with olivine-lamproite pipes within Bastar cratonic complex or at the interface of Bastar cratonic complex and Proterozoic cover sediments around Kalamidadar of Nuapada district . The secondary diamond occur in association with pebble and gravel of Mahanadi river particularly from Binika in Subarnapur district to Madhapur in Boudh district
Not esimated
Jewelllery, oil drilling, grinding, cutting & polishing,
Source : DG, GSI, IBM
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