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READING TEST 87
READING SUB-TEST : PART A
 Look at the four texts, A-D, in the separate Text Booklet.
 For each question, 1-20, look through the texts, A-D, to find the relevant
information.
 Write your answers on the spaces provided in this Question Paper.
 Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.
 Your answers should be correctly spelt.

PART A -TEXT BOOKLET - JUNIOR SPORTS INJURIES

Text A
Junior Sports Injuries
Title: Patterns of injury in US high school sports: A review.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk of injury associated with 10 popular

high school sports by comparing the relative frequency of injury and
selected injury rates among sports, as well as the participation conditions
of each sport.

DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort observational study of high school

athletes using a surveillance protocol whereby certified athletic trainers
recorded data during the 2016-2017 academic years.

SUBJECTS: Players listed on the school’s team rosters for football,

wrestling, baseball, field hockey, softball, girls’ volleyball, boys’ or girls’
basketball, and boys’ or girls’ soccer.

MEASUREMENTS: Injuries and opportunities for injury (exposures) were

recorded daily. The definition of reportable injury used in the study
required that certified athletic trainers evaluate the injured players and
subsequently restrict them from participation.

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RESULTS: Football had the highest injury rate per 1000 athlete-exposures
at 8.1, and girls’ volleyball had the lowest rate at 1.7. Only boys’ (59.3%)
and girls’ (57.0%) soccer showed a larger proportion of reported injuries for
games than practices, while volleyball was the only sport to demonstrate a
higher injury rate per 1000 athlete-exposures for practices than for games.
More than 73% of the injuries restricted players for fewer than 8 days. The
proportion of knee injuries was highest for girls’ soccer (19.4%) and lowest
for baseball (10.5%). Among the studied sports, sprains and strains
accounted for more than 50% of the injuries. Of the injuries requiring
surgery, 60.3% were to the knee.

CONCLUSIONS: An inherent risk of injury is associated with participation

in high school sports based on the nature of the game and the activities of
the players. Therefore, injury prevention programs should be in place for
both practices and games. Preventing re-injury through daily injury
management is a critical component of an injury prevention program.
Although sports injuries cannot be entirely eliminated, consistent and
professional evaluation of yearly injury patterns can provide focus for the
development and
evaluation of injury prevention strategies.

Text B
Literature review extract: Prevention of sports injuries.
... Langran and Selvaraj conducted a study in Scotland to identify risk
factors for snow sports injuries. They found that persons under 16 years of
age most frequently sustained injury, which may be attributed to
inexperience. They conclude that protective wrist guards and safety
release binding systems for ski-boards helps prevent injury to young or
inexperienced skiers and snowboarders. Ranalli and Rye provide an
awareness of the oral health care needs of the female athlete. They report
that a properly fitted, custom- fabricated or mouth-formed mouth-guard is
essential in preventing intraoral soft tissue lacerations, tooth and jaw
fractures and dislocations, and indirect
concussions in sports.

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Although custom-fabricated mouth-guards are expensive, they have been

shown to be the most effective and most comfortable for athletes to wear.
Pettersen conducted a study to determine the attitudes of Canadian rugby
players and coaches regarding, the use of protective headgear. Although
he found that few actually wear headgear, the equipment is known to
prevent lacerations and abrasions to the scalp and may minimize the risk of
concussion.

Text C
Best practice guidelines for junior sports injury management and
return to play
When coaches, officials, sports first aiders, other safety personnel, parents
and participants follow the safety guidelines the risk of serious injury is
minimal. If an injury does occur, the golden rule in managing it is “do no
further damage”. It is important that the injured participant is assessed and
managed by an appropriately qualified person such as a sports first aider or
sports trainer. Immediate management approaches include DRABCD
(checking Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Compression and
Defibrillation) and RICER NO HARM (when an injury is sustained apply
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral and NO Heat, Alcohol, Running
or Massage). Young participants returning to activity too early after an injury
are more susceptible to further injury.
Before returning to participation the participant should be able to answer
yes to the following questions:
Is the injured area pain free?
Can you move the injured part easily through a full range of
movement?
Has the injured area fully regained its strength?

Whilst serious head injuries are uncommon in children and young peoples’
sport, participants who have lost consciousness or who are suspected of
being concussed must be removed from the activity. Prior to returning to
sport or physical activity, any child who has sustained an injury should
have medical clearance.

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Text D
Research briefs on sports injuries in Canada
Approximately 3 million children and adolescents aged 14 and
under get hurt annually playing sports or participating in
recreational activities.
Although death from a sports injury is rare, the leading cause of
death from a sports-related injury is a brain injury.
Sports and recreational activities contribute to approximately 18
percent of all traumatic brain injuries among Canadian children
and adolescents.
The majority of head injuries sustained in sports or recreational
activities occur during cycling, skateboarding, or skating incidents
PART A -QUESTIONS

Questions 1-7
For each of the questions, 1-7, decide which text (A, B, C or
D) the information comes from. You may use any letter more
than once
In which text can you find information about
1. what does ‘DRABCD’ stands for?
2. who conducted the study in Scotland to identify risk factors for snow
sports injuries?
3. when does majority of head injuries sustained in sports or recreational
activities occur?
4. what does ‘RICER NO HARM’ stands for?
5. who conducted the study among Canadian rugby players and coaches?
6. which game has highest injury rate in US high school sports?
7. what is the leading cause of death from a sports-related injury?

Questions 8-13
Answer each of the questions, 8-13, with a word or short phrase from one of
the texts.
Each answer may include words, number of the both. Your answers should
be correctly spelled.

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8. What type of injuries are rare in children and young peoples’ sport?
9. Which equipment prevents lacerations and abrasions to the scalp?
10. Which game has lowest injury rate in US high school sports?
11. Which type of injury required surgery among majority players in US
high school sports?
12. What is the golden rule in managing an injury?
13. what is the most effective and most comfortable protective gear for
athletes?

Questions 14-20

Complete each of the sentences, 14- 20, with a word or short phrase from
one of the texts. Each answer may include words, number or both. Your
answers should be correctly spelled

14] Majority of head injuries sustained in sports or ______________ occur

during cycling, skateboarding, or skating incidents.
15] Preventing ______________________ through daily injury management
is a critical component of an injury prevention program

16] __________________ and safety release binding systems for ski-boards

helps prevent injury to skiers and snowboarders

17] __________ showed a larger proportion of reported injuries for games

than practices in US high school sports.

18] Prior to returning to sport, any child who has sustained an injury should
Have _______________________

19] Injured participant should be assessed and managed by

______________

20] Ranalli and Rye provide an awareness of the oral health care needs of
____________

END OF PART A THIS TEXT BOOKLET WILL BE COLLECTED

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READING SUB-TEST : PART B

In this part of the test, there are six short extracts relating to the work of health
professionals .
For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which you think fits best according
to the text. Write your answers on the separate Answer Sheet

Questions 1-6

1.What does this manual tell us about platelet plug?

A. obstruct the aperture and contain the blood flow
B. occludes the aperture and continues the blood flow
C. open the aperture and stops the blood flow

Platelet function analyzer 100 system

It creates an artificial vessel consisting of a sample reservoir, a capillary,
and a biologically active membrane with a central aperture coated with
collagen plus ADP, or collagen plus epinephrine. The application of
constant negative pressure aspirates the anticoagulated blood of the
sample from the reservoir through the capillary and the aperture. A platelet
plug is formed which gradually occludes the aperture and ultimately the
blood flow through the aperture gradually decreases and eventually stops.
The time needed for blood flow interruption is recorded.
2. The purpose of these notes about an mannequins is to
A. introducing a form of substitute training.
B. give guidance on potentially dangerous procedures.
C. recommend a new procedure in a safe way.
Mannequins
Mannequins are a great way to familiarise yourself with a new procedure
and also maintain familiarity with a previously learnt procedure in a safe
way. They are especially useful for infrequently performed, potentially
dangerous procedures such as surgical chest drain insertion. Mannequins
alone are not an acceptable substitute for multiple supervised procedures
on ‘real’ patients. Other forms of substitute training include the use of
animal models, which carries ethical implications, and high-fidelity
simulation.

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3. The email is reminding staff that log book should not

A. contain the frequency of procedures performed
B. have any personal details of patients
C. have any unique identifiers of patients

Logbooks and assessment forms

It is essential to keep a logbook of the practical procedures you perform.
Many professions have mandatory logbooks for all trainees provided by
their governing body. A logbook shows not only the number of
procedures performed but also how frequently and under what
circumstances. The logbook should not contain patients’ personal details,
although unique identifiers (e.g. their hospital number) are permitted.

4. The guidelines establish that the healthcare professional should

A. sterilize medical equipment according to manufacturer’s
instructions
B. create, document, implement and maintain a certified quality
assurance system
C. kill all microorganisms capable of reproduction, including spores

Sterilization
Sterilization is the process that results in the killing of all microorganisms
capable of reproduction, including spores, and to the irreversible
inactivation of viruses and to killing medically significant worms and eggs.
Medical equipment and items intended for sterilization and pre-sterilization
preparation are used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
For sterilization of medical equipment, the healthcare provider will create,
document, implement and maintain a certified quality assurance system of
sterilization, including the controlled release of the medical equipment.

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5. The guidelines require those undertaking hand washing

procedure to
A. rinse hands with warm water
B. rinse hands under flowing water
C. wash hands for almost 30 seconds

Hand washing procedure

• Rinse hands with water.

• Apply enough soap to cover the entire surface of the hands, using a
small amount of water to create the foam.
• Wash hands for at least 30 seconds.
• Rinse hands under the running water.
• Carefully dry the hands with a disposable towel.
• Avoid using hot water; repeated skin exposure to hot water can
increase the risk of damage to the skin.

6. This guideline extract says that the nurse in charge

A. should inform relatives about patient’s discharge if the patient’s health
condition requires it
B. should arrange transportation from the hospital if the patient’s
health condition requires it
C. should book an ambulance from the hospital if the patient’s health
condition requires it

Patient discharge
If the patient’s condition improves so that treatment can be continued
through an outpatient facility or at home, then the patient is discharged.
The patient may also be discharged at their own request, known as
DAMA, i.e. a declaration that they are leaving on their own request. The
release is decided by the attending doctor after consultation with the
senior consultant. After that the patient deals with the necessary matters,
such as transportation from the hospital and notifies their relatives. If the
patient is not collected by relatives, the nurse will book an ambulance if
the patient’s health condition requires it.

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READING SUB-TEST : PART C

In this part of the test, there are two texts about different aspects of healthcare.
For questions 7-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text. Write your answers on the separate Answer Sheet

Part C -Text 1
Swine Flu Found in Birds
Last week the H1N1 virus was found in turkeys on farms in Chile. The UN
now says poultry farms elsewhere in the world could also become infected.
Scientists are worried that the virus could theoretically mix with more
dangerous strains. It has previously spread from humans to pigs. However,
swine flu remains no more severe than seasonal flu.

Chilean authorities first reported the incident last week. Two poultry farms
are affected near the seaport of Valparaiso. Juan Lubroth, interim chief
veterinary officer of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), said:
“Once the sick birds have recovered, safe production and processing can
continue. They do not pose a threat to the food chain.”

Chilean authorities have established a temporary quarantine and have

decided to allow the infected birds to recover rather than culling them. It is
thought the incident represents a “spill-over” from infected farm workers to
turkeys. Canada, Argentina and Australia have previously reported spread
of the H1N1 swine flu virus from farm workers to pigs.

The emergence of a more dangerous strain of flu remains a theoretical risk.

Different strains of virus can mix in a process called genetic re-assortment
or recombination. So far, there have been no cases of H5N1 bird flu in
flocks in Chile. However, Dr Lubroth said: “In Southeast Asia there is a lot
of the (H5N1) virus circulating in poultry. “The introduction of H1N1 in these
populations would be of greater concern.”

Colin Butter from the UK’s Institute of Animal Health agrees. “We hope it is
a rare event and we must monitor closely what happens next,” he told BBC
News. “However, it is not just about the H5N1 strain. Any further spread of
the H1N1 virus between birds, or from birds to humans would not be good.
“It might make the virus harder to control, because it would be more likely to
change.”

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William Karesh, vice president of the Wildlife Conservation Society, who

studies the spread of animal diseases, says he is not surprised by what
has happened. “The location is surprising, but it could be that Chile has a
better surveillance system. “However, the only constant is that the
situation keeps changing.”

The United States has counted 522 fatalities through Thursday, and nearly
1,800 people had died worldwide through August 13, U.S. and global
health officials said. In terms of mortality rate, which considers flu deaths
in terms of a nation’s population, Brazil ranks seventh, and the United
States is 13th, the Brazilian Ministry of Health said in a news release
Wednesday.

Argentina, which has reported 386 deaths attributed to H1N1 as of August

13, ranks first per capita, the Brazilian health officials said, and Mexico,
where the flu outbreak was discovered in April, ranks 14th per capita.
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the United States have the most total
cases globally, according to the World Health Organization.

The Brazilian Ministry of Health said there have been 6,100 cases of flu in
the nation, with 5,206 cases (85.3 percent) confirmed as H1N1, also
known as swine flu. The state of Sao Paulo had 223 deaths through
Wednesday, the largest number in the country. In addition, 480 pregnant
women have been confirmed with H1N1, of whom 58 died. Swine flu has
been shown to hit young people and pregnant women particularly hard.

Many schools in Sao Paulo have delayed the start of the second semester
for a couple of weeks, and students will have to attend classes on
weekends to catch up. Schools also have suspended extracurricular
activities such as soccer, volleyball and chess to try to curtail spread of the
disease.

Flu traditionally has its peak during the winter months, and South
America, where it is winter, has had a large number of cases recently.
The World Health Organization said this week that the United States and
other heavily populated Northern Hemisphere countries need to brace for
a second wave of H1N1 as their winter approaches

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Officials at the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and other U.S.
health agencies have been preparing and said this week that up to half of
the nation’s population may contract the disease and 90,000 could die
from it. Seasonal flu typically kills about 64,000 Americans each year.

A vaccine against H1N1 is being tested but is not expected to be available

until at least mid-October and will probably require two shots at least one
week apart, health officials have said. Since it typically takes a couple of
weeks for a person’s immunity to build up after the vaccine, most
Americans would not be protected until sometime in November. The World
Health Organization in June declared a Level 6 worldwide pandemic, the
organization’s highest classification.

Part C -Text 1: Questions 7-14

Q7. Scientists are worried that the virus could potentially spread
a.) from pigs to humans
b.) to chicken and turkey farms elsewhere
c.) to other types of animals
d.) to the seaport of Valparaiso

Q8. What does Dr. Lubroth recommend should be done with the sick birds?
a.) They should be processed immediately.
b.) They should be killed.
c.) They should be allowed to recover.
d.) They should be given Tamiflu.

Q9. What is the meaning of the “spill-over” effect mentioned in the passage?
a.) The virus has spread from Chile to Argentina.
b.) The virus has spread from factory workers to birds.
c.) Turkey blood has been spilled during the production process.
d.) Turkeys have become infected by eating spilled contaminated pig food.

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Q10. Which possibility is Dr. Lubroth most concerned about?

a.) H5N1 virus spreading to Chile
b.) H591 virus spreading to Australia
c.) H191 virus spreading to Asia
d.) H191 virus spreading to Canada

Q11. Which statement best describes the opinion of the representative from
the Institute of Animal Health?
a.) He doesnʼt want the virus to spread further because it could lead to
genetic reassortment.
b.) He thinks H5N1 is no longer important but he is worried about H1N1.
c.) He hopes that BBC News will pay more attention to closely monitoring
the virus.
d.) Birds and humans should be under more control otherwise the virus
may change.

Q12. Which statement best describes the opinion of the Vice President of
the Wildlife Conservation Society?
a.) He is not surprised that not enough people are studying the spread of
animal diseases.
b.) He is not surprised that swine flu has been reported in birds in Chile.
c.) He is surprised that the situation is constantly changing.
d.) He is surprised that swine flu has been reported in birds in Chile, but
suspects other countries may be unaware of the spread to birds.

Q13. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health

a.) The United States has counted 522 fatalities.
b.) more people have died in Brazil than in the USA.

c.) more people have died in the USA than in Brazil.

d.) Brazil is the 13th worst country for swine flu deaths

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Q14. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.) 52 pregnant women have died of Swine Flu in Brazil.

b.) Argentina has reported 386 H591 related deaths.

c.) Swine flu was first discovered in Mexico in April.
d.) The USA is one of the most severely affected countries annually.

Part C -Text 2
Alzheimer Disease
Physicians now commonly advise older adults to engage in mentally
stimulating activity as a way of reducing their risk of dementia. Indeed, the
recommendation is often followed by the acknowledgment that evidence of
benefit is still lacking, but “it can’t hurt.” What could possibly be the problem
with older adults spending their time doing crossword puzzles and
anagrams, completing puzzles, or testing their reaction time on a
computer? In certain respects, there is no problem. Patients will probably
improve at the targeted skills, and may feel good—particularly if the activity
is both challenging and successfully completed.

But can it hurt? Possibly. There are two ways that encouraging mental
activity programs might do more harm than good. First, they can falsely
raise expectations. Second, individuals who do develop dementia might be
blamed for their condition. When heavy smokers get lung cancer, they are
sometimes seen as having contributed to their own fates. People with
Alzheimer disease might similarly be viewed as having brought it on
themselves through failure to exercise their brains.

There is some evidence to support the idea that mental exercise can
improve one’s chances of escaping Alzheimer disease. Having more
years of education has been shown to be related to a lower prevalence of
Alzheimer disease. Typically, the risk of Alzheimer disease is two to four
times higher in those who have fewer years of education, as compared to
those who have more years of education. Other epidemiological studies,
although with less consistency, have suggested that those who engage in
more leisure activities have a lower prevalence and incidence of
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Alzheimer disease. Additionally, longitudinal studies have found that older

adults without dementia who participate in more intellectually challenging
daily activities show less decline over time on various tests of cognitive
performance.

However, both education and leisure activities are imperfect measures of

mental exercise. For instance, leisure activities represent a combination of
influences. Not only is there mental activation, but there may also be
broader health effects, including stress reduction and improved vascular
health— both of which may contribute to reducing dementia risk. It could
also be that a third factor, such as intelligence, leads to greater levels of
education and more engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, and
independently, to lower risk of dementia. Research in Scotland, for
example, showed that IQ test scores at age 11 were predictive of future
dementia risk .

The concept of cognitive reserve is often used to explain why education

and mental stimulation are beneficial. The term cognitive reserve is
sometimes taken to refer directly to brain size or to synaptic density in the
cortex. At other times, cognitive reserve is defined as the ability to
compensate for acquired brain pathology. Taken together, the evidence is
very suggestive that having greater cognitive reserve is related to a
reduced risk of Alzheimer disease. But the evidence that mental exercise
can increase cognitive reserve and keep dementia at bay is weaker. In
addition, people with greater cognitive reserve may choose mentally
stimulating leisure activities and jobs, which makes is difficult to precisely
determine whether mentally stimulating activities alone can reduce
dementia risk.

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Cognitive training has demonstrable effects on performance, on views of

self, and on brain function—but the results are very specific to the skills
that are trained, and it is as yet entirely unknown whether there is any
effect on when or whether an individual develops Alzheimer disease.
Further, the types of skills taught by practicing mental puzzles may be less
helpful in everyday life than more straightforward techniques, such as
concentrating, or taking notes, or putting objects in the same place each
time so that they won’t be lost.

So far, there is little evidence that mental practice will help prevent the
development of dementia. There is better evidence that good brain health
is determined by multiple factors, that brain development early in life
matters, and that genetic influences are of great importance in accounting
for individual differences in cognitive reserve and in explaining who
develops Alzheimer disease and who does not. At least half of the
explanation for individual differences in susceptibility to Alzheimer disease
is genetic, although the genes involved have not yet been completely
discovered. The balance of the explanation lies in environmental
influences and behavioral health practices, alone or in interaction with
genetic factors. However, at this stage, there is no convincing evidence
that memory practice and other cognitively stimulating activities are
sufficient to prevent Alzheimer disease; it is not just a case of “use it or
lose it.”

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Part C -Text 2: Questions 15-22

Q15. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements matches

the opinion of most doctors?
a. Mentally stimulating activities are of little use
b. The risk of dementia can be reduced by doing mentally
stimulating activities
c. The benefits of mentally stimulating activities are not yet proven
d. Mentally stimulating activities do more harm than good

Q16. In paragraph 2, the author expresses the opinion that …….

a. Mentally stimulating activities may offer false hope
b. Dementia sufferers often blame themselves for their condition
c. Alzheimer’s disease may be caused lack of mental exercise
d. Mentally stimulating activities do more harm than good

Q17. In paragraph 3, which of the following does not match the information
on research into Alzheimer disease?
a. People with less education have a higher risk of Alzheimer disease
b. Cognitive performance can be enhanced by regularly doing
activities which are mentally challenging
c. Having more education reduces the risk of Alzheimer disease
d. Regular involvement in leisure activities may reduce the risk of Alzheimer
disease

Q18. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements is false?

a. The impact of education and leisure is difficult to measure
b. Better vascular health and reduced stress can decrease the risk of
dementia
c. People with higher IQ scores may be less likely to suffer from dementia
d. Cognitively stimulating activities reduce dementia risk
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Q19. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the expression: keep

dementia at bay?
a. delay the onset of dementia
b. cure dementia
c. reduce the severity of dementia
d. treat dementia

Q20. Which of the following phrases best summarises the main idea
presented in paragraph 6?
a. The effect cognitive training has on Alzheimer disease is limited
b. Doing mental puzzles may not be as beneficial as concentrating
in everyday life
c. Cognitive training improves brain performance
d. The effect cognitive training has on Alzheimer disease is indefinite

Q21. According to paragraph 7, which of the following is correct regarding

the development of dementia?
a. Genetic factors are the most significant
b. Environmental factors interact with behavioural factors in
determining susceptibility to Alzheimer disease
c. Good brain health can reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer disease
d. None of the above

Q22. Which of the following would be the best alternative title for the essay?
a. New developments in Alzheimer research
b. Benefits of education in fighting Alzheimer disease
c. Doubts regarding mental exercise as a preventive measure for
Alzheimer disease
d. The importance of cognitive training in preventing early onset of
Alzheimer disease

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END OF READING TEST, THIS BOOKLET WILL BE COLLECTED

Reading test 87 : Answer Key

Part A - Answer key 1 – 7

1. C
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. D

Part A - Answer key 8 – 14

8. serious head injuries
9. protective headgear
10. volleyball
11. knee injuries
12. do no further damage
13.custom-fabricated mouth-guards
14. recreational activities

Part A - Answer key 15 – 20

15. re-injury
16. protective wrist guards
17. soccer
18. medical clearance
19. an appropriately qualified person
20. the female athlete

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Reading test - part B – answer key

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. C
Reading test - part C – answer key
Text 1 - Answer key 7 – 14
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. b
12. c
13. d
14. b

Text 2 - Answer key 15 – 22

15. c
16. a
17. b
18. d
19. a
20. d
21. a
22. c

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