Sinfierly tor + go de [decade a! Oxley HPL and LPF ane cascaded « Nawrew bard pase filler. a ral -))! i ts) nee ard 2 ig cascaded wir a aoe etvn +t aodalaceer Op amp — Loaves fing Drplifier olp voltage is ampli fied fowo of fe Voltage ang o|p Voltage sl) Be have ra prose shift Gil Votage. Ve =v SVB =O Dp Va=0 7) OF Tp ends ta =Ve fae MORE ave eo Rr Tin = Mo Ro at olpend, te, . Ya-Vo Re us VRi=o, Ti Vo. aah aes -@ : ofp wave form equak O +@ oe Ve_ _ Mo SIRE GE Ta + | Ve = — ae Vio — 2p vote Vo {we gee ; ae os y= — EEL voltage api \W er TT? ave. sian irdicates 180" prose shittee ee = wo - eg ee. cap few \ op- emp ron Towing Amplifier Yo olp is applified form of Fp wHoge but tbe vatoge tt ts Colledge phase is Same as ‘le voltage so doe Ve = Ve VB = Vin = Va =Vin pela Te We-Vp Vo-Vin Re ae 2 ve Me te eRe © at inverting temina Va-0 y, Te Var® | Vp Rr z t= Mio Paso em Equote O 4+@ “Vo Rey fo Pr oR Re, Vo Vin . Vin Pe Fo Rie Tee No (fe ! st: aol PE Vin Ri Ppfi [L > The op of this cet 1S Foreqral of Pip. voltage VaeVe “2 Veso => Varo at i|p, te MO = Vio Varo 1 end | cae at olP tod! pe a (Wa -vo) aA qe ct Ge equa © AO Mio . ak Rr integrate Bs i. 4 Vi ed } wre ~<4 SH (RR dee = cf Min At | y 3 } ofp is toteqration ot “lp Yolanej > Cece ss Sebrktt Evigger - a Schedite “Te Is a0 electroofe clrcutth Apart is used convey b an fnpu 7” Zianal wrth vanging Molt levele Foto an Outpur Ssfqoal witha well ~dle fined aig tel Output le ve]. ge is at type of Compavator cheat dat “uses * positive! feedback fo . that hysteresis uohich means stoke nfl change the the Gop Signal CTOSSES 4rresheld Voltece level. (Cveate the Output Only aohen a cervtofin |e Vu Vin yt of echritt brigg ewet oes “the the Snpat Voltage “boggens CUpgh ae etcecds a cestdin Voltoge levees) Called upper toyeshold voltage \ ’ Si and lower threshold vol tage Ve everytime ushen Vo=+Veat ~p voto acwss RK Is abled cpper threshold Voltage Vit: he Snput Vin must be slightly ore. rees'positive Shan Vur -for the oulf™ po shitt From Neat to —Vsaty a hee Vin Var y Vo ts al tVear Vet es — Selo sin (4Veat) Rit keFs , * Syeoroing amplifies op-aP may be used to dlesign a clocult yohere Output is Sum of severof) foput Signals : Such dvcutis ove called as Susilo, : amplifies Or Summer . Fmverting Suro) id - "4 Cay arplitier: { \ fe \ Rr Vs Ro eV . Vy nen fovesting suroning arnplifies is an elecbonic chcuit ‘that odds Poop ther multiple put Yo (tages and produces ars Output: Voltage that is the sum ofS these Saput Voltages + ‘but adithiarny Opposite ale n rats chafit is aleg tkoown os - @ ' 0 vertiog adder because Ft adele the 8 lopat voltages age braicaty vad Pocdues on “inven tees Output G@ Aa _Now, dhe ciacuit bas = ; i 3-3 Goput Voltages V\ V21Va > 3 foput geslstanes Rr Roy Ra. é feectback aesistacce ‘Re, Stee Op-amp is Fdeal + vieeta at G=0°. applying KCL at G- Ve £ Vay V3. opr * gi tee * pen No = = as vy + St Re var St ee is] "Re Re 5 Thus the output Vorags Is inverted] end coelq bred Sum oF fo puts fee Ras &.= Rat Be Applations hes, Vo = — (Wit+Vetvs) 3 Control syste aylins euteertaie 7 ed if Re oe was i, gp 2 Wit vets) opensFS: ery tre 7 et oe jon averiing Sumnol @ > + ane AB 9007 Toves ti sumo amplifie® 1s eO 7 ‘ J Realy electronic crreutt that odds tooptbet es and produces an muttiple. Input Voltag Output Vo \tage that ts the sum of these fnput vo tbores Lusty the Same poke he ay his cleft ig abo Known as & COP faves ting addeo becuse Rt ooldls Ehe and input Vo Itaqes ar.ge towesl coully prooluces mon ~fnvested Outpul nodal eqn at G % Vi-Vo y Meo NG 5 Va—vm Ro fe? xR yiler & Vales > VA IR Va = ee Heit VR + Re: aa fTAskable Muliivibra bow ‘iN GK Gs COG CBUOSTE Gir Ra gn astable multMbratoy, also ena ae 4 Asee~ vU0 oo multi brator. a ect fs an. elec tronic claret ¢ “hart ‘geoe rates a comfinuous Sagar wave ov ae ctanguley wave output Signal without eer extemal foput @ Nee , x The -ourpur Wwavefom any asiable mu ltivie nator 1s O° yee Squave wave wv! it a fined peter)29 Presume FSi¥ally Capacitor Rs cfstaaged ;f 7 then the. o|p of comparator ave t- fe Mec =O). 4 olp— low (0) highOD ie Compare toy Comporartor a olp— “these Outputs are applic to 29 -flfp tlep theo lp Yo “ls igh >) he (g=1 And G-0) gdAclvactages 3 Alo ettemal trigemrirg wequired i) Pr expensive it) Can furcton coorioueusly ww) Clock clacults 2 Prequanc ee > tone Hone ra tors ~p and FA Some types of powen supplies > Digital ckis -for aeMONOSTABLE multivibrato x fe MOMstable oul VibsatoD % aso Keo AS A Ove-chot multivibya tor cep 1G a0 electronic ctycut b thect produces a Single pulse of a epecific | duratoo to mesponse ko an fo put | signal ' The output of pmonostable multivi brat geroosns stable fo Qne State aotl Tt triggered ey an erteooas Sigrol. : \s nmeSete cotenaaal St fs 1 > whee the output 7s low, clace 6 e in Stable Stole , transistor Gi |S On and capacitor tHe clooat- Circutted to ground. oie ° oegatire sigger puke fs Pplfed to fi7 2, Q, ‘Is tumed ofp ard Geert circul’ “acces Cepacliny fa) released 90d Output will be dawvennr pan 28 _ + lica Hons ' j ok Monosta ble. multivi brats have aw SPOULOE- of app Ha tions fn electronics Gocladl tml raise dha! Arrequency division Sn, digital chts as. clock generate x . ) are also used Ne anolog ous for shaping and iming of Signals