DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SAIL TOWNSHIP, DHURWA RANCHI-4

CHAPTER-2 SUB: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

OLYMPISM VALUE EDUCATION

THE OLYMPISM

“Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of
body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a
way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and
respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.”
The Olympic Movement or Olympism is a philosophy of Olympic Games which is developed
and endorsed by the International Olympic Committee. It promotes friendship, respect, fair
play and sportsmanship through sports activities and stands against discrimination on the
basis of gender, race, religion or nationality. It also expands the area of Olympism from sports
activities to promoting peace and brother hood. “The goal of the Olympic Movement is to
contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport without
discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding
with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.”

Fundamental Principles of Olympism

In the Olympic Charter following Fundamental Principal of Olympism are described.
Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of
body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a
way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social
responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.
The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of
human kind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of
human dignity.
The Olympic Movement is the concerted, organised, universal and permanent action, carried
out under the supreme authority of the IOC, of all individuals and entities who are inspired by
the values of Olympism. It covers the five continents. It reaches its peak with the bringing
together of the world’s athletes at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. Its symbol is
five interlaced rings.
The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practicing
sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual
understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.
Recognising that sport occurs within the framework of society, sports organisations within
the Olympic Movement shall apply political neutrality. They have the rights and obligations of
autonomy, which include freely establishing and controlling the rules of sport, determining
the structure and governance of their organisations, enjoying the right of elections free from
any outside influence and the responsibility for ensuring that principles of good governance
be applied.
The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Olympic Charter shall be secured
without discrimination of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, language,
religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the Olympic Charter and
recognition by the IOC.

OLYMPIC VALUES

The Olympic Games have established themselves as a global celebration of sport and peace.
Through a combination of sport, culture and education, the Olympic Movement uses sport as
a tool to promote fundamental ethical principles and support harmonious development for
all. The Paralympic movement promotes universal values: courage, determination,
inspiration, equality. The three important core values of Olympism central to Olympic Games
are Excellence, Respect and Friendship. These core values are considered important in life to
make it worth living and helps in decision-making on moral terms.

Olympic Values Friendship

Friendship is at the core of the Olympic Movement. It encourages us to see sport as an

instrument for mutual understanding between individuals, and between peoples all over the
world. Friendship brings Olympic and Paralympic athletes and people from around the world
together in sport, play and competition. It breaks down barriers – encouraging individuals to
look beyond the differences such as gender, ability, culture, race or religion. By welcoming
everyone’s differences we are able to establish stronger bonds. Friendships can be the basis
of connections within community for working together and supporting each other.
Respect

Respect lies at the heart of Olympism – respect for yourself and your body, for other people,
for rules and regulations, for sports and for the environment. In fact, respect is the key to
strong friendships, fair play and sportsmanship. Understanding the impact of our actions,
positive or negative, is an important part of playing a participative role in our communities.
Respecting yourself and others goes beyond sport.

Respect includes
knowing that we can offend or hurt someone by not letting them join in our game (respect of
others).
listening to and asking for the ideas, opinions and beliefs of everyone– boys, girls, people
living with a disability (respect for others).
helping others to feel safe from violence–teasing, bullying, and verbal, physical and sexual
violence (respect for others).
taking care of ourselves by choosing to eat healthy food, while getting enough rest and
exercise (self-respect).
being confident in ourselves to share and defend our ideas and opinions (self- respect).
Excellence

Excellence means doing the best we can, on the field of play or in our professional life. The
important thing is not winning, but taking part, making progress and enjoying the healthy
combination of body, will and mind. It is about having an ambition in life, and through
determination, effort and perseverance reaching that goal. Excellence is not only on the
sporting field; it is also in the classroom, where all children have the right to an education
(Article 28), and also by helping children pursue excellence by chasing their dreams.

OLYMPIC VALUE EDUCATION

Olympic Values Education is based on the Olympic philosophy that learning takes place
through the balanced development of body and mind. The core values also include five
educational values which have been incorporated from three domains of learning: Mental,
Emotional, and Physical.
 Joy of effort
 Fairplay
 Respect for others
 Pursuit of excellence, and
 Balance in life between body, will and mind.

Joy of Effort
According to the UNESCO Charter “every human being has a fundamental right to access to
physical education and sport, which are essential for the full development of his/her
personality. The freedom to develop physical, intellectual and moral powers through physical
education and sport must be guaranteed both within the educational system and in other
aspects of social life…”.Thus, the child needs to enjoy and have fun with sports and physical
activities he/she is engaged in.
Otherwise, an individual, if forced to over-exert while playing without being given good
experiences to remember or cherish, may develop bad memories. Sports or physical activities
should be promoted with appropriate opportunity to enjoy the energy and effort with
relative outcomes.

Fair Play
Although fair play is a concept of sports, it can be applied in many different ways and
contexts beyond the sports field. Fair play refers to playing by the rules. Learning fair play
behaviour in sport can lead to the development and reinforcement of similar behaviour in
one’s everyday life. After participating in sports an individual develops the habit of fair play
that is reflected in his/her attitude and behaviour in life and towards the community he/she
lives in. In sports, an individual follows the rules. Referees and officials enforce rules through
penalties and punishments. There are many ways through which the concept of fair play can
be reflected like shaking hands with the opponent at the end of the game, appreciating the
opponent’s extraordinary performance etc.
Respect for others
As per the Olympic Charter “The goal contribute to building a peaceful and better world by
educating youth through sport practised in accordance with Olympism and its values.” Living
in a multicultural world, we need to accept and respect diversity and promote peace. We
should appreciate the worth of all peoples and all cultures, irrespective of race, age, gender
and ability. Violence is not the best way to solve conflicts. This acceptance can be achieved
through sport, because a sports team may consist of people from different cultures, all
focussed on one goal,thatis, victory for the team. The task of bringing peace to societies
becomes even more challenging for sports leaders and educators in societies where there are
ancient hatreds, conflicting values or great economic differences among people. For example,
since the end of Apartheid, South Africans have worked to gether to create a new society,
one in which there is acceptance and respect for people of all races. Sport spersons and
educators have an important role in this process as acceptance and respect for cultural
difference has to be taught. Racism and intolerance are often a result of ignorance and fear.
Understanding and acceptance of difference develops when people live, work and play
together.

Pursuit of Excellence
In today’s competitive and demanding world, an individual’s focus is to become the best.
Focusing on excellence can help young people to make positive, healthy choices and strive to
become the best that they can be in whatever they do. Sports provide an opportunity to
players to become the best or to make healthy choices in safe social and physical
surroundings. A healthy, clean and safe community makes the welfare of young people its
number one priority. Sport sharpens skills
and attends to the needs of all children and youth—girls and boys, children with learning
disabilities, and children with hearing, vision and other physical disabilities. It provides an
environment free from discrimination, harassment and fear. Sport also provides daily
opportunities for children and youth of all ages to participate in physical activity in an
environment free from discrimination, harassment and intimidation. It is also a place in which
individual differences and cultural traditions are valued and respected.
Balance Between Body, Will and Mind

Pierre de Coubertin understood that an international revival of the Olympic Games would
stimulate interest in sports and physical activity among young people. This remains as
relevant today, as it was over 100 years ago. The focus of the modern Olympic Movement
extends beyond sports, embracing cultures, artistic works, environmental awareness and
education. All of these can play their part in helping young people to build a balanced
approach to life. Pierre de Coubertin maintained, “Modern education… has allowed itself to
be carried away by extreme compartmentalization. Each strength works in isolation, without
any link or contact with its neighbor. If the topic is muscles, they only want to see animal
function. The brain is furnished as though it were made up of tiny, air-tight compartments.”
He believed in the concept that learning happened in the whole body, not just in the mind.
Physical learning, too, took place in both body and mind but it could not be done without
will. Sport is a medium of balancing body, will and mind.
ANCIENT AND MODERN OLYMPICS

ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES:

When and how did the ancient Olympic Games begin? There is no authentic information or
definite fact about their origin, but there are various tales about the origin of these games in
ancient Greek stories. According to the available information in history, the first ancient
Olympic Games started in Olympia Valley in 776 BCE. It is believed that the natives of
Olympia adored Zeus as their god. Once, Zeus appeared on the ground of Olympia. Owing to
his fearful anger, the land split. Then to pacify Zeus, people constructed a magnificent temple
in the valley and started the tradition of offering sacrifice. Later on, Hercules, the son of Zeus,
started the games and sports in the honor of his father.
According to another story, wrestling took place between God and Goddesses to assert their
rights on this earth. The wrestling took place between Zeus and Coronas in which Zeus
became the winner. To celebrate the victory, the games and sports were started.
Some historians hold the view that Greece was divided into small states which were called
‘City States. Owing to mutual battles among these small states, Olympic Games originated.
Whatever the reason behind the beginning of Olympic Games was, it is certain that these
games were organized first time in the beautiful valley named ‘Olympia’. Therefore, these
games were called Olympic Games. The ancient Olympic Games continued for approximately
one thousand years. But in 394 CE, Theodosius, the King of Rome, stopped the ancient
Olympic Games. Stadiums were destroyed. But even after that the memory of these games
remained in the heart of the natives. They could not forget these games even after many
centuries.

Rules for Competition

When the Olympic Games were organized in 776 BCE, certain rules were framed for
competitors of various sports competition, which were engraved on a bronze plate. These
rules are given below:
 The competitor must be only a Greek, completely from a Hellenic race and must be
physically fit.
 Savages and Punished persons were not allowed to participate in these games.
 The competitors had to stay in the Olympia for one month before the beginning of
Olympic Games. They had to take an oath that they had already taken the training for
10 months in their state.
 Women were not allowed to participate in competitions or see these games.
 For participation in games, participants had to practice for one month.
 Only amateur sportspersons could participate in these games and not the
professionals.

Opening Ceremony of Games

On the day of the opening ceremony, all the players, their brothers, fathers and trainers used
to assemble in the auditorium. The experts of sports and games made them to take the oath
that they would participate in the games according to rules and they had got the training of
ten months. After that, a pig was killed and offered to the God named Zeus Harikos. After this
ritual, one by one, all the players used to come out of the sports arena. Exactly at that time,
the players were introduced to the spectators. If one of the spectators had any objection
against any player, he was not allowed to participate in the competitions. Rest of the players,
who faced no objective against them, were allowed to participate. After that the declaration
was made to start the games.
With the passage of time the number of games kept on changing, such as 400 yard walking
was included in 724 BCE. Three miles race was included in 720 BCE. The number of games
increased over the years and consequently the games used to be organized for five days. On
the first day, only religious functions were performed. The second day was reserved for the
march past and the introduction and after that chariot race, horse race and pentathlon were
held. In the morning of third day the ritual of sacrifice of animals was performed. After that,
competitions of races, wrestling and boxing. And on the fifth day recreational programmes
were organized.

Awards

Only food grains and animals were given as a reward. After that, a crown made of olive leaves
was given to the winners. More stress was laid on respect and honor, instead of awards, to
the player in these games. Statues were also made of the winners. Poems were also
composed in praise of winners. Even the players used to participate in these games for
respect and honor and not for the sake of awards.

MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

The credit to start the modern Olympic Games goes to Pierre, Baron de Coubertin of France.
Coubertin was born in Paris on 1 January 1862. Having studied political science, he comes to
know about the national and international problems. He thought national and international
problems could easily be solved through Olympic Games. It was Coubertin dream to restart
the Olympic Games at world level. For this purpose, he called a meeting of various countries
in 1893. Some countries like- Italy, Greece, Spain and Sweden were in favor of commencing
these games, whereas rest of the countries opposed it. Again on 16 June 1894, a meeting of
13 countries was held in Paris in which 75 representatives participated. It was presided over
by Coubertin and it was resolved that “Sports competition should be held every fourth year
on the lines of Greek Olympic Games and every nation should be invited to participate”. After
much Endeavour, Coubertin succeeded in enlisting worldwide support and the first modern
Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.
In the 1896 Athens Olympic Games, the first modern Olympic Games, only nine countries
participated. This number gradually increased and in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games (West
Germany), 122 countries participated. Three Olympic Games could not be held during the two
world wars (1916, 1940 and 1944).

Rules for Competition

All males and females can participate in Olympic games if they are amateur. But nowadays,
professionals are also allowed to participate in some of the sports. These sportspersons are
sent by their National Olympic Committee. No one can take part in these games without the
approval of National Olympic Committee.
Opening Ceremony of Olympic Games
First of all, Olympic torch or flame is lit through sunrays in Olympic village (Greece) and it is
bought to that city where the Olympic Games are going to be held. The President or Prime
Minister declares the game open in the stadium.

Closing Ceremony of Olympic Games

The mayor of the host city and the president of the managing committee escort the president
of the International Olympic Committee to the stadium. He/she declares the games closed.
After that, Olympic Flag is lowered and its given to the mayor of that city. The Olympic flame
is extinguished. At last the games come to and end with the Olympic song.

Summer Olympic Games

The first summer Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. Summer Olympics is a multi-
sports event that is hosted by different countries once in four years. The International
Olympic Committee organizes these games and inspects and supervises the host city
preparation. The tradition to award the medals was started in 1904 Olympics which were
held in St. Louis (USA). The first Olympic Games witnessed 245 sportspersons, of whom more
than 200 were Greeks and 14 countries took part in these games. In these games, female’s
athletes were not allowed to participate. However, only one woman, named Stamata Revithi
ran the marathon race unofficially. She was not allowed to participate by the committee. The
USA has hosted four Summer Olympic Games so far. Asia has hosted only three summer
Olympic Games. London is the first city to host the summer Olympic Games three times. In
1964, Tokyo Olympics were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television. In 1972,
Munich Summer Olympics, there was a terrorist attack in which terrorist killed 2 Israelis and
took 9 other hostages. In 2008 Olympic Games, Michael Phelps the swimmer from USA set a
record of 8 gold medals at a single Olympics.

Objectives of Olympics
 To pay attention towards physical education and sports competitions in all the
countries of the world.
 To develop personality, character, citizenship qualities and health among the youths.
 Formation of good habits among sportspersons so that they could lead a healthy and
prosperous life.
 To develop patriotism and fraternity among sportspersons.
 To develop international fraternity and peace.
 Not to have any discrimination on the basis of caste, race and religion.

THE OLYMPIC SYMBOL

The Olympic symbol is five interlocked rings of equal proportions of five different colours. The
colour sequence of the rings from left to right is, blue, yellow, black, green and red, where
blue, black and red rings are placed at the top, the yellow and green rings are placed at the
bottom. The five rings reflect the union of the five continents namely North and South
America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe and this is a symbol of the unity of sportspersons
from all continents at Olympic Games.

Olympic Motto
Olympic motto comprises three Latin words – Citius-Altius-Fortius and Communis which
means Faster-Higher-Stronger, Togetherness respectively. The motto was coined by a French
educator Father Henry Didon in 1895.

Olympic Flag
Olympic Flag was created in 1913 at the suggestion of Baron de Coubertin. But it was hoisted
for the first time in the Antwerp Olympic Games which were held in 1920. Olympic flag is
made of white silk and contains five interlocking rings/circles in five colors representing five
continents of the world, like- America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. The five rings have
different colors like- Yellow, Green, Red, Blue and Black.

Olympic Flame
The Olympic Flame is a symbol of knowledge, life and happiness. It also symbolizes peace.
This flame or torch is lighted in Olympic village of Greece and its carried by the runners to the
place where the Olympic Games are going to be organized. During this process it keeps
burning. At the end of the closing ceremony of these games this flame is extinguished.

Olympic Awards
The first, second and third position holders are awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals
and certificates, respectively. The next five position holders are also awarded with certificates
only.

Olympic Oath
During the opening of Olympic Games, oath taking ceremony is held by the athletes who
assemble in the sports stadium. The representative takes oath on the behalf of all the
athletes who raise their right arm and repeat the oath after him/her.

THE OLYMPIC ANTHEM

It was composed by Spiros Samaras (music) and words were added by Greek Poet, Kostis
Palamas in 1896. It was adopted by IOC in 1958.

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the governing body of the modern Olympic
Games. It is committed to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.
The IOC has its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. It was created by Pierre Baron de
Coubertin on 23rd June 1894. Greek Demitrios Vikelos was its first president. Its membership
consists of 105 active members and 32 honorary members.
Members of the Committee
The IOC consists of members from the various countries, which constitutes president, vice
presidents, executive board and secretary general. The description of these members is
mentioned below:
President: the president of the IOC is elected by its members. The president is elected for a
term of eight years. After the expiry of his term, he/she can be re-elected. The current IOC
president is Thomas Bach.

Vice- presidents: These officials are also elected by members of the committee. They are
elected for a term of four years. They can be reappointed if members of the committee are
desire so.

Executive Board: The IOC executive board consists of the president, four vice-presidents and
ten other members. All the members of the IOC Executive Board are elected by the IOC
sessions in a secret ballot, by a majority of vote cast.

Main Functions of IOC

 The place where the Olympics will be organized is decided by the committee. The right
to decide the days on which the games will be held also rests with the committee.
 For conducting the competition and general programmes for the Olympics,
fundamental rules and regulations are set up by this committee.
 Its also encourages and supports the promotion of ethics in sports as well as education
of youth through sports.
 It also ensures the regular conduct of the Olympic Games.
 It takes action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the
Olympic movement.
 It also acts against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement.
 In encourages and supports the promotion of women in sports at all level.
 It leads the fight against doping in sports.
 It encourages the development of sports for all.
 It opposes any political or commercial abuse of sports and athletes.

INDIAN OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION

IOA was established in 1927. Sir Darobji Jamshedji Tata and Dr. Noehren became the founder
president and secretary General, respectively, of IOA. IOA is affiliated to the IOC. Sir Darobji
Jamshedji Tata was also elected the first IOC member in India. In 1928, Sir Darobji Jamshedji
Tata resigned from the post of President of IOA. After that, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh
became the president of IOA. The election of the office bearers of the IOA is held after every
four years. The council consists of various members like President, nine vice-presidents, six
joint secretaries, and one secretary general, one honorary, treasurer, seven representatives
of state Olympic associations and twelve representatives of national sports federations or
associations.

Objectives of IOA
 Development and promotion of the Olympic movement.
 Enforcement of all rules and regulations of the IOC and IOA.
  To be the official organization in complete form and responsible for of all the matters
related to Olympic event.
 Promotion and encouragement of the physical, moral and culture education of the
young people of the nation so that their character can be developed.
 To undertake with assistance of national sports federations the financial
management, transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India taking
part in the Olympic Games and other games which are organized under the patronage
of IOC.
 To take disciplinary action against any federations for misbehavior or any other
undesirable activity bringing discredit to the country.
 In cooperation with the national sports federations, organize and control selection,
training, coaching of the teams that will represent India.
 To enforce and defend the exclusive rights of the association to use the Olympic flag
and Olympic insignia.

THE NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES (NOCs)

National Olympic committee (NOC) is a unit at national level of Olympic movement. There are
206 NOCs. The IOC is the sole authority to recognize a NOC. Together with the International
Sport Federations, the NOCs are a constituent of the Olympic Movement under the
leadership of the IOC. The mission of the NOCs is to develop, promote and protect the
Olympic Movement in their respective countries, in accordance with the Olympic Charter.
NOCs mission is to develop, promote and protect the Olympic Movement in their respective
countries in accordance with Olympic charter. It was to promote fundamental principles,
values of Olympism, Olympic educational programmes in their countries. It works to promote
athlete to participate at apex level and give high performance by providing training and other
logistics. NOCs also hold responsibility to send athletes in Olympic Games and may nominate
their country cities to organize Olympic games.
In India, The Indian Olympic Association act as NOC which is a non-profit organization under
the Societies Registration Act of 1860 founded by Sir Dorabji Tata as President and Dr A.G.
Noehren as Secretary General in 1927. In the same year the association
was recognized by the International Olympic Committee. The prime objective of the
Association was to promote and develop Olympic movement in India. In the early years, IOA
selected sportspersons to represent India, but after 1947 they gave the responsibility of
selection and training to the National Sports Federations. Now they only arrange transport,
board and accommodation for officials and sports persons.

Indian Olympic Association is the governing body for the Olympic Movement and the
Commonwealth Games in India. It is also an affiliated member of the International Olympic
Committee (IOC), Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
and Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC). IOA is recognized by Ministry of
Youth Affairs and Sports.
The IOA looks after several aspects of sports and sportspersons which includes sending
athletes or teams to represent India in the Olympic Games, Common wealth Games, Asian
Games and other international multi-sport competitions of IOC, CGF, OCA and ANOC.
The members of the IOA include
National Sports Federations affiliated to International Sports Federations whose sport is
included in the Programme of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
National Sports Federations affiliated to International Sports Federations whose sport is not
included in the Programme of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games but is included in the
Programme of all Asian and/or Common wealth Games.
Indian citizens who are member/s of the International Olympic Committee.
Two (one male and one female) active athletes or retired athletes having taking part in the
Olympic Games; subject to the condition that the retired athletes must retire from their post
latest by the end of the third Olympiad after the last Olympic Games in which they took part.
State Olympic Associations
Union Territories’ Olympic Associations
Services Sports Control Board
The National Federation of the Indian game Kho-Kho.

THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS (IFS)

The International Sports Federations (IFs) are responsible for the integrity of their sport on
the international level. The International Sports Federations are international non-
governmental organisations recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as
administering one or more sports at world level.

The national federations administering those sports are affiliated to them. While conserving
their independence and autonomy in the administration of their sports, International Sports
Federations seeking IOC recognition must ensure that their statutes, practice and activities
conform with the Olympic Charter.
The IFs have the responsibility and duty to manage and to monitor the everyday running of
the world’s various sports disciplines, including for those on the programme, the practical
organisation of events during the Games. The IFs must also supervise the development of
athletes practising these sports at every level. Each IF governs its sport at world level and
ensures its promotion and development. They monitor the everyday administration of their
sports and guarantee the regular organisation of competitions as well as respect for the rules
of fair play.
The IFs may formulate proposals addressed to the IOC concerning the Olympic Charter and
the Olympic Movement in general, including the organising and holding of the Olympic
Games; give their opinions concerning the candidatures for organising the Olympic Games,
particularly concerning the technical capabilities of the candidate cities; collaborate in the
preparation of the Olympic Congresses; and participate in the activities of the IOC
commissions.
Association of Federations
In order to discuss common problems and decide on their events calendars, the summer
federations, the winter federations and the recognised federations have formed associations:
the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF), the Association of
International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF), and the Association of IOC
Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF).