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Pharmacological Groups
CAMILO BASTIDAS GUARNIZO
Pharmaceutical chemist
University cartagena
Accredited Lead Auditor ISO 9001:2008, Esp
Pharmacological Groups
the series of drugs that act on living organisms
according to the chemical substances they offer to
them, whether beneficial or toxic.
ANTIHISTAMINES
Controls Allergic Reactions .

The immune system (which defends us from external

aggressions) reacts in an exaggerated way when a harmful
or allergen element (pollen, dust or small flakes of animal
skin, for example) is introduced into the body through the
respiratory tract, digestive, skin and mucous membranes.
 INHIBITORS OF ACID SECRETION

Cimetidine
H2 antihistamines
Ranitidine
Famotidine

Inhibitors
Omepraz H+/K+-ATPase
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Cetirizine
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HISTAMINE

Congestion and runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, skin

inflammation, hives, itching, dizziness, headache and
diarrhea.

Function of ANTIHISTAMINES
They neutralize, destroy or prevent the production of
this substance .
The use of antihistamines must be monitored by a
doctor.

Some of these products alter the nervous system and

cause drowsiness .

In general, its use during pregnancy is not

recommended.
They are also used in the treatment of flu
and colds, because they help avoid nasal
congestion.
Bronchodilators
 They are medications that open the bronchi (structures
of the lungs through which air circulates).

For the treatment of asthma, bronchitis or emphysema

(destruction of the walls of the alveoli or sacs
tiny ones that contain air).

They relieve symptoms such as shortness of breath or

cough and restore the patient's ability to breathe
normally.
They act in the area of the nervous system that
regulates the dilation of the bronchial tubes.

Theophylline interferes with the activity of

enzymes or lung cells, thereby achieving
relaxation of the contracted muscles of the
airways.
Many bronchodilators are inhaled through the
mouth, especially those that provide immediate
relief from asthma attacks.

Orally in the form of tablets or liquid solutions,

while some are injected subcutaneously.
There are no precise conclusions about the effect
that bronchodilators have on pregnant women,
but they can cause birth defects when
administered in high doses.
elevated
.
Antitussives
Also known as cough suppressants , they are
drugs that help reduce cough.

Codeine numbs the nerve endings of the

larynx and pharynx (throat), so that despite
the irritation they reduce discomfort, it can
cause addiction.
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Dextromethorphan , the newest product, blocks
nerve impulses from the cough center, located
in the spinal cord, thereby reducing sensitivity
to stimuli that could generate this symptom.
Cough is a defense mechanism and the body's response
to an infection caused by microorganisms, allergy or
irritation.

Antitussives should be used under medical prescription,

and only in cases where it is very intense.

The use of these products during pregnancy will always

require medical advice.
Mucolytics
Medications that inhibit or reduce mucus generation .

Treatment of respiratory tract infections where

secretions cause difficulty in air circulation.
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Particularly in case of wet cough (with phlegm), as

well as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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Children or adults, and require a medical prescription.

They are usually taken three times a day.

Allergies to the ingredients in the formula may occur.

Many of these products are contraindicated in
pregnancy, so cough treatment must be supervised by
a doctor.
Expectorants
Expectorants are products that, unlike
mucolytics, do not inhibit the
production of mucus, but rather
facilitate the expulsion of phlegm, both
in children and adults, and are available
in syrup, dragees, candies, capsules,
tablets or pearls. .
They are classified into two groups:

Direct action:

When they refresh the respiratory tract, they

reduce throat irritation and facilitate the
expulsion of phlegm, as occurs with balms and
essences of tolu, eucalyptus, gomenol and pine.
Reflex action :

They stimulate the bronchial mucous glands and

increase fluid production in the respiratory tract
to make thick secretions more fluid.

Examples are ammonium chloride, guaifenesin,

glyceryl guaiacolate, diphenhydramine,
bromhexine and ambroxol.
Generally, these drugs are contraindicated
for people with allergies to the substances
in the formula and can sometimes cause
dry mouth and constipation. They are not
recommended during pregnancy.
Antifungals
 "Athlete's foot" or ringworm pedis is a
infection caused by microscopic fungi
which can be contracted through contact
directly with an infected person, by sharing
clothes, towels, sheets, pillowcases,
soap, combs, brushes and, particularly, with
the
use of changing rooms and common
bathrooms such as
found in sports centers.
Symptoms :
Itching, cracked skin, bad odor and, sometimes, small
blisters.

They can be relieved thanks to antifungal creams, which

must be used responsibly and constantly.

Usually twice a day for several weeks, after cleaning and

drying the affected area perfectly .

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It requires medical supervision, because there are
several forms of this disease and sometimes particular
treatment is needed.

Incorrect use of an antifungal can worsen the disease, as

the invading fungi develop resistance.

Clotrimazel
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Antiseptics
Solutions that eliminate or prevent the growth of
some types of bacteria found on the skin and
mucous membranes.

They are very useful in the first aid kit to disinfect

minor wounds, scrapes and cuts, especially in the
presence of elements that generate greater risk,
such as dirt or dust.
Traditional antiseptics, such as alcohol and
benzalkonium chloride in high concentration
(0.13%), will be applied only to the sides of the
wound in order not to further damage the tissues.

While those formulated with iodine or

benzalkonium chloride itself in low doses (0.02%)
can be used directly on the injury, although with
discretion so as not to interfere with the
regeneration work carried out by the body.
Laxatives
These products make it easier to empty stools
in case of constipation.

Increasing the content of the intestine,

stimulating the movements of this organ,
increasing the volume of water in waste or
acting as lubricants.
They should be used for short periods of time,
taken before going to bed, until bowel
movements normalize.

They are only an aid, since to achieve

adequate bowel movements you must follow
a balanced diet that includes vegetables and
fiber, consume water (eight glasses a day is
ideal) and exercise.
Continuous use of these medications can make
the intestine lazy, and by speeding up its
functioning it can prevent the absorption of
other drugs (even nutrients) if taken together.

They are not recommended for pregnant women.

Antidiarrheal
They serve to control frequent, watery stools,
known as diarrhea, which may or may not be
accompanied by pain, weakness, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal spasms (cramping), fever,
or loss of appetite.
Diarrhea is just a symptom that can have its
origin in diet, gastrointestinal infections, use
of some medications, chronic diseases or
stress, so the fundamental treatment will
depend on the medical diagnosis to determine
the cause that causes it and combat it.
 Antidiarrheals, whose action consists of returning
more
slow bowel movements , eliminate
discomfort, give greater consistency to the stools and
They stop the loss of water and nutrients.

They should be avoided during pregnancy and in cases

of severe infectious diarrhea or amebiasis.
They should be used discreetly and under medical
prescription when there is significant liver disease ,
since these products are processed by the liver and
can be counterproductive.
Liver functions
Store
nutrients
Metabolization of
Emulsifies toxic and waste
(metabolizes) lipids products

Metabolizes
bile production carbohydrates

Protein synthesis
Antacids
 They combat the sensation of sour taste
(agrieras) and burning in the stomach and
middle area of the chest, because they
neutralize the excessive production of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach, a fact that is
commonly due to the consumption of irritating
and highly seasoned foods, as well such as
nervousness and stress.
The most commonly used substances are
aluminum and magnesium hydroxides , in
suspension or tablets taken after meals.
Other frequently used antacids are cimetidine,
ranitidine, famotidine or omeprazole, which
serve to inhibit gastric acid production.
 Contraindications

We can point out that aluminum and

magnesium preparations can interfere with
other drugs if they are ingested at the same time.
Ketoconazole, phenytoin, triazolam, diazepam .
NSAIDs.
Acronym for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
a group of chemical substances, of which the best
known is acetylsalicylic acid, which is characterized
by its anti-inflammatory effect and because it is not
derived from organic molecules, like steroids.
They have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and
analgesic action, and act by inhibiting the
synthesis of prostaglandins.

They are used for the treatment of moderate pain

and inflammatory diseases, especially
musculoskeletal diseases.

As side effects, gastrointestinal, platelet and

coagulation function, and renal alterations may
occur.
They cause digestive bleeding and ulcers, perforations
 Acetylsalicylic acid

Aryl-acetic derivatives
Diclofenac

Oxicanes:
Meloxicam Pyrazolones
Piroxicam :
Dipyrone

Arylpropionic Derivatives Paracetamol

Ibuprofen
Ketoprofen
Naproxen
Analgesics
They control or calm mild, moderate or intense
painful sensations that frequently cause
discomfort, because they block impulses in the
nerve endings.

They have the ability to relieve pain caused by

bumps, wounds, sprains, burns or diseases such
as bronchitis, flu or cold, among others.
 There are two types of pain relievers:

Opiates , which are used for discomfort as intense

as that caused by cancer (they cannot be self-
medicated).
Non-opioids or freely available, such as
acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, dipyrone and
paracetamol.
Other substances that are not considered
analgesics, but that calm pain because they
eliminate its cause.

Naproxen (anti-inflammatory), benzocaine

and lidocaine (anesthetics) and caffeine (a
stimulant that increases the effects of an
analgesic).
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Properties

1. Anti-inflammatory
2. Antipyretics.

3. They block prostaglandins, which are

partly responsible for the sensation of pain.

4. They are available in tablets, capsules,

dragees, suppositories or injections.
 Contraindications :

In people who suffer from digestive

system, coagulation problems or kidney
failure.
Antipyretics
These products reduce fever or body temperature
greater than 37º Celsius, because they activate
certain mechanisms of the hypothalamus (part of
the brain responsible for regulating body
temperature).

Acetylsalicylic acid. (Anti-inflammatory)

Ibuprofen (Anti-
inflammatory) Paracetamol
(pain reliever)
Fever is an alarm signal for infections caused by
viruses and bacteria that cause the activation of the
body's defense system, inducing it to produce
substances that increase the temperature above the
normal level.
This phenomenon minimizes the multiplication of
microorganisms, so it is recommended to take
antipyretics only when the temperature is above
38º and there is pain in the head and muscles,
weakness and intense fatigue.
 Its consumption should be with water and never
with
soft drinks, coffee or alcoholic beverages, as they can
cause damage to the liver.

People with gastritis, colitis or gastric ulcers

and duodenal should take only those that are
harmless to the stomach mucosa, such as
acetaminophen.
Anti-inflammatories
Inflammation is a reaction of the body to blows,
wounds, chemical substances or infections
generated by microorganisms, which is
characterized by the presence of pain, swelling,
redness and heating in the affected area.

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KETOFEN 1006
They are administered orally or topically (on
the surface of the lesion).

There are naproxen, meloxicam, nimesulide

and diclofenac, as well as pain relievers such
as ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid and
acetaminophen.

Treatment of blows caused during sports,

injuries that occur at home or at work due to
accidents and to relieve discomfort caused by
rheumatic conditions.
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The oral type is contraindicated in people with
digestive system disorders, coagulation problems
or kidney failure.

Those that are applied directly to the skin should be

avoided when they cause an allergic reaction.

It must be remembered that before giving

ibuprofen or acetylsalicylic acid to pregnant
women or children, you should consult your
doctor.
Anti-flu
 These are drugs that contain
analgesics, antihistamines, antitussives and
stimulants in different combinations and
proportions.

Its objective is to reduce the annoying

symptoms caused by common colds and flu.
They are taken orally, capsule or dragee, or
dissolved in cold or hot water.

They are consumed several times a day,

depending on their formula; some are
administered every six hours, others every eight,
and those known as "long-acting" every 12.
Some of these products can cause drowsiness,
which may interfere with work or school
performance.
Antibiotics
Derived from fungi such as penicillium or
produced in the laboratory, they are capable of
interfering with the vital processes of bacteria that
cause infections.

They include, among other substances,

sulfonamides , penicillins, cephalosporins,
aminoglycosides and tetracyclines.
They exist in creams for local application, but they
are mainly used in injectable or oral presentations
(pills, capsules, suspension).

To guarantee its effectiveness, strict compliance with

the medical prescription is important, repeating the
doses with the frequency, duration and
It should be said that in no case is self-medication
of these drugs recommended, since they can cause
serious allergic reactions and are not effective in the
treatment of infections generated by viruses.

Taking antibiotics without control can strengthen

groups or strains of bacteria, making them immune
and therefore difficult to control.
Anxiolytics and hypnotics
A large number of individuals have problems
falling asleep, and some of them turn to sedatives
as a solution.

The group of medications used in these cases are

anxiolytics and hypnotics, with benzodiazepines
being more common, which have the property of
reducing emotional tension. The administration of
these products always requires medical control.

anxiety and
nervousness.
They should be used for a short period and at the
lowest effective dose to avoid short-term effects
such as drowsiness.

Furthermore, its use should not be combined with

alcoholic beverages or medications that act on the
nervous system.
Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, as
they may suffer respiratory arrest, or people
with apnea (snoring), as excessive relaxation
of the throat tissues can worsen their problem
and prevent breathing while sleeping.
 SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR

A The therapeutic class of the Cardiovascular

O
System includes products used to cause effects
such as antiarrhythmics,
stimulators cardiac,
antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators,
vasoprotectors, cholesterol and
triglyceride reducers, and more.
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

The Central Nervous System therapeutic class

includes products used to cause effects such as
anesthetics, analgesics, anti-epileptics, drugs anti-
parkinson,
psycholeptics, psychoanaleptics excl. anti-obesity
preparations and more.
 SEXUAL HORMONES
(H)
DEXAMETHASON
E GROWTH
The therapeutic class of Preparations
HORMONE
PREDNISONE
Hormonal
Systemic includes products used to
cause effects such as hormones from
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
and their analogues, corticosteroids for
systemic use, thyroid therapy, hormones
pancreatic,
calcium homeostasis and more.
Final recommendation
 It is important to take into account that although
many of these products are over-the-counter,
supervision in the treatment of diseases is
carried out by health specialists.

Likewise, you should never consume a

medication whose therapeutic action you are
unaware of.
Finally, remember that any symptom or
condition that does not improve despite the
administration of drugs (48 hours on
average; half a day in the case of profuse
diarrhea) will require medical attention.