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 AVAILABLE COURSES AT SUNYA IAS

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OPTIONALS
SOCIOLOGY AGRICULTURE GEOGRAPHY
• SOCIOLOGY FOUNDATION (Online & Offline) • AGRI FOUNDATION (Online & Offline) • GEOGRAPHY FOUNDATION (Online)
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PSIR • ANTHRO Enrichment Course
(CRASH COURSE)
• PSIR FOUNDATION (Online & Offline) • ANTHRO NOTES (Paper 1 & 2)
• PSIR Enrichment Course (CRASH COURSE) • ANTHRO PYQ (Last 8 year solved)
• PSIR NOTES (Paper 1 & 2) • ANTHRO TEST SERIES
• PSIR PYQ (Last 8 year solved)
• PSIR DAILY ANSWER WRITING
• PSIR TEST SERIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
 KEYWORDS
Index
1. SOCIAL ISSUES 3

2. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 8

3. ECONOMY 15

4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 28

5. INTERNAL SECURITY 42

6. ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 47

 KEYWORDS

SOCIAL ISSUES
* Keywords are NOT strictly compartmentalised and can be used in other sectors too
SOCIETY
• Inclusive development
• Reaching last mile
• Infrastructure and investment
Saptarishis in Budget
• Unleashing potential
2023-24
• Green power
• Youth power
• Financial sector.
• A large part of their women works, from working for the household
Invisible 'Unpaid'
farm or business to domestic and caregiving work is delegitimized as
Work
women’s work and is not considered ‘real’ work.
-Dual Burden
-Self-Limiting • In rural areas, this also includes daily tasks such as collecting
Mindset firewood and water. The Labour involved in running a household and
managing daily tasks is not just physical, but also mental and emotional.
• Glass ceiling is a metaphor for invisible barrier that prevents some
om

people (especially women) from rising to senior positions

Breaking of Glass
Ceiling • E.g. USA termed one of the most liberal country but it got it first female
vice president Kamla Harris in 2020, and even till now there is no
l.c

female president yet

• An attitude or policy of ignoring an often delicate or undesirable
ai

situation that one is held to be responsible for dealing with

gm

o E.g. a contractor who digs up a road and posts no danger signs, or

keeps a man-hole open, or leaves rocks on the road as dangerous play
Benign Neglect
things for autos to joust with?
ct

• According to World Road Statistics (2018), India reports the highest

number of road accident deaths followed by US and China
o

• Benign neglect is seen in case of Women and girl child as well

15

Soft investment • Investments made in areas such as education and healthcare.

Discrimination against women
aj

Cumulative
• “From the girl child is being killed in womb owing to gender bias, to
Discrimination (from
ur

Young as well as aged women are being subjected to atrocities and

womb to tomb)
sexual abuse”
rit

Patriarchy refers to dominance in society by male counterparts

• Patriarchy are learnt in the family where the head of the family is a man/
father
Perpetuation of • In patriarchal family birth of male child is preferred to that of a female
Patriarchy • Systemic deprivation and violence against women: rape, sexual
harassment, sexual abuse, wife-beating, high level of female illiteracy,
malnutrition, and continued sense of insecurity keeps women bound to
home
One-gate-for-all-kids • Verifying age of aperson before allowing access to services online.
approach

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 KEYWORDS
• Economic Survey 2017-18 revealed that women comprise only 24% of
the Indian workforce.
Prisoners of
Patriarchy • The number of women in workplaces is declining steadily, even though
the enrolment of girls in higher education courses is growing steadily
to 46% in 2014 from 39% in 2007.
• Son Meta-Preference is the phenomena where parents continue to
produce children until the desired number of sons are born. - Economic
Reproductive
Survey-2017-18
Slavery
• This problem leads to reproductive slavery where women are
compelled to become pregnant until boy is born.
Agents of • Socialization agents are a combination of social groups and social
Socialization institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization.
• Alienation occurs when a person withdraws or becomes isolated from
Alienation
their environment or from other people.
• Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in
Ethno centrism
the standards and customs of one's own culture.
• Gap between women and men caught in the cycle of poverty has
Feminization of
continued to widen in the past decade, a phenomenon commonly
poverty
referred to as "the feminization of poverty".
Paternalistic • It refers to mindset in which one person assumes authority over another
attitudes person and seeks to make decisions for them.
• term used to describe how manufacturers strategically market products
Commodification of
toward women for the purpose of selling into, and exploiting, their
women
femininity and domesticity
3Bs of Women • Build alliances, be hold and be constantly curious.
Empowerment
Sashakt Nari, • Empowerment of women is essential for overall development of a
Sashakt Bharat nation
Folk way • Norm followed out of tradition
• India is a melting pot of different cultures encompassing in itself
Melting pot
various languages, traditions, music, art etc.
• Gender socialization is the process through which children learn about
Gender socialization the social expectations, attitudes and behaviours typically associated
with boys and girls.
Caste based • The India Caste System is a perfect example of the stratification system.
stratification
• not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong,
Cultural relativism strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural
practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
• Expression used as a metaphor to point to a discriminatory
employment pattern that keeps workers, mainly women, in the lower
Sticky floor
ranks of the job scale, with low mobility and invisible barriers to career
advancement.
Triple burden faced • Women's work includes reproductive work (domestic work, child
by women because of caring and rearing, adult care, caring for the sick, water and fuel related
triple role work, health related work), productive work and community managing
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 KEYWORDS
work (includes activities primarily undertaken by women at the
community level around the provision of items of collective
consumption)
Charity culture to • People recognized as key actors in their own development rather than
Rights based as passive recipients of commodities.
entitlement
• Refers to the paid and unpaid labor and services that support caregiving
Care Economy
in all its forms.
• Covers a wide range of activity in town and city centres taking place
Night-time economy between the hours of 18:00 – 06:00 including retail, culture & leisure,
transport and accommodation etc.
• Disparity in access to nutritious food between different populations or
Nutrition gap
geographic regions.
• Empowering women can reduce gaps in education and health outcomes
Gender Parity
for women.
• Term “missing women” indicates a shortfall in number of women
Missing women
relative to the expected number of women in a region or country.
• Education is the great social equalizer and access to free, high quality
Social Equalizer
schools can level the playing field for disadvantaged children
Amrit kaal, • PM speech- Turn Amrit kaal (till 2047) into Kartavya kaaal (era of
Kartavya Kaal duties).
EDUCATION
• An average 85% teachers failed to qualify the post-qualification
competency test.
Crisis of Credibility • Recognizing the ‘power of teacher’ NEP 2020 has put in place systemic
reforms that would help ‘teaching’ emerge as an attractive profession
of choice for bright and talented young minds, then only crisis of
credibility could be solved.
• While the number of govt schools increased over the years, the
enrolment numbers in them have been falling continuously, leading to
Hallowing out of the "hollowing" of state-run schools.
public schools • Non-performing or "hollowed" government schools should be handed
over to private players under the public- private partnership (PPP)
model, NitiAayog has recommended.
• Use technology, don’t let technology use you; exams are not end goal
PM on Pariksha pe
of students life; everyone should learn time management from their
charcha
mothers.
From Right to • NEP recommends that the curriculum load in each subject should be
Education to Right reduced to its essential core content. This would make space for
to Learning holistic, discussion and analysis-based learning.
• Basic learning levels are low in private schools in rural India with 60%
class V students failing to solve a simple division, and 35% not being
Bridging Learning
able to read a Class II-level paragraph.
Deficit
• Need to bring reforms using access, equity and quality as guiding
factors.

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 KEYWORDS
• National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) to train as many
Skill Capital people as possible in various skills.
• Skilled and able workforce will make India ‘skill capital’ of world.
Harmonisation of 3s • Skills, standards and service
• Too many rules and regulations. UGC and MHRD tell the universities
what kind of syllabus they can teach, how many years a course must
Over Regulated and
last, what the size of a classroom should be.
under governed
• But least concerned about the learning outcome of the educational
experience.
• RTE has heavy emphasis on physical infrastructure in schools than on
Quantity without quality education like learning and teaching standards.
Quality Syndrome • It is time to lay more stress on the quality of education, rather than on
its quantity.
Demand, Demography, Deregulation and Democracy
4 Ds • For inviting foreign investment and manufacturing companies
• Self sufficient Economy.
• Availability of higher education to everyone resulting in overwhelming
numbers of students entering universities and a proliferation of higher
Massification of
om
education institutions to cater for these numbers of students.
Higher Education
• Important questions on the quality of institutions and the employment
of graduates remains.
l.c

• Institutions that offer degrees which are incompetent or sometime fake

Degree Shops
at a price.
ai

• India has just two universities among the world's top 400, as per World
Islands of Excellence, University Rankings 2021.
gm

Ocean of Mediocrity • While with 51,649 colleges and universities, the Indian higher
education system is one of the largest in the world.
Politicization of • E.g. Reservation in education institutions became political agenda.
ct

Education
o

• Indian students more attracted towards going to foreign countries to

Brain Drain
15

study despite Indian education being more demanding.

YOUTH AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT
• The Union Budget 2023-24 has highlighted ‘Amrit Peedhi’ or ‘Youth
aj

Amrit Peedhi Power’ as a priority under the ‘Saptarishi’ guiding us through the
ur

Amrit Kaal.
• Opinions of the rich and their lobbies are given more consideration,
rit

Winner takes it All. while voices of the poorest people and their associations are not even
heard.
• To develop and disseminate practical tools for the evaluation of
Life Cycle Based
opportunities, risks, and trade-offs associated with products and
Approach
services over their entire life cycle to achieve sustainable development
• A bulge or an indentation in the profile of the population pyramid may
Demographic Bulge indicate unusually high fertility or mortality or changes in the
population due to immigration or emigration.

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 KEYWORDS
• Economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s
Demographic
age structure, mainly when share of working-age population is larger
Dividend
than non-working-age share of the population
Demographic • Demographic dividend can turn into demographic dividend if enough
Disaster jobs are not created.
Demographic Time • If country's population is falling faster than ever before.
Bomb • Where fertility rates are falling at same time that longevity is increasing.
• Free market system where temporary positions are common and
Gig Economy
companies hire independent workers for short-term commitments.
Over-enforcement • Potential negative consequences resulting from very strict enforcement
risks of laws, rules and regulations.
• A highly digitized shop floor that continuously collects and shares data
Smart Factory from connected machines, devices, and production systems.
• End goal of digitization in manufacturing.
While addressing a special session of Arunachal Pradesh's Legislative
Assembly, President Droupadi Murmu said the "sun of development is
Sun of Development shining" in the state. She said the state has the potential to become an
"attractive investment destination" as it has "rich natural resources and
quality human resources".
• Skill, Scale, Speed with Standards
4Ss • To increase productivity and boost employability among youth. To
become ‘SKILLED INDIA’.
• A discrepancy between the skills that are sought by employers and the
skills that are possessed by individuals.
Skill Mismatch
• This means that education and training are not providing the skills
demanded in the Labour market.
• When there are not enough people available with the skills needed to
Skill Shortage
do the jobs
• Persons like Sonam Wangchuk, who contribute to the Indian society by
Cultural
coming one step forward, are well-recognized all over the world and act
Ambassadors Vs.
as a cultural ambassador.
Brain Drain
• On the other hand, there is a trend to go to abroad after for higher
education and eventually settle there.” -Modi.
Golden Mean • The cultural values or ethos of Indian society and ideas or practices
Between coming from western counties that may not be compatible with each
Ideological other. So, a golden mean should approach should be taken.
Rigidities Vs. • We must preserve our rich spiritual culture and allow wise blending of
Mindless Aping of the western culture with it.
West
3 As • Access, Affordability, Availability of skilling courses

******

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 KEYWORDS
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
* Keywords are NOT strictly compartmentalised and can be used in other sectors too
PARLIAMENT
• Lack of clarity in terms of policy framework or a clause has been
Policy ambiguity left open-ended with multiple interpretations
o E.g.: Companies Act not defining the post of the Director
• Acquiring citizenship of country, with or without formal effort
Naturalization: o E.g.: A person can acquire citizenship by naturalization if
he/she is ordinarily resident of India for 12 years
Usual residents of the • Individual who has been residing in local area for atleast last 6
country months or intends to stay in particular area for next 6 months.
• An IAS officer performing his duty and obligations without any
Political Neutrality
bias or preference to ideology of political party in power.
• The complete separation of religion from the functioning of schools
Secular Education and the educational curricula
o E.g.: No religious morning prayers in school assemblies
• It means that if a senior candidate of general category is promoted
after SC/ST candidates, he would regain his seniority in promotion
Catch up Rule
over the juniors promoted ahead of him under the reserved
vacancies.
Basic Structure • The parts of the constitution, changing which would tantamount to
Doctrine changing the entire constitution
Bulldozer Effect • A tough, no-nonsense leader who’s not afraid to stamp on corrupt
(Tanzanian President) toes and doesn’t mind getting his hands dirty.
• When statutory and constitutional laws are interpreted by common
law courts on basis of purpose of enactment of law
Purposive
o E.g.: Full bench of Central Information Commission gave a
Interpretation
historic judgement by declaring all national parties as public
authorities within purview of RTI ACT, 2005
Constitutional outrage • Attempts to sabotage parliamentary processes and functioning
Institutional • A set of legislative measures like the Unlawful Activities
Correctives Prevention Act, that checks on terror financing.
• Voter apathy refers to a lack of interest in participating in elections
Voter Apathy
by certain groups of voters
• The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any
individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law
Right to Silence enforcement officers or court officials.
o E.g.: The right is protected by Articles 20 (3) and 21 of the
Constitution of India
• It means that name is missing from the voter's list and need to
register again
Missing Voters
o E.g.: More than 20 million missing women voters on average in
every constituency in India in 2019 elections.
• Political cabinet with power over another subordinate cabinet
Super cabinet

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 KEYWORDS
• The equal distribution of power among the organs of the
Fair Power Sharing government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
o E.g.: in democracy there is fair power sharing
• A problem that politicians from different parties argue about and
try to use in order to get an advantage for themselves.
Political Football
o E.g.: Alliance between ideologically different political parties
like in Maharashtra
• The use of political pressure to gain support.
Political Arm Twisting
o E.g.: Center using post of governor to control policies in state
Parking lot for • Backdoor entry of the politician who lost in elections.
Politicians o E.g.: Vidhan Parishad is considered parking lot for politician
Safety Valve • E.g.: Rajya Sabha, the Safety Valve of Indian Federalism
• The power of the purse is the ability of one group to manipulate and
control the actions of another group by withholding funding, or
Power of Purse
putting stipulations on the use of funds
o E.g.: GST fund transfer from center to state
• Democracy or democratic structure not adhering to fundamentals
Inverted Democracy of true democracy like rights to citizens and freedom
om
o E.g.: Voices of dissent being curbed in a democratic country
Perversion of • Distortion or corruption in democracy
Democracy
l.c

From ‘Paper • Form of government in which citizens participate individually and

Democracy to directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives,
ai

Participatory rather than through elected representatives

Democracy’
gm

• Who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres to

Civic Nationalism traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and
ct

individual rights
Enlightened public • Enlightened public opinion in their opinion was the fulcrum of a
o

opinion thriving democracy.

15

Paradox of poor people • High number of richest politicians in Parliament.

with rich
aj

parliamentarians
• Budget aims to fix 'nuts and bolts' of state machinery. It refers to
ur

Nuts and bolts of state

basic components of government or political system that supports
machinery
its operations and decision making.
rit

GOVERNANCE
• Differentiated targets are replaced with a single consolidated
approach to reduce duplication of effort, improve sharing of
Integrated Service knowledge and lead to better results for individuals, families and
Delivery communities
o E.g.: In Healthcare, delivery of preventive as well as a curative
treatment
Rule-based human • Set of mandatory laws governing hiring and employee benefits
resource management

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 KEYWORDS
From isolated civic • Space where individuals can freely express their opinions.
spaces to interactive
civic spaces
• Refers to civil servants who ignore the realistic aspects and make
policy decisions based only on documents
Armchair bureaucrats
o E.g.: during lockdown, policy maker ignores the realistic aspect
of migrants and their real issues
• Describes the participation by various roles in completing tasks or
Responsibility Matrix
deliverables for a project or business process
• Politically decentralized countries may benefit from better policies
Laboratory federalism than centralized countries
o E.g.: 73rd and 74th amendment act
• Devolved territories have power to make legislation relevant to the
Micro-Management of area and thus granting them a higher level of autonomy.
States o E.g.: In later phase of lockdown all the policies were taken by
considering condition at local level
3N • Niyat (intention), Niyam (set of rules), Neeti (code of conduct)
• Tracking behavior and change explores practical ways of
Governance Trap addressing the conflict between the flexibility and subjectivity of
governance ideas
• NEP proposes a ‘light but tight’ regulatory framework under a
Light but tight
single central authority, but given our culture of governmental
regulatory approach
control, it could end up as ‘tight’ rather than ‘light’.
Citizen is always right • PM Modi stated that government officials should work with
mantra ‘citizen is always right’ mantra.
Over-regulated and
under-governed
Complex regulatory • Multiple regulations and processes.
structure
• The government needs to eliminate rents, such as approved permits
Rent seeking culture (AP) or licences, to curb "Ali Baba", or rent-seeking, culture in the
country.
Monolithic regulatory • NEP’s regulatory architecture is too monolithic for higher
architecture education in a diverse country
• Dynamic governance is a social technology for governing and
operating organizations and networks. It distributes policymaking
Dynamic governance throughout all levels of the organization and establishes
equivalence among its members within their domain of
responsibility.
Glamorous policy • Gaps in policy making and real time implementation
making and humble
implementation
Service delayed is Delay in delivery of government services
service denied

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 KEYWORDS
From ‘Governance of • Need for inclusive governance
Skew to Governance of
Saturation”
Entrepreneurial • Entrepreneurial bureaucracy is granting not only the possibility of
bureaucracy a bureaucracy to be entrepreneurial in its spirit but also the
From Weberian ideals attainability of a bureaucracy that fundamentally fosters and
st
to 21 century promotes intrastate entrepreneurship and innovation in both the
dynamic and scientific public and state administration.
bureaucracy
Errors of inclusion and • Errors of Inclusion and exclusion in identification of beneficiaries
exclusion
• India’s steel frame (civil services) looks rusted. All India Services,
From trusted steel that provided 'steel frame' of governance in democratic India,
frame, becoming granting Constitutional autonomy to state administration,
rusted steel frame particularly on police front, are failing to deliver de to declining
decision-making ability of officers
Domainisation of civil • Civil services restricted to particular sectors.
services
People-centric • Development based on people’s needs
development policy
Responsibility matrix
needed
• The Vigilance Awareness Week is being observed with the theme,
Satark Bharat
Samriddha Bharat “सतक$ भारत, समृ* भारत – Satark Bharat, Samriddh Bharat
(Vigilant India, Prosperous India).
From Government- • Placing citizens at the forefront
first approach to
Citizen-first approach
Samarth Bharat, • The Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the budget was a big step
Sampann Bharat, in the direction of Samarth Bharat, Sampann Bharat, Swayampurna
Swayampurna Bharat, Bharat, Shaktiman Bharat, Gatiwan Bharat.
Shaktiman Bharat and
Gatiwan Bharat
Dematerialization of • The move from physical certificates to electronic bookkeeping.
documents
• Red tape is an idiom referring to regulations or conformity to
File pushing and Red formal rules or standards which are claimed to be excessive, rigid
Tapism or redundant, or to bureaucracy claimed to hinder or prevent action
or decision-making.
• The hallmark of PM Modi's leadership is "Decisive Governance",
Policy paralysis to
which has resulted in a paradigm shift in how the government
Decisive governance
approaches issues confronting our nation.
JUDICIARY
Principle of • Proportionality means that administrative action should not be
Proportionality more drastic than it ought to be for obtaining the desired result.

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 KEYWORDS
• E.g.: In judicial verdicts balance between the general interest of the
Fair Balance Test
community and interests of individual is always tested
• Deliberate insult or fraudulent speculation of the judiciary
Scandalizing the Court
o E.g.: Kunal Kamra’s latest tweets on the judiciary
• Judicial Guidelines function as stopgap arrangements till
Stopgap Arrangement Parliamentary legislation comes into force to tackle urgent
situations
• Excuse oneself from case due to potential conflict of interest
Recuse o E.g.: 5 SC Judges recuse themselves from hearing of Navlakha
case.
Basic Procedural • Procedural justice is the idea of fairness in the processes that
Justice resolve disputes and allocate resources.
• A tribunal organized by Civil society groups
People’s Tribunal
o E.g.: A People’s tribunal was set up in Assam following NRC
• Judges sit and decide controversies between the parties and
exercises judicial powers as distinguished from purely
Tribunalisation of
administrative functions
Justice
o E.g.: Most companies try to solve cases in National Company
om
Law Tribunal(NCLT) Cyrus Pallonji Mistry case
Command • E.g.: When military commanders/Police Chiefs fail to effectively
Responsibility prevent, suppress, or punish their subordinates' illegal activities, the
l.c

Principle chief may be punished for the subordinates' crimes.

• The option where going into mediation is voluntary in Online
ai

Opt-in Model
Dispute Resolutions (ODR)
• Only those disputes that require judicial resolution should reach the
gm

Dispute Containment courts. Matters which do not require judicial resolution shouldn't
reach the courts at all.
ct

Trivialization of • Tribunalization of Justice may lead to trivialization of justice.

Justice
o

CYBER/DIGITAL
15

Connectivity • Connecting all parts of life with technology and digital media
Revolution o E.g.: Internet of Things
aj

• Refers to numerical or non-numerical information that has been

broken down in component parts or smaller units of data.
ur

Data Disaggregation
• It helps in having a better sectoral understanding of various areas
rit

of concern
• Economy in which decision making driven by data collected, stored
Data centric economy
and analysed.
Data colonization to • Data nationalization is effort by nation-states to ensure control over
Data nationalism data for a range of security-based reasons.
IR
• A secret treaty is a treaty in which the contracting state parties have
agreed to conceal the treaty's existence or substance from other
Secret treaty states and the public
o E.g: swiss bank has a secret treaty with its customers so that
they don't reveal their data in the public.
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 KEYWORDS
• Creating and controlling the diplomatic relation rather than
responding to the concerns and issues.
Proactive Diplomacy
o E.g.: PM Modi visit to Pacific islands even without any pending
issues.
MEDIA
• Media is the Fourth Pillar of Democracy.
4th pillar of democracy
o E.g.: involves in awareness Programme especially COVID 19
pandemic case
• Consciously redesigned as pure business enterprises with the sole
Corporatization of
aim of profit making.
Media
o E.g.: TRP scam exposed corporatization of media.
• A newspaper or magazine advertisement giving information about
Advertorial
a product in the style of an editorial or objective journalistic article.
Studio Room • Journalism where news stories are collected, written, edited and
Journalism then broadcasted.
• Embedded journalism refers to news reporters being attached to
Embedded journalism military units involved in armed conflicts.
o E.g.: Journalism during recent India Pakistan conflicts.
• Symbolizes ever-accelerating struggle against deadlines and
constant pressure associated with new media-oriented design.
Rat Race Journalism
o E.g.: Various TV channels hounding after Rhea Chakraborty in
the SSR case.
Advertorials • An advertorial is advertisement in form of editorial content.
Generic terms • Monoculture of propaganda
• Studio room journalism
• Corporatisation of media
MISCELLANEOUS
Victimological • Study of the victims of crimes.
underpinnings o E.g.: Insights into Dalit victimological underpinnings can help
to understand the socio-economic situation for them.
• Death of an individual while in the custody of the police often
resulting out of police excesses.
Custodial Death
o E.g.: The deaths of Jeyaraj and Benicks in Tamil Nadu during
the lockdown.
• Security with the focus on protecting individuals rather than
Human-Centric defending state structures.
Security o E.g.: Ban on landmines - Ensures human security before
strategic security.
• A decision must not be arbitrary, artificial or evasive. It should be
based on an intelligible differentia, some real and substantial
Test of Reasonableness distinction
o E.g.: In Aadhar Verdict, test laid down in order to adjudge the
reasonableness of the invasion to privacy has been made
• E.g.: The lockdown had led to an exodus of migrant workers
Mass Exodus
struggling to reach their home states

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 KEYWORDS
Non-Motorized • Environmentally friendly transport like bicycles, walking and
Transport segways.
• The idea that certain types of education, training, experience and
Trained incapacity habit may lead an individual to be unable to think beyond of a set
of constraints
• The ability to distinguish right from wrong
Ethical Competence o E.g.: Ethical competence is required by the police and armed
forces
• Rejecting the intrinsic diversity based on race, colour, caste or
Integral Humanism
religion, it identified all human beings as part of this one organic
(DeenDayalUpadhyay)
whole.
Sabka Saath, Sabka Inclusive development
Gaon, SabkaVikas
Karein Prayas, Payein Economic development
Vikas
Bread and butter • It refers to essential needs of society that must be addressed to
developmental achieve sustainable development.
priorities
• Panchayati Raj institutions have to be made stronger and more
'Gram Uday Se Bharat vibrant
Uday Abhiyan • Purchasing power of people in rural India has to increase & this
will power India's economy.
Red Tape to Red • People-friendly reforms
Carpet
Jan Andolan • People centric government
• Poverty–free India, Corruption-free India, Terrorism-free India,
Sankalp se Siddhi
Communalism-free India, Casteism-free India
Ek Bharat, Shreshtha • Unity in diversity
Bharat
• Husbands who wield control in panchayats by making their wives
Sarpanch Pati
contest.
• It is a process of giving contracts. Any person with credentials can
submit a development proposal to the government. That proposal
Swiss challenge
will be made online and a second person can give suggestions to
improve and beat that proposal.
Creeping • Slow process of decentralization.
Decentralization
• Regulatory arbitrage is a practice whereby firms capitalize on
Regulatory arbitrage loopholes in regulatory systems in order to circumvent unfavorable
regulations.
• The principle of subsidiarity stipulates that the functions of
Principle of administration shall be carried at the smallest unit of governance
subsidiarity possible and delegated upwards only when the local unit cannot
perform the task.
Image of entrenched • Corruption is so deeply entrenched that it is now considered a social
corruption norm.

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 KEYWORDS
Suited booted • Prime Minister has a clean image, despite persistent opposition
plutocracy attempts to paint him as a lackey of the ‘suited-booted’ plutocracy.
Implementation Deficit • Slow and slack implementation of the government programmes.
Reducing Regulatory • Cuts down ministries, compliance, and filings costs.
Cholesterol
Hand in glove with • Bureaucratic and politicians nexus.
power elites
From “Space spaces to • It means not just protection of citizens but also giving them
Brave spaces” platform to voice dissent and opinions.
Triple engine • When centre, state and local bodies work together
government

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 KEYWORDS
ECONOMY
* Keywords are NOT strictly compartmentalised and can be used in other sectors too
GENERAL ECONOMY TERMS
From Atmanirbhar • Atmanirbharta (self-sufficiency) to Vikshit Bharat (developed nation).
Bharat to Viksit
Bharat
Sweet spot • It showcases current and future potential for growth.
• Virtuous cycle is used to describe a chain of positive events that
reinforces itself. A positive result happens from an event, leading to
Virtuous Cycle
another positive result, strengthening circumstances as a whole.
Approach
• E.g. India’s most recent golden period of high economic growth was
2003 to 2008.
Hard to beat size • Benefit of being bigger in size.
advantage
Neoteric (modern) • Atal Tinkering Labs aim to cultivate 1 million children of India as
Innovators Neoteric Innovators
Economies of scale to • Cost advantages and efficiencies with increased production of a
Economies of scope particular product.
• Coined by Swami Vivekan and as one of the national missions for
Man-Making imparting resilience and personal responsibility among the people
o E.g. Atmanirbhar Bharat
• It shows the importance of local manufacturing and supply chains amid
the COVID-19 crisis. “Vocal for Local”, asserted that it is the need of
Vocal for Local
the hour for the nation to come together to encourage local businesses
and products.
• This is a situation where there is imperfect knowledge. In particular, it
occurs where one party has different information to another.
Information
o E.g. Government has weak structure to collect ground level
Asymmetry
information about farmers. This creates a lot of room for less supply
or sometimes no supply of credit from the government to farmers.
One-size fits all • Tailor made approach refers to catering to the specific needs of the
approach to Tailor region and people.
made approach
• Railway departments are currently working “in silos”, which manifests
itself in the form of unhealthy competition among departments as well
as pursuing narrow departmental goals at the cost of organisational
Departmentalism goals and objectives.
• Unification of services will end this 'departmentalism', promote
smooth working, expedite decision making, and create a coherent
vision for organisation.
Siloed to cross- • Where different departments collaborate and share resources to
functional approach achieve common goals.
Technological • E.g. Upgradation from magnetic chip cards to encrypted chip cards and
upgradation and diversification by allowing card-less payment for low valued
diversification transactions

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 KEYWORDS
Trade-tech with Fin- • Intersection of technology, finance and trade to increase efficiency.
tech
Technological • It is an unemployment as a result of introduction of new technology
unemployment into economy.
Technological • New technologies transferred from point of origin to new users, who
diffusion are located in different countries.
• Means diversification in a single focused area
Focused o E.g. Baba Kalyani committee on SEZ reforms recommends
diversification focused diversification in areas like engineering and design,
biotech, and healthcare services
SENSE for startups • Share, explore, nature, serve and empower
• PARIVESH (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive,
Virtuous and Environmental Single-window Hub) for faster clearance
Single Window
of Environment, Forest, Wildlife and CRZ proposals.
Clearance
o E.g. Civil aviation ministry has set up single-window clearance
Mechanism
mechanism (body: Investment Clearance Cell) to expedite
various investment proposals in domestic aviation industry.
One District, One • One product is selected from every district and promoted and
Product manufactured. Most of these products are GI tagged products.
Missing middle • Low concentration of medium scale industries.
• Commonly phrase which is used to completely ignore the effects of
other factors apart from the one which is being under consideration
Ceteris paribus which signifies the special causal relation between two variables.
o E.g. Effect of supply chain on inflation keeping other factors
constant
• It involves the scarcity of basic food, clean water, health, shelter,
education and information.
Absolute Poverty • Essence: Those who belong to absolute poverty tend to struggle to live and
experience a lot of child deaths from preventable diseases like malaria,
cholera and water-contamination related diseases.
• Defined from the social perspective that is living standard compared to
the economic standards of population living in surroundings.
Relative Poverty o E.g.a family can be considered poor if it cannot afford vacations,
or cannot buy presents for children at Christmas, or cannot send its
young to the university.
• Multidimensionally poor means that poverty is defined not simply by
Multidimensional
income, but by a number of indicators, including poor health, poor
Poverty
quality of work and the threat of violence.
• To ready facilities in terms of building, power-water-sewage
Plug and Play
connectivity, road connectivity, beside other basic things including
Approach
clearances in hand required for starting an industry.
• It is crucial to ensure that the knowledge translates into behaviour.
Process Education Some of the aspects to be covered include how to use an ATM card,
how to do an UPI Transaction etc
Demand Constrained • The level of economic activity is limited by the amount of demand for
economy goods and services.

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 KEYWORDS
• For Financial Literacy- content + capacity + community +
5C approach
communication + collaboration
Shift from • NEP 2020 emphasis on Vocational Education to start from Class 6 with
Information based Internships.
syllabus to skill base
curriculum
Sahakar se • Prosperity through cooperation
samriddhi
• How people can be influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviors
Follower Mentality
on a largely emotional, rather than rational, basis.
Culture of • A specific form of corporate culture that is primarily intended to
Innovation promote the development of innovations within the company.
Jai Anusandhan • Push for innovation and research
• When a large chain store moves into a region and devastates local
Walmartisation
businesses driving displaced workers into low paying chain store jobs.
• A term denoting the increasing globalisation of the cuisine culture of
McDonaldization
different space and society.
• A multi-party agreement entered into by a public body seeking to
om
procure goods and services of significant value, the companies
Integrity Pact interested in bidding to supply the goods and services, and a third-party
organisation such as a civil society organisation who will have a role
l.c

in monitoring compliance with the pact.

Society of • Abundance comes in form of distributed systems where everyone has
ai

Abundance access to resources without limiting anyone else’s access.

Leaky Bucket • It is a situation where resources are lost due to failure to properly
gm

phenomenon manage and allocate them.

• A social awareness campaign that aimed at providing the inbound
Atithi Devo Bhava
ct

tourist a greater sense of being welcomed to the country.

• Despite improving overall ease of doing business to 63, India still ranks
o

Trapped at Low End at 136 for starting a business, 154 for registering a property and 163
15

of Global Value for enforcing contracts.

Chain • It demotivates international firms to come to India and India continues
aj

to be at the end of Global Value Chain.

• As every year many students are graduating without having relevant
ur

Job Seekers to Job skills and contributing the high unemployment.

rit

Creators • New NEP emphasizes on vocational training and focus on making ‘job
creators’ instead of ‘job seekers’
• Just like too much cholesterol bad for human body, similarly too much
Regulatory
regulation is bad for economy.
Cholesterol
• Economic Survey have termed 1. EPF 2. IDA as regulatory cholesterol.
• Sampannata, Surakshit Bhavisya, Shrestha Jeevan and Saralta
o Sampannata: It means to ensure enrichment through inflation
control and loans
4s Framework
o Surakshit Bhavishya: It aims to secure a healthy future.This
includes significant government efforts to provide affordable
healthcare and quality education.
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 KEYWORDS
o Shreshta Jeevan: A better life with quality infrastructure leading to
improved standard of living.
o Saralta: Hassle-free existence through Digital India initiatives.
• Formal & Productive
• Bang For Buck
Good Jobs
• Social Transformation
• Export & Growth
• Importing and mixing ideas from different places, markets or people to
produce better products and services.
Cross Fertilization
o E.g. importing a technology from another industry, or hiring people
from a different company.
Bang for the Buck o Worth of one's money or exertion.
Cross-Subsidization • Cross subsidization is the practice of charging higher prices to one type
of consumers to artificially lower prices for another group.
• SDG11: Connectivity, Affordable, Safe, Amenities, Inclusive,
CASA - IDS Disaster Resilient. Sustainable.
• Related to Housing.
• Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas.
• Urban infrastructure and services be provided in rural hubs to create
PURA economic opportunities outside of cities.
• In 2014-15, the government made introduced the Rurban Mission with
similar objective.
• Manipulating people into supporting what you want them to support
Manufacturing while they believe they formed their opinion using their own free will.
Consent o E.g. half of information/ data presented to public to make a
decision.
Big Ticket Reforms • Costing a great deal; expensive reforms
• Refer to workers outside of the traditional employer-employee
Gig workers
relationship (e.g., freelancers).
Job seekers into Job • Someone who creates their own job opportunities by establishing a
creators business.
• Are workers who access other organisations or individuals using online
Platform workers
platforms and earn money by providing them with specific services.
• Crop diversification refers to the addition of new crops or cropping
systems to agricultural production. This is done to reduce risk of
Crop Diversification
failure. Sustainable farming systems are those that are least toxic and
and Sustainable
least energy intensive and yet maintain productivity and profitability.
Farming
• Essence: Climate change challenge on agriculture necessitates a look
at the options of sustainable agriculture.
• People who have built a business over millets. Modi in his address said
Milletpreneurs farmer producer organisations (FPOs) and entrepreneurs have started
efforts to market millets and make them available to people.
• A system where economic entities are expected to be self-reliant
System of Social
requires a generalised system of social trust and ability to enforce
Trust
contracts, which in turn requires reformation of the legal system.

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 KEYWORDS
• Inflationary pressures refer to the demand and supply-side pressures
that can cause a rise in the general price level.
Inflationary pressure • These pressures are the reason that the production of goods increases
to meet or exceed consumer demand or that prices increase due to lack
of supply.
• Allows the winning bidder (or the highest bidder) to pay what the
Second Price Auction second-highest bidder offered
Theory • It will reduce problem of ‘winner crisis’ in which auctions can lead
buyers to overpay for resources whose value is uncertain to them
• Refers to an employer’s inability to continue giving employment to a
worker in the face of adverse business conditions.
Lay-off
o E.g. Aviation industry put many of its employees on lay-off due to
Covid lockdown
• Refers to the termination of service of a worker for any reason other
Retrenchment than disciplinary action.
o E.g. Usually done to reduce factory expenses
RAISE • Responsible, Accelerated, Innovative, Sustainable and Equitable
Make AI in India • The aim is to establish a strong AI ecosystem in India and to train
and Make AI for skilled AI professionals.
India
BUDGETARY AND FISCAL POLICY
• Fiscal space is commonly defined as the budgetary room that allows a
government to provide resources for public purposes without
undermining fiscal sustainability.
Fiscal Space o E.g. A recent CAG report suggested that rationalizing non-merit
subsidies and cutting tax exemptions could generate fiscal space
worth 12% of GDP that can be used for augmenting government
investments in the current phase of economic slowdown.
• It is an economic philosophy advocating low taxes, reduced
Fiscal Conservatism
government spending and minimal government debt.
• Fiscal discipline ability of a government to sustain smooth monetary
operation and long-standing fiscal condition.
Fiscal Discipline+ o PM on Fiscal discipline: There is a need to follow fiscal discipline
Buoyancy of so that there is no undue debt burden on future generations.
Revenues(BoR) • BoR refers to the responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in
GDP. When a tax is buoyant, its revenue increases without increasing
the tax rate.
• Monetizing the deficit is equal to the central bank creating money to
help the government meet its expenditure. It is a form of "non-debt
Monetized Deficit financing"
• In layman’s language, this means printing more money
('monetisation'), which is direct monetisation.
Actual Individual • Actual individual consumption refers to all goods andservices actually
Consumption consumed by households

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 KEYWORDS
• GFCF refers to the net increase in physical assets (investment minus
Gross Fixed Capital disposals). It does not account for the consumption (depreciation) of
Formation fixed capital. It is a metric to gauge investment in the economy
• GFCF has declined from 34.3% in 2011 to 28.8 per cent in 2018
• Long-term finance includes those financial resources which are
advanced for a period of more than a year. It can be done through usage
Long Term
of innovative mechanisms such as loan securitization, increased
Financing
participation of Infrastructure Development Funds (IDFs) etc.
Landscape
o E.g. Rising NPAs are forcing banks to resist from lending
especially to major projects. As it requires long-term funding
BANKING
• RBI in 2016 approved Account Aggregator as a new class of NBFC,
whose primary responsibility is to facilitate the transfer of user’s
Account financial data with their explicit consent.
Aggregators(AA) • It will provide information on various accounts held by a customer in
a consolidated, organised and retrievable manner. Helps better decision
making for lender.
• Non-maintenance of CRR on loans to auto, housing, and MSME sector
om
Fiscal Room to banks to nudge banks to lend more to the needy segments and generate
multiplier effects in the economy.
• The effect of increase or decrease of rates by the RBI on the lending
Monetary Policy
l.c

rates to customers by the scheduled banks to generate the required

Transmission
monetary policy effects.
ai

• E.g. Government has approved monetisation of assets of

Revitalizing asset POWERGRID, PSU in Power Sector will undertake asset recycling by
gm

monetization monetising its assets through InvITmodel and using the proceeds to
fund new and under-construction capital projects.
• The debt-to-GDP ratio is the ratio of a country's public debt to its gross
ct

domestic product (GDP). It indicates a particular country’s ability to

o

Debt to GDP ratio pay back its debts.

15

o E.g. IMF has projected that India’s debt-to-GDP ratio will be

around 89.3 per cent in 2020 an all-time high
aj

Structured Early • Prompt Corrective Action Framework introduced by the RBI in 2002
Intervention for banks that have poor asset quality or rising NPAs
ur

Mechanism
• Differentiated licensing refers to the system of different licenses in
rit

Differential contrast to the existing universal bank (SBI, ICICI etc).

Licensing System o E.g. Small Finance Banks and Payments Banks are estd. under
differential licensing system
• Lenders whose credit is backed by a security/ mortgage
Secured Creditors
o E.g. Loan against property
• When the government borrows more, it forces Public Sector Banks to
Fiscal Repression of
purchase more of Government Securities (GSecs) which reduces the
Commercial Banks
capital availability to private sector and affects profitability of banks
• More government borrowings crowd out funds for private
Crowding Out Effect
borrowing/investment.
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 KEYWORDS
• It is a risk associated with the refinancing of debt—specifically, that
the interest charged for a new loan will be higher than that on the old.
Roll over risk
Generally, the shorter-term the maturing debt, the greater the
borrower's rollover risk.
• Problem faced by Urban Co-operative Banks, according to which,
Correlated asset risk single branch banks can come down or fail if there is a local problem
of a significant scale.
Eroding credit • Credit Culture denotes the sum of credit values, beliefs, and behaviours
culture of a lending institution.
• A haircut refers to the lower-than-market value placed on an asset
Hair cut losses
being used as collateral for a loan.
DIGITAL FINANCE, PAYMENT AND DIGITALIZATION
• Almost a billion UPI and over 400 million AePS transactions were
recorded in a month.
Digital Finance
Infrastructure • E.g. The role of India’s digital financial infrastructure in successfully
making direct transfers to targeted groups in a timely manner and
making vital financial assistance available to the vulnerable during the
ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.
Deepening of • E.g. NSFI: It aims to provide access to formal financial services in an
Financial Markets/ affordable manner, broadening & deepening financial inclusion and
Financial Inclusion promoting financial literacy & consumer protection
Decentralized • It is about creating a system that takes pride in local brands, encourages
Localism local capacity-building and indigenization.
• E.g. National Strategy of Financial Inclusion sets forth vision in India
Convergence of
to expand reach and sustain efforts through broad convergence of
Action
action involving all stakeholders in financial sector.
• Refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access
Digital Divide to modern information and communications technology, and those that
don't or have restricted access.
Surveillance • An economic system centered around the commodification of personal
Capitalism data with the core purpose of profit-making.
• Use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide
Digitalization new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of
moving to a digital business.
Deluge of Data/ • Data deluge refers to the situation where the sheer volume of new data
Colossal Quantity of being generated is overwhelming the capacity of institutions to manage
Data it.
• A metaphorical description of a situation in which beliefs are amplified
Eco chambers (Social
or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a closed system
Media)
and insulated from rebuttal.
• A digital footprint is a trail of data you create while using the Internet.
Digital Footprints It includes the websites you visit, emails you send, and information you
submit to online services.
• Economic Survey 2018-2019 refers to data as “Of the People, By the
Data as Public Good
People, For the People.”

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 KEYWORDS
Data • Data democratization means that everybody has access to data and
Democratization there are no gatekeepers that create bottleneck at gateway to data.
3Ss: Speed, • “Technology empowers the less empowered and it combines 3Ss-
Simplicity and speed, simplicity and service.” -Modi.
Service
Coherent Data • When data is published using shared standards for common indicators
Ecosystem • Essence: Indian ITeS companies process health data of many countries
MONEY MARKET
Debt-creating • A debt instrument is an asset that individuals, companies, and
Financial governments use to raise capital or to generate investment income.
Instruments o E.g. Bond, G-Sec
• HTM securities are purchased to be owned until maturity. A company's
management might invest in a bond that they plan to hold to maturity.
Held to Maturity As a result, there are different accounting treatments for held-to-
maturity securities compared to securities that are to be liquidated in
the short term.
• It refers to the total amount of debt maturing within the next 12 months.
It includes 14-day intermediate treasury bills, regular treasury bills,
Short-term debt
dated securities maturing in the ensuing one year and external debt with
remaining maturity of less than one year.
• It is discounted instruments which help the Government in managing
Treasury bills its short-term cash flow mismatches. Central Government currently
issues treasury bills of tenor of 91, 182, and 364 days
Floating Rate Bonds • These are securities issued at variable coupon rates.
(FRBs) o E.g. Floating rate saving bond 2020 scheme
• Differences in the yields of different securities
Yield Differential o E.g. Government of India 10-yr bonds are currently yielding 5.8%
and Government of India 1-yr bonds are yielding 3.8%.
• "Securitization" refers to the process of turning assets into securities –
Securitization financial instruments that can be readily bought and sold in financial
markets
• Shortage of money supply in the market affecting businesses and
Liquidity Crunch
industries
INTERNATIONAL TRADE/FDI
• Agreements on Agriculture pegged subsidies at 10% for developing
De minimis level
countries
• Under Article 13 of Agreements on Agriculture which temporarily
Due Restraint/ Peace
shielded countries providing domestic support measures in accordance
Clause
with AoA provisions from being challenged at WTO.
• Relates to vulnerability of the debt portfolio to depreciation in the value
Currency or foreign of the domestic currency vis-à-vis the currency of denomination of
exchange risk external loans and the associated increase in the Government's debt
servicing cost.
• The reduced demand of domestic securities relative to foreign
Exchange rate risk securities (due to poor credit rating) might push the exchange rate
down and weaken the domestic currency.
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 KEYWORDS
• It allows investors easier rules in return for a commitment to remain
Voluntary Retention
invested for a longer period. It encourages Foreign Portfolio Investors
Route
to undertake long-term investments in Indian debt markets.
• It is an instrument which establishes evidence o-n the origin of goods
Certificate of Origin imported into any country. These certificates are essential for exporters
to prove where their goods come from
Multi-layered • E.g. Guideline to check the transfer of ownership through multi-
transactions layered transactions of FDIs in India to restricted parties
• These are “policy spaces” given for countries to mitigate the impact of
patents
TRIPS Flexibilities
o E.g. In the time of COVID patents do not run against the interests
of public health and access in times of a pandemic.
“Buy national” • To adjust balance of payments with specific countries, along with the
policies saving of forex.
• Addition of local manufactured material in a final building of a product
Local content
o E.g. India lost case in WTO for its LCR clause in solar panel
requirement (LCR)
manufacturing
• A provision in the Model Bilateral Investment Treaty that prohibits
Treatment of
om
country from subjecting foreign investments to measures that
Investments
constitute a violation of customary international law
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT
l.c

• The Hub and spoke model is a system of collection by which several

local centres are connected to a single head centre like the spokes of a
ai

wheel connected to its centre.

Hub and Spoke
o E.g. The hub and spoke model of being followed for the mega food
gm

Model , Cluster
parks includes the following centres
Based approach
§ Collection centres
ct

§ Primary processing centres

§ Central Processing Centres
o

• Infrastructure asset recycling involves the monetization of existing

Infrastructure Asset
15

public assets through sale or lease to the private sector, with all funds
recycling
received being reinvested in new infrastructure
aj

• Equitability, Usability and durability, affordability, cultural

5 principles
adaptability, aesthetic appeal.
ur

• The publicly governed port authority acts as a regulatory body and as

landlord while private companies carry out port operations—mainly
rit

Landlord model
cargo-handling activities.
o E.g. Vadhavan port is based on this model.
• The port authority owns the land and all available assets—fixed and
Service Port model mobile—and performs all regulatory and port functions. Here, the port
trust is both the landlord and the cargo terminal operator.
Supply Chain • E.g. Due to COVID the supply chain has broken and the economy get
Fragility slow down due to lack of supply
Rationalized Coal • In order to reduce the distance in transportation of coal from the coal
Linkages mines to the consumer. Aimed to reduce the load on transportation
infrastructure and ease evacuation constraints.

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 KEYWORDS
• Reliable, Safe, Sustainable, Efficient Environment Friendly,
RSS3E Economic.
• Related to Transport
• Highways, Inland waterways, Railways, Airways
HIRA • According to NITI Aayog, focus of development projects in North-
East region should be based on the concept of "HIRA"
• According to the recommendation of a report presented at Global
SAHI Mobility Summit, for India, future of mobility should be Safe,
Adequate, Healthy, Infrastructure.
Jungle of Tariffs • Lot of tariffs and very untidy.
• Refers to getting people from transportation hub like railway station,
Last Mile
bus depot or metro station to final destination or vice versa.
Connectivity
o E.g. e-rickshaws from your home to metro-station.
HIRA • Highway, Internet-way, roadway and airways
• If lifecycle of project is thought right at beginning and maintenance (or
Build- Neglect-
some other areas) is neglected, the project will be dysfunctional sooner
Rebuild
or later and then it has to be started from beginning.
• Transport exclusion/ Transport Disadvantage/ Transport deprivation/
Transport Divide
Mobility divide refers to unequal access to transportation.
• Type of urban development that maximizes amount of residential,
Transit Oriented business and leisure space in walking distance of public transport.
Development • TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use of
private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth
EASE • Enhancing Access and Service Excellence.
ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
• High cost thermal power is allowed to be bundled with cheaper
renewable energy and is provided round-the-clock to the DISCOM.
Reverse bundling
o Essence: This is done for pushing renewable power in a market
driven manner
• RPOs make it compulsory for all large consumers of energy to ensure
Renewable Purchase that a certain percentage of that energy mix is from renewable sources
Obligations such as wind and solar. Compulsion is like an implicit subsidy boost to
the renewable sector. It generates demand for a sector in its infancy.
• A ‘must run’ status means that the concerned power plant has to supply
electricity to the grid under all conditions.
Must run Status o Essence: Renewable PP has been accorded must run status but due
to improper prediction of power generation there is problem of
curtailment
• Energy efficiency means using less energy to provide same service.
Energy Efficiency o E.g. a compact fluorescent bulb is more efficient than a traditional
incandescent bulb as it uses much less electrical energy to produce
the same amount of light.
Effective Energy • E.g. from traditional fossil fuels to renewable sources
Transition

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 KEYWORDS
• The closure of the gate for trading in real-time market after which the
Gate Closure bids submitted to the Power Exchange cannot be modified for a
specified delivery period.
Issues of • Irregularity in energy generation from Renewable Energy sources
Intermittency
• To provide 24x7 power available to all households, industry,
24*7 Power for All commercial businesses, public needs, any other electricity consuming
entity and adequate power to agriculture farm holdings
From Annadata to Government believes farmers should not only be recognized as 'annadata'
Urjadata or food producers, but also as 'urjadata' or energy producers.
MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIES
“Silent Engine for Growth”:
• Low investment requirements
MSME
• Operational flexibility
• Capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology.
• Countries start to lose their manufacturing jobs without getting rich
Premature
first.
Deindustrialization
• Leading to under-development of the manufacturing sector.
• Ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial
4th Industrial practices, using modern smart technology.
Revolution o E.g. Machine-to-machine communication (M2M) or Internet of
things (IoT)
• A sunset industry is an industry in decline, one that has passed its peak
or boom periods.
Sunset Industry
• Many countries try to protect domestic sunset industries as they still
provide important employment.
• A sunrise industry is one that is new or relatively new, is growing fast
and is expected to become important in the future.
Sunrise Industry
• For example, hydrogen fuel production, petrochemical industry, food
processing industry.
• Industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect
Footloose Industry from factors of production like resources, land, labour, and capital. E.g.
diamonds, computer chips and mobile manufacturing.
• Refuse to make your enterprise bigger to avail benefits meant for
smaller enterprise.
MSME Darwinism • Enterprises having more than 10 employees have to implement labour
laws, so they prefer to remain dwarf and open another firm instead of
turning into Giant MSME.
• Term used to describe small, family-owned or independent business.
Mom & Pop Shops
E.g. bookstores, restaurants and automotive repair shops.
Empowering through • Start own enterprise and earn livelihood oneself.
Enterprise
• Japan: “Please become a member of our company. After becoming a
Membership based
member, you can try different job types. Then, let’s decide the most
Employment
suitable type of job for you.”

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 KEYWORDS
• E.g. Many people start using solar cell → demand for grid supplied
Utility Death Spiral electricity decrease → prices increase for electricity → rest of the
people start using solar cell.
Zero: Emission, • Smart Manufacturing which includes zero emission, zero-incident, and
Defect, Incident zero-defect manufacturing.
• Sugar Mills are obligate to purchase sugarcane from cane farmers from
Cane Reservation
within the cane reservation area, and bonding, where farmers from the
Area
CRA are bound to sell to that mill.
• Obsolete technology and poor linkage between farm to industries
Mechanical reduces average rate of recovery of sugar from sugarcane to less than
Inefficiency 10% which is quite low as compared to other major sugar producing
countries.
• Captive coal mining means the coal is taken out by a company (mostly
steel producing and electricity generating) for its own use and it won’t
Captive mining be able to sell it in the market
• Captive mines have not been productive as a steel producing company
may not be good at mining coal.
Integrated Value • Food processing at core and requisite forward and backward linkages
om
Chain
MSME- Bane of • MSMEs not growing into large enterprises.
Dwarfism
l.c

• Refers to the ways that human emotion can drive financial decision
Animal Spirits
making in uncertain environments and volatile times.
ai

Reform, Perform • The principle of ‘Reform, Perform and Transform is powering many
and Transform gains in Ease of Doing Business: PM
gm
ct

******
o
15
aj
ur
rit

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 KEYWORDS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FOREIGN POLICIES
• A five-point doctrine aimed at recognizing the importance of
Gujral Doctrine friendly and cordial relations with India's neighbours especially
Pakistan.
• A Doctrine to deter the use of nuclear weapons as both sides are
Mutually Assured
guaranteed to be totally destroyed in the conflict.
Destruction (MAD)
o Example: It helped to prevent direct full-scale conflicts
Doctrine
between US and Russia during the Cold War.
• Refers to stop armed conflicts before they escalate to widespread
violence.
Preventive diplomacy
o Example: UN peacekeeping mission in Macedonia
(UNPREDEP) in 1995–1999 (First UN preventive action).
• Diplomacy carried on through peaceful means like mediation,
Quiet Diplomacy
conciliation and arbitration.
Diplomacy and Dialogue • Cooperation in case of conflicts
• Dealing with two countries having hostile relationship between
them, in an independent manner.
o Example: In 2014, India instituted such a policy toward Israel
De-Hyphenation
and Palestine. India’s relationship with Israel would stand on its
own merits, independent and separate from India’s relationship
with the Palestinians.
De-dollarization of • De-dollarisation refers to countries reducing reliance on U.S. dollar
world economy as a reserve currency, medium of exchange or as a unit of account.
• Using sports as a diplomatic tool to ease not so well bilateral ties.
Ping Pong Diplomacy o Example: 1971, Exchange of table tennis players between US
and China in the midst of Cold war melted their frosted ties.
Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of
China and India, 1954. Agreement based on the following principles:
• Mutual respect for each other’s’ territorial integrity and
sovereignty,
Panchsheel
• Mutual non-aggression,
• Mutual non-interference,
• Equality and mutual benefit, and
• Peaceful co-existence.
The guiding principles defining Indo-China relations.
• Soch (thought)
New Panchsheel • Sampark (contact)
• Sahyog (cooperation)
• Sankalp (determination)
• Sapne (dreams)
• A stance of Isolationism through tearing up trade deals, stepping
America First Policy back from global institutions, and championing US industries and
workers.

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 KEYWORDS
o Example: U.S. exited the Trans-Pacific Partnership, cut
funding for the World Health Organization, etc.
• Asserted that India will walk shoulder-to-shoulder with Russia in
Act Far East Policy its development of the resource-rich region of the Far East, India
announced a $1 billion line of credit for its development.
• Propounded by Kautilya and Kamandak Aability of a country to
Soft Diplomacy and
persuade others to do what it wants without resorting to force or
Sandhi
coercion.
• The Doctrine committed that US would provide political, military
Truman Doctrine,1947 and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from
external or internal authoritarian forces.
• Mao considered Tibet to be China’s right-hand palm and a strategic
Mao’s 5 Finger Policy passage to extend China’s geopolitical ambition in South Asia,with
five fingers - the three Indian territories of Ladakh, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh, & Bhutan and Nepal.
• A network of Chinese military and commercial facilities in Indian
Ocean Region (IOR).
String of Pearls’
o Example: Lease of the Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka, China's
Naval Intelligence Unit at a base in Coco Islands.
• Part of India’s foreign policy that emphasizes on improving ties
Neighbourhood First with India's immediate neighbours.
Policy o Example: SAGAR initiative, PM visits to Bhutan, Maldives,
Sri Lanka, etc.
• Prominence of social media in the current environment for the
Twitter Diplomacy discharge of diplomatic functions. It is also called as Twiplomacy
or Hashtag Diplomacy.
• An approach in which states act without regard to the interests of
other states.
Unilateralism
o Example: American President Donald Trump's decision to
withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord in 2017.
• Refers to the Pacific and Indian oceans.
China’s “Two-Ocean” • Aimed at redistributing the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific
Strategy region in its favour by expanding its naval operations from the
South China Sea and Western Pacific into the Indian Ocean, where
it seeks to conduct “far seas operations”.
• To achieve dual goal of improving global health and bettering
Medical Diplomacy
international relations.
• Any country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with China
One China Policy (PRC) must acknowledge there is only ‘One China’ and sever all
formal ties with Taiwan.
• A form of soft power in the form of aid or development funds used
Chequebook Diplomacy by major economic or political powers to assist usually small
recipient countries in return for diplomatic or political support.
o Example: China’s aid and investment in Sri Lanka.

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 KEYWORDS
It is a integration of government-to-government diplomacy with public
Full Spectrum
diplomacy and other instruments of engagement like cultural
diplomacy
diplomacy to enhance contact with people at the grassroots level.
• When relations go sour between China and the recipient, China may
start charging higher interest payments or seizing strategic assets as
Debt-trap Diplomacy loan collateral.
o Example: China has taken Hambantota Port for 99 years lease
from Sri Lanka as collateral.
• Reflects the country’s growing capability and increasing
First Responder
willingness to assume the role of a leading power.
o Example: India’s aid to cyclone Ava in Madagascar.
• China’s strategy of encirclement vis-à-vis India is becoming
evident in 3-pronged manner- economic, military and diplomatic.
Strategic Encirclement
o Example: OBOR Initiative, China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor, String of Pearls, etc.
• Reflects India’s aspirations to take a leading strategic role
throughout the Indian Ocean and to expand its strategic reach even
India as Net Security
into the Pacific.
Provider
o Example: Indian Navy is important provider of security
om

throughout western Indian Ocean to combat threats from

Somalia.
l.c

From nationalist • Expanding collaboration between nations in a region.

approach to world
ai

approach
• Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions can have
gm

One Country Two

different economic and political systems from that of mainland
Systems Approach
China, while being part of the People’s Republic of China.
Weaponization of Global • Making something ready to be used as a weapon to wage war.
ct

Finance
o

Geopolitics of Techno • Countries using technology to assert their national interests, gain
15

nationalism strategic advantage and shape global balance of power.

• These are sensitive and high-level dialogues between two or more
Strategic dialogue
govts/institutions on matters of national/international security.
aj

BILATERAL RELATIONS
ur

• Ongoing strategic embrace between India and USA is result of

rit

Strategic embrace powerful common interests and clear perception of advantages on

both sides.
It is a theory according to which loss of influence over one state to an
adversary will lead to a subsequent loss of control over neighboring
Domino effect states. It was used by the United States in Vietnam, fearing that if that
Vietnam became communist, neighboring countries would also fall
under communist influence.
• Emphasizes and promotes the importance of people-to-people
STRENGTH contact between India and China. STRENGTH stands for
Strategy S-Spirituality,
T-Tradition, Trade and Technology,
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 KEYWORDS
R-Relationship,
E-Entertainment (Movies, Art, Dances etc.),
N-Nature conservation,
G-Games,
T-Tourism
H- Health and Healing.
• Indo-Nepal relations by close bonds through marriages and familial
Roti-Beti ka Rishta
ties.
• Established at the US National Centres for Environmental
Monsoon Desk Predictions which helps to coordinate all activities for India's
monsoon related work.
Space Situational • Indo-US agreement to share information on Space debris and space
Awareness traffic management
• First cross border natural gas pipeline between Russia and China,
Power of Siberia
also known as China-Russia East-Route Natural Gas pipeline.
• India believes any peace process must be Afghan-led, Afghan-
Afghan-led, Afghan owned and Afghan-controlled, has to respect the national
owned, and Afghan sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan and preserve the
controlled peace process progress made in the establishment of a democratic Islamic
Republic in Afghanistan.
• To establish diplomatic conversation between two appointed
ministers from each country to discuss strategic and security
2+2 Engagements interests.
o Example: U.S.-India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, India-Australia
Secretary-level 2+2 dialogue.
• India-China willing to focus on the larger relationship and move
forward, putting the differences aside.
Wuhan Spirit
o Example: Cooperation in areas of trade, investments, culture
etc
• A term used to describe how, in a balance of power scenario,
Chain ganging alliance partners must follow the lead when another goes to war. If
a partner does not participate, it endangers the security of its allies.
• It means that two countries compete and corporate at the same time.
o Example: India-China, compete in global soft power, boundary
Bivalent relationship
disputes and corporate in climate change, WTO Agreements on
Agriculture, etc.
• India-China diplomatic solution to ease the ongoing border tensions
Five Point Consensus agreeing that the current situation in the border areas is not in the
interest of either side.
India-Taiwan • To help forge closer ties between India and Taiwan’s law-making
Parliamentary bodies and strengthen two-way socioeconomic and cultural ties.
Friendship Forum
• Agreement between two governments for joint development of a
Inter- governmental
project. Example: Russia – India IGA on joint design and
agreements (IGA)
development of conventional submarines.

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 KEYWORDS
Special and privileged• Refers to Indo-Russian ties, a sign of everlasting friendship
partnership between the armed forces of both the countries.
• Related to Banking details of Indians with accounts in Switzerland
Automatic Exchange
– Automatic Exchange Information regime ended era of Swiss
Information regime
Bank Secrecy.
India Economic Strategy • An ambitious plan to Strategy right will strengthen the resilience of
to 2035 the Australian economy and help realize India's aspirations.
MULTILATERAL RELATIONS
• A new mechanism proposed by China under which China and India
2+1 Dialogue can jointly conduct a dialogue with a third regional country.
Example: China proposed 2+1 talks with the Nepal.
• Visit to other nation to reaffirm cooperation and engagement and
strengthen friendly ties.
Goodwill Visit
o Example: PM Modi's visit to various countries to Japan, Russia
and Central Asian Countries.
• An intense rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in
Central Asia ended up running through Afghanistan, Tibet, and
The Great Game
Persia. The Great Game officially ended with the Anglo-Russian
Convention of 1907
• There is an assumption that states under the regime will soon be
able to launch a nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction
Rogue Regime
(WMD) attack against US.
o Example: North Korea and Iran as per United States.
• Power is not dominated by one country but distributed among
multiple countries.
Multipolar World
o Example: China seen as eventual challenger to US, Russia,
India and Germany being other contenders of Global Power.
• Put forth by India that aims to maintain a balanced approach It
supports the establishment of a sovereign independent and a viable
Two state solution
state of Palestine along with maintaining India’s growing
relationship with Israel.
• To conceptualize a “sub-region”, consisting of the five southern
Economic Integration states of India, and Sri Lanka and to provide a deeper integration
Road Map than the ASEAN-led RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership) agreement.
• Small group of countries / organizations (governmental and non -
governmental)/ other entities in international politics, dealing with
Minilaterals specific topics or issues.
o Examples: Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) 2.0,
Lancang- Mekong Cooperation (LMC) mechanism, India-
U.S.-Japan trilateral, etc.
• An armed conflict between two states which act on behalf of other
Proxy War parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities.
o Examples: Vietnam War, Syrian Civil War.
China-Russia- Pakistan • Aims to fill the geopolitical vacuum bound to be created by the U.S.
axis withdrawal from the Central Asia region.

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 KEYWORDS
o Example: Russia formally joining One Belt One Road
Initiative, Joint Involvement in Afghan Reconciliation Process.
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on tackling the 'three
evils' -terrorism, extremism, separatism to explore the cultural
Three Evils
characteristics of the government’s approach against these rising
threats.
• An informal and consensual approach adopted by leaders of the
ASEAN states. The emphasis is upon compromise, consultation
ASEAN Way
and the avoidance of conflict.ASEAN way is also characterised by
quiet diplomacy and coordination amongst member states.
• A situation where India's choice decisively influences others to
follow its lead or swings the decision of the group.
India as Swing State
o Example: US wants India to swing to the Indo-Pacific and
cooperate to contain China's rise.
• Asia’s two main Opium producing centres
Golden Crescent and • The Golden Crescent comprises of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan.
Golden Triangle • Golden Triangle comprises of areas of Myanmar, Laos and
Thailand.
om
• Marked by the outbreak of a series of "black swan" incidents such
Reverse Globalization as the Brexit referendum, trade protection, border crossing and
immigration control advocating protectionist stances.
l.c

India’s priorities at the UNSC through Five-S approach:

NORMS: New • Samman (Respect)
ai

Orientation for a • Samvad (Dialogue)

Reformed Multilateral • Sahyog (Cooperation)
gm

System • Shanti (Peace) and

• Samriddhi (Prosperity).
ct

• ASEAN grouping acknowledged Indo-Pacific as concept for

Ocean's Eleven dialogue and cooperation.
o

• for continued growth and development of all countries in the region

15

through greater connectivity, more trade and higher investment

• Regions beyond South Asia represent India’s extended
aj

India's Extended Neighbourhood which stretches from Suez Canal to South China
Neighborhood Sea and includes within its West Asia, the Gulf, Central Asia, South
ur

East Asia, East Asia, the Asia Pacific and the Indian Ocean Region.
rit

MISCELLANEOUS
• Full of big talk but lacking action
All bark and No Bite
o Example: Role of ASEAN in mitigating disputes in Asia.
• Sense of belonging through citizenship and political equality
Civic Nationalism sticking to traditional liberal values of freedom, equality, and
individual rights.
• One of the Mottoes of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
Principle of Collective
mentioned in Article 5 as, “an armed attack upon one...shall be
Defence
considered an attack upon them all."
Petro Dollars • Petrodollar system is an exchange of oil for U.S. dollars between
countries that buy oil and those that produce it.
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 KEYWORDS
• Foreign interference in internal matters, using Big Data and
Opinion Manipulation
Artificial Intelligence. Example: Cambridge Analytica Case
• The elimination of an ethnic group or groups from a society, as by
genocide or forced emigration.
Ethnic Cleansing
o Example: UN referred Myanmar Army’s action against the
Rohingya community as a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.
Intent requirement • Showing the genocidal acts were carried out with the specific intent
clause - Ethnic to eliminate a people on the basis of their ethnicity.
Cleansing o Example: Rohingya community of Myanmar.
• By US for promoting freedom of navigation and enforcement of
Freedom of Navigation
relevant international law and customs regarding freedom of
Operations (FONOPS)
navigation.
• The Himalayas contain many of the world’s tallest mountains as
well as many of the world’s glaciers in Tibetan region and play a
Water Tower of Asia
crucial role in supplying water to the continent, they are sometimes
called the “water towers” of Asia
• The travel of people to a place other than where they normally
reside for the purpose of obtaining medical treatment in that
country.
Medical Tourism
o Example: India-For patients in need of cardiac and orthopedic
surgeries.
• South Korea- both spinal surgeries and cancer screenings.
• Travelling to destination to acquire or improve a knowledge or
Knowledge tourism
experience.
• Networks that can span across multiple continents and countries for
the purpose of sourcing and supplying goods and services.
Global supply chains
o Examples: Food and beverage, mining companies, oil and gas,
electronics and the textile industries, etc
• A phenomenon where institutions fail to adapt and change at a
sufficient pace. Existing Multilateral institutions are facing
Institutional Sclerosis
difficulties to address new and emerging global challenges such as
climate change, data privacy, cyber security etc.
• Global environmental movement using nonviolent civil
Extinction Rebellion
disobedience to compel govt action to tackle climate change.
• Refers to the dominant role that Asia is expected to play in the 21st
The Asian Century
century due to its burgeoning economy and demographic trends.
• Often referred in the context of Nobel Prizes awarded by the
Euro-centrism Swedish Academy, allegedly biased towards Europeans when it
comes to awards.
• China’s transformation from an assertive power to an aggressive
power is referred to as Chinese Adventurism.
Adventurism
o Example: Eastern Ladakh, South China Sea, Indian Ocean
Region.
• A situation where, if one party loses, the other party wins, and the
Zero-Sum Game
net change is zero.

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 KEYWORDS
• Political warfare where operations may not clearly cross threshold
of war.
Grey Zone Tactics
o Example: China’s aggression policy of quick land grabs with
speed.
• A multifaceted strategy consisting of complementary diplomatic,
economic and military pressure methods, aims to push the nation’s
Strategy of maximum regime to the negotiating table and force it to make compromises
pressure on crucial issues.
o Example: US strategy on Iran via strict sanctions on abrogation
of its nuclear commitments.
• Commitments for the development of nuclear energy for peaceful
Nuclear commitments purposes like Arak Nuclear Reactor, Iran. Iran to scale back on
nuclear commitments after US sanctions.
• Process for promoting international policy discussions on trade-
Osaka Track related aspects of electronic commerce i.e., digital diplomacy at
WTO.
Data Free Flow with • An initiative under Osaka Track
Trust (DFFT) • Aiming to eliminate restrictions on cross-border data flows.
• Temporary arrangements of two countries aimed at restarting
Air Bubble Agreements commercial passenger services when regular international flights
are suspended as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• India demands for itself for such a status at the stalled EU-India
Data Secure Status Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement to lift restrictions on the
flow of outsourcing business to India.
• Aimed at normalizing diplomatic relations between Israel and two
Abraham Accord Arab Gulf states, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates promoting
mutual understanding and coexistence.
• Network will certify infrastructure projects that demonstrate and
Blue Dot Network uphold global infrastructure principles and help attract private
funding.
• UNSC resolution for Israel to return the captured areas to the
Land for Peace
occupied Arab territories, including the occupied Palestinian land,
the Arabs will make peace with Israel.
• Declining importance and influence of the political institutions
sustaining an existing democracy.
Democratic backsliding
o Example: Democratic erosion in Hong Kong, Hungary’s open
claims of being an illiberal democracy, etc.
• A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People-
Peace to Prosperity
Middle East Peace Plan of the US
• Aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons including three
Nuclear Non-
elements: (1) non-proliferation, (2) disarmament, and (3) peaceful
Proliferation Treaty
use of nuclear energy
Vaccine Bonds and • Innovative funding mechanism to incentivize vaccine makers to
Advanced Market produce suitable and affordable vaccines needed in low-income
Commitments (AMCs) countries

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 KEYWORDS
• Such initiatives are helpful during health emergencies like COVID-
19 pandemic.
• Power is dispersed among a various of pressure groups and is not
Pluralism held by a single elite or group of elites. Example: Labor unions and
employers share in meeting the needs of employees.
• Treaty between the USA and the Russia on measures for the
New START 2026
further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.
Positive Consensus • No objection from any contracting party to the decision taken.
Mechanism Example: GATT council.
• Any member intending to block the decision to adopt the decision
Reverse Consensus has to persuade all other members to join its opposition or at least
Mechanism to stay passive.
o Example: WTO Dispute Settlement Body
• Taiwan’s policy seeking to advance ties between Taiwan and South
New Southbound Policy Asian countries in specific economic and people-to-people areas,
including agricultural cooperation, medicine, etc.
• A geographical region in which a group of states have maintained
peaceful relations among themselves for period of at least 30 years.
Zone of Peace
om
o Example: Western Europe (since 1945),North America (since
1917), Nepal’s Zone of Peace.
• Refers to a person or entity who or which has common beliefs,
l.c

interests, or goals and are likely to be allies on a number of issues

Natural Partner/Ally of mutual interest.
ai

o Example: India and Bhutan are natural allies à sharing

religious and cultural ties on the basis of Buddhism.
gm

• Powers trying to challenge and replace the international order or

Revisionist power status quo.
ct

o Example: China, Russia as per USA

Co-production & Co- • Shift from buyer-seller dynamic to co-development mindset in
o

development Defence Technology and Trade Initiative in Indo-US relations

15

• To establish a standing mechanism for dialogue and exchanges

Industry-to- industry
between the US and Indian defence companies and their
framework
aj

governments on defence technology and industrial co-operation.

• The regions beyond South Asia represent India’s extended
ur

India's Extended • Neighbourhood which stretches from the Suez Canal to the South
Neighbourhood
rit

China Sea and includes within its West Asia, the Gulf, Central Asia,
South East Asia, East Asia, Asia Pacific and Indian Ocean Region.”
• The condition where great nuclear powers maintain nuclear
weapons while prohibiting other less nuclear states from building
Nuclear Apartheid similar weapons.
o Example: US repeated warnings to hostile countries like Iraq
suspected to have nuclear weapon programs.
• A body of influential people of government agencies or the military
trying to control the government policies secretly.
Deep State
• Example: Pakistan National Alliance of 1977, Islamic Jamhori
It he had of 1988
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 KEYWORDS
• It was coined in 2003 representing the potential factors that could
Malacca Dilemma hinder China’s economic development through choking (Strait of
Malacca) oil imports.
De-dollarization • Russia reportedly in talks with China seeking to improve its
currency independence through denominating transactions in non-
western currencies.
• China and Russia signed joint statement for “new era” and declared
No limits partnership
“no limits partnership” at inauguration of Beijing winter Olympics.
• Mutual trust and friendship among countries who assist each other
Camaraderie
or having same ideology or spend good time together.
Bonhomie • Friendliness, amicable relations.
• A dilemma or different circumstances from which there is no
CATCH 22
escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent condition.
Bandwagoning • Occurs when a state aligns with a more stronger and great power.
Techno politics • Example: China-Facial recognition technology.
Nuclear umbrella • A nuclear state providing nuclear support to non-nuclear state.
Smart Power • Using hard power and soft power according to requirement.
• Using manipulative diplomatic methods to influence the targeted
Sharp power
country towards your goal.
• A period during which people or government are officially at war
Phoney war
but are not infact fighting.
Rogue state • States that operate outside the international agreements.
• Type of diplomacy wherein which a third country or outside party
Shuttle diplomacy
is serving as intermediary between the countries having a dispute.
Rapprochment • Resumption of good relations after a conflict or irritation.
Sending an olive branch • Peace proposal
• Creating a deterrence or fear and making other country to follow
Gun boat diplomacy
your dictum.
Steeped so low/Nadir • Relations at their lowest phase.
Preponderance of power • One group getting more power than other.
• In the nuclear world, even a small country is capable of attacking
Unit veto system
big country.
• Making the neighbor countries as pampers by means such as
Beggar thy neighbor
devaluing the currency.
Demarche • Expression of displeasure through diplomatic channels.
Banana republics • Small economies which depend upon one good or natural resource.
Doctrine of Preemption • Holding the first strike.
Rebalancing of powers/ • Decline of US Hegemony and shift of BoP politics to Asia steered
global rebalancing by rise of China.
Offshore Balancing • Quad & AUKUS: USAs 'Offshore Balancing
• It focuses on those areas and addresses the need to build alliances,
Strategic Convergence partnerships, and off-core relationships in order to pursue what may
be opportunities for true strategic transformation for a business
New world order • Representative, democratic, just and multipolar world order

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 KEYWORDS
• It is a noble idea that teaches people to rise above differences of
Vasudhev Kutumbakam
caste, creed, colour and race, and to love one another as ourselves.
Pax Britannica • Collapse of pax Britannica and emergence of new world order
Indian Exceptionalism • Indian exceptionalism rooted in its civilisational values
• Strategic autonomy is defined as the ability of a state to pursue its
Strategic autonomy national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without
depending heavily on other foreign states.
Maximizing • Today diplomacy is about maximizing your convergences and
convergences and minimizing your divergences- SJ at Valdai dialogue
Minimizing divergences
Plurilateral solutions • Multilateral and plurilateral solutions to global challenges
Global good • The pillar of Indian diplomacy is to be a force for global good.
Buckpassing • Shifting the responsibility
• Elevated probability for interstate conflict or conflagration due to
Chain-ganging
several states having joined in alliances or coalitions.
Panipat Syndrome • The lack of strategic thinking, preparedness and decisive action.
New Asian Rebalance • India- US - Japan against Russia-Pak- China
• It involves one creditor country intentionally extending excessive
credit to another debtor country with the alleged intention of
Credit Imperialism
extracting economic or political concessions from the debtor
country when it becomes unable to honour its debt obligations.
• When a small, bankrupt nation like Sri Lanka delivers a diplomatic
slap to New Delhi by hosting Chinese surveillance ship at its
Strategic backyard commercial port of Hambantota, it is a stunning reminder of both
India's feckless foreign policy and receding influence in its strategic
backyard.
• An obvious major problem or issue that people avoid discussing or
Elephant in the room
acknowledging.
• India walks diplomatic tightrope on Myanmar's military junta.
Despite expressing support for democratic reforms in Myanmar
Diplomatic tightrope
since the coup last year, India's actions appear to appease the
military junta, say experts.
• Division of EU into several small political units, often unfriendly
Balkanization of EU
to one another.
• Term describes how South Asia, Africa were purposefully excluded
Nuclear apartheid
from dominant global debates concerning nuclear security.
Hesitations of history • India and the US Overcome the Hesitations of History.
• Refers to trust, goodwill, and influence which a diplomat, or a state
Diplomatic capital
represented by its diplomats, has within international diplomacy.
Think beyond “Delhi • The real obstacle to the rise of India is not anymore the barriers of
Dogma” the world, but the dogmas of Delhi.
• "The source of power that provides moral or physical strength,
Centre of gravity
freedom of action, or will to act."
Places turning into bases • China building a secret military base in Cambodia.
Chicken neck problem • Chicken Neck is vital for us to maintain or keep the seven states of
of India North East India. It’s only 17 KM wide which is vital to India to

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 KEYWORDS
maintain its hold on these states known as seven sisters. If the
chicken neck is gone it means India loses its access to seven sisters.
Beneficial bilateralism • India's “Beneficial Bilateralism” in South Asia
• New International Economic Order (NIEO) is a set of proposals
New International
advocated by developing countries to end economic colonialism
Economic order (NIEO)
and dependency through a new interdependent economy.
• With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri
Non-reciprocity Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity but gives and
accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.
• It is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in
Mutually assured which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a
detterence nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would
cause the complete annihilation of both attacker and defender.
Tectonic geopolitical
shifts
• Extreme and aggressive patriotism that results in aggressive foreign
Jingoism
policy.
Geopolitical Polarisation • Refers to fragmentation of international system
• Using own cultures as a tool for diplomacy.
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Soft Diplomacy • It is fundamental to win the hearts and minds of people. There has
to be a people centric approach.
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Transformational • A phrase used during the Bush administration in order to promote

diplomacy democracy via military coercion.
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• An economic system of governance created shortly before the end

Bretten Woods system
of the Second World War
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• Usage of informal communication channels used to negotiate

Back channel diplomacy
between governments.
• A realist conception in which the state is analogous to an
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independent and unitary billiard-ball. According to this state-

Billiard ball model
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centric assumption, domestic politics ends at the water’s edge and

15

engagements with other states may be calculated.

• The distribution of power within international relations
characterised by two superpowers each with their own sphere of
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Bipolarity
influence. The term can be applied in a global or regional sense.
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Bipolarity often entails proxy wars rather than direct confrontation.

• A situation in which a state assumes that another state (or group of
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Buck passing
states) will deal with an emerging threat.
• A single nation that is politically stateless or territorially divided
Stateless nation
amongst a number of states.
• A state in which there are no political institutions that can claim
Failed state
sovereignty within that territory.
• Doctrine of isolating state from international alliances and
Isolationism agreements. It is characterised by non-intervention and
unilateralism.

******
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 KEYWORDS

INTERNAL SECURITY
* Keywords are NOT strictly compartmentalised and can be used in other sectors too
GENERAL TERMS
• Newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched
Yellow Journalism
news while instead using eye-catching headlines. E.g.: Fake news
• Presstitute is a term that references journalists in mainstream media
Presstitute who give biased and predetermined views
o E.g.: News anchors giving politically motivated news items
Revolving Door Arrests • Frequent arrests & release from detentions to contain the situation
• Mass expulsion or killing of members of one ethnic or religious
Ethnic Cleansing group.
o E.g.: Rohingyas expulsion from Myanmar
• An area of military powers or contending groups forbid military
Demilitarized Zone installations, activities or personnel.
o E.g.: The DMZ in Korea
• Self-censorship imposed by the media on itself to forward its
Underhand Censorship
national duty instead of resorting to propaganda
• List of individuals who are on special notice for engaging in illicit
activities
Adverse List
o E.g.: Ministry of Home Affairs removed 312 Indian origin Sikhs
from the Adverse List prepared after the Anti Sikh Riots.
• Youth adopting increasingly extreme political, social, or religious
Youth Radicalization
ideals and aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo
Cryptographic • A security protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs
Protocols a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods
• Category of technologies so new that they could have high risk of
Bleeding Edge
being unreliable and lead adopters to incur greater expense in order
Technology
to make their use
• Cyber deterrence includes options such as taking legal action and
Cyber Deterrence
making networks invisible, resilient, and interdependent.
• Terrorist attacks meant to increase scare and paranoia and also claim
Trophy Attacks more legitimacy for a terror group.
o E.g.: 26/11 attack for Pak based group LeT
• Someone who prepares and commits violent acts alone, outside of
any command structure and without material assistance from any
Lone Wolf Attacks
group.
o E.g.: French beheading of a school teacher
• The deployment of increasing numbers of Central Paramilitary
Paramilitary Panacea
Forces (CPMF) in local disorders across the country
• Ready to fire a gun at the least provocation, regardless of the
Trigger Happy Culture situation or probable consequences
o E.g.: Road rages in Delhi leading to shootouts
Triple Threats • Terrorism, Communalism and Extremism

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 KEYWORDS
• Followed by India till 2001; Defensive forces on the border and
Sundarji doctrine
offensive forces in central India.
Cold start doctrine • Offensive forces on the border and defensive forces in central India
(swift action):
• Term used for a broad range of malicious activities accomplished
through human interactions. It uses psychological manipulation to
Social Engineering
trick users into making security mistakes or giving away sensitive
information.
• It occurs when someone engages in offensive, menacing or
Cyber bullying
harassing behaviour through the use of technology.
• phrase used for TV anchors who spun malicious tales to create
Tukde Tukde Gang
public frenzy.
Grid border protection • Replacing “linear security” by “grid border protection”
One-force-one-border • Principle of ‘Single point control’ and one-force-one border
principle principle- Border security
• Related to media access and reading literacy, or more inclusive
Same Language Sub-
journalism, widely practiced in India. Similar movement named
titling
Turn-On-Subtitles by default in children’s programming in UK.
• Zero-tolerance approach towards terror; Over-ground workers and
Terrorism related
“Lone Wolf” attacks.
• Use of terrorism in cities and other urban areas, targeting urban
Urban terrorism
populace.
• It recognizes the right of a State to pursue a vessel belonging to a
Hot Pursuit foreign State which has violated any law within its territorial
boundaries and jurisdiction.
Lax Gun control regime • Favours lone wolfs in carrying out attacks with mass casualties.
• Facebook’s concern for privacy in the Supreme Court was a red
herring, cited the Tamil Nadu government, stating that the social
Red Herring
media giant’s primary business model rests upon
commercialisation of consumer data.
Cryptographic • Block chain technology depends on proper implementation of
protocols cryptographic protocols
• Nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear
No First use doctrine
attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere.
• Some online content is prohibited under law because it is offensive
Prohibited online and
or illegal including transmitting obscene material and pirated
illegal content
content.
Counter- narratives • Message that offers a positive alternative to extremist propaganda
Prison Issues • Overcrowding, understaffing, underfunding.
• It occurs when a criminal gains access to your personal
Identity theft
information to steal money or other benefits.
• Community-oriented policing is an intangible contract between the
police and the community that allows them to work together,
Community Policing proactively, to prevent, detect, and solve local-level crime, and
disorder in a creative way so that they can keep their
neighbourhood crime-free.

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 KEYWORDS
Maritime domain • Maritime security
awareness and
Underwater domain
awareness (UDA)
Resolute and • Effective denial operations against terrorism.
irreversible action
Governance deficit
• Term used in Chattisgarh in Gondi language which means a peace
Salwa judum
campaign.
• The infirmity of the state internal security apparatuses resulted in a
Paramilitary panacea constant clamour for central assistance and the “paramilitary
panacea”.
Environment of • Created by nationalist government for any critical journalists.
intimidation
Fifth domain of warfare • Cyber space as fifth domain of warfare
Militarization and • Threats to cyber space
weaponization of cyber
space
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Sealed cover • Materials that are too sensitive to be disclosed in the public
jurisprudence
• Self-censorship imposed by the media on itself to forward its
Underhand censorship
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national duty instead of resorting to propaganda.

• High-altitude warfare is fought keeping the terrain and weather in
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High altitude warfare mind. The kind of infrastructure and training that the troops
require for high-altitude warfare are key factors.
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Developmental • It is a type of loneliness that can emerge when a person doesn't

loneliness feel as though they're developing at the same rate as their peers.
• Disinformation is a malaise that has been worsened by the
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Disinformation malaise
infodemic of the social media age
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• Cyberspace deterrence strategies seek to influence an adversary's

Cyber deterrence
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behavior, discouraging them from engaging in unwanted activities.

Early childhood • Radicalization related terms
indoctrination;
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Strategic de-
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radicalization
Clear, hold and develop • Clear, hold and develop strategytowards dealing with extremism
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strategy
Jal-Jangal-Jameen • Disruption of age-old relationships; tribal co-existence with nature
issues has been altered.
Effective ear and eyes • Citizen participation to deal with terrorism.
scheme
• Smart leadership, aggressive strategy, motivation and training,
actionable intelligence, Dashboard based key performance
SAMADHAN
indicators (KPI), Harnessing technology, action plan for theatre
and no access to finance.

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 KEYWORDS
• People of Naxalite bent of mind who reside in Urban areas and
Urban Naxals
work as activists, supporters and protectors of the ideology.
Ethnicity, Economic • Factors for militancy in North-East India.
development and
Elections
• It is a software vulnerability discovered by attackers before the
Zero-day vulnerability
vendor has become aware of it.
• It is a type of cyberattack in which an unauthorized user attempts
Cyber espionage to access sensitive or classified data or intellectual property (IP)
for economic gain.
• Investigative practice involving the use of romantic or sexual
Honey trapping relationships for interpersonal, political (including state
espionage), or monetary purpose.
• They hack sites and servers to virally communicate the message
Cyber Hactivists
for specific campaigns.
• Regular updates of hardwares and softwares, regular password
Cyber Hygiene
changes etc.
• State has to reach information superiority to tackle social media
Information superiority
misuse.
4D principle for cyber • Deter, Detect, Destroy and Document
security
Radicalization in • Prisons provide environment which can spread extreme and
prisons violent ideologies.
• Strict and sensitive, modern and mobile, alert and accountable,
SMART police
reliable and responsive, techno-savvy and trained.
• The idea of a sustained and structured cultural connection between
people of different regions was mooted by Prime Minister Shri.
Ek Bharat, Shreshta
Narendra Modi during the Rashtriya Ekta Diwas held on 31st
Bharat
October, 2015, to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel.
• From risk-blind to risk-informed; Age of hyper-information;
Knee-jerk approach; Hammer and Tongs strategy; Winning Hearts
Others
and Minds (WHAM); Strategic courage; Synthetic Media and
Clickbait journalism.

******

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 KEYWORDS
ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

GENERAL ENVIRONMENT TERMS

• Example, very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives
Disaster Management of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been
Disaster Risk more. It was reduced due to early warning and relocation of the
Management population from the cyclone-hit areas. While very severe cyclone
Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Common but The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and
differentiated Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) outlined in the UNFCCC,
responsibilities and recognises that countries (known as Parties) have different duties and
respective capabilities abilities to address the negative impacts of climate change, but all
(CBDR-RC) countries have an obligation to address climate change
• Sendai Framework is enhancing disaster preparedness for
Build Back Better effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
• According to the principle, authorities must take precautionary
measures when stakes are high, despite when scientific evidence
Precautionary Principles about the expected event being harmful is not yet certain.
o E.g. The aggressive methods to halt the virus by suspending
mobility are examples of a strategy known as the
‘precautionary principle’.
Three variables of • Capability, Capacity and Credibility
Humanitarian assistance
and disaster relief
(HADR)
• Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain
resources like air, sea, waters and forests have such great
Public Trust Doctrine
importance to the people as a whole that it would be unjustified to
make them a subject of private ownership.
• People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership
5Ps (SDGs) • The 5 Ps highlight how the SDGs are an intertwined framework
instead of a group of siloed goals.
One Earth, One Family, •
One Future
• The principle of intergenerational equity assumes that natural
resources are a common in which the stake of future generations
must be secured
Intergenerational Equity
o E.g.National Mineral Policy 2019 introduces the concept of
intergenerational equity that deals with the well-being not only
of the present generation and also of the generations to come.
• Under it, a party/company in a hazardous industry cannot claim
Absolute Liability
any exemption. It has to mandatorily pay compensation, whether
Principle
or not the disaster was caused by its negligence.
• It refers to a proposed five-yearly review of the impact of
Global Stocktaking
countries’ climate change actions. Under the Paris Agreement,
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 KEYWORDS
every country must present a climate action plan in five-yearly
cycles. It is supposed to be similar to the plan countries submitted
in the run-up to the talks that concluded last week.
Waste to Energy (Kachre • A waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste plant converts municipal
se Kanchan), Waste to and industrial solid waste into electricity and/or heat for industrial
Wealth processing.
• World is increasingly at risk of “climate apartheid”, where rich
Climate Apartheid
pay to escape heat & hunger caused by escalating climate crisis
while rest of the world suffers
• Climate opportunity refers to potential for economic, social and
From Climate Disaster to
environmental benefits that can arise from taking action to address
Climate Opportunity
climate change.
• E.g. USA being highest polluter of history has pull out itself from
Historical injustice
Paris Climate deal and refuse to provide help to poor countries
• A key approach buzzing in the corporate responsibility ecosphere
Triple Bottom Line:
to measure the socio-ecological impact of a company’s operations
People, Planet, Profit
is the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ or TBL approach to sustainability.
• Small Is Beautiful idea, argued that capitalism brought higher
om
living standards at the cost of deteriorating culture. The belief that
Small Is Beautiful natural resources should be conserved led to conclude that
bigness—in particular, large industries and large cities—would
l.c

lead to the depletion of those resources.

• When a resource, available to all, is exploited by individuals
Tragedy of commons
ai

acting in their own self-interest, leads to resource’s depletion.

• Polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for
gm

Polluter Pays Principle producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to
the natural environment.
ct

• People often don’t think of forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and other
natural ecosystems as forms of infrastructure, but they should.
o

• Forests, for instance, can prevent silt and pollutants from entering
15

Green Infrastructure streams that supply freshwater to downstream cities and

than Grey Infrastructure businesses. They can act as natural water filtration plants.
aj

• As such, they are a form of “green infrastructure” that can serve

the same function as “gray infrastructure,” the human-engineered
ur

solutions that often involve concrete and steel.

• Climate diplomacy is practice and process of creating
rit

international climate change regime and ensuring its effective

operation.
Climate Diplomacy
o E.g. India has tried to prove its leadership role in the Climate
Domain by launching International Solar Alliance (ISA) in
2015, a flagship for India’s enhanced climate engagement.
• False and misleading action by organization about their product
Greenwashing
impact on the environment.
• Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an
Right to Prosperity
ethical and political issue, rather than one that is purely
environmental or physical in nature.

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 KEYWORDS
• Climate justice is important because if all the countries share the
responsibility equally, then developing countries would be paying
an unjust amount of price for none of their fault
• As metaphor, "Concrete Jungle" evokes worst aspects of modern
Concrete Jungle urban life. Cold structures of concrete and steel, with manmade
towers casting earth into shadow by blocking out the sun.
• PM Modi in UNGA Summit held that “We are focusing on the
Not A Mirage of Hope basics: housing, power, water and sanitation for all – important
but Goal with Definite not just for welfare, but also human dignity. These are goals with
a definite date, not just a mirage of hope.”
• Green politics are a set of political ideologies and social
movements which places a high importance on ecological and
Green Politics
environmental goals, and on achieving these goals through broad-
based, grassroots, participatory democracy.
• Climate refugees are a subset of environmental migrants who were
forced to flee "due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural
environment related to climate change
Climate Refugees
o E.g. Climate refugees can be found all over world, displaced
by coastal flooding in Dhaka, by hurricane Maria in Puerto
Rico, or due to desertification of Lake Chad in West Africa.
• Global commons have been traditionally defined as those parts of
the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all
nations have access. Namely
Global Common o The high Seas
o The atmosphere
o Antarctica
o The Outer Space
• 868 people have lost their lives to floods in 11 states--MoHA
Flood management to
flood governance • Focus should shift from relief measures to building resilience in
flood-prone areas
3 Goods at Sustainable • Good for You, Good for Planet, Good for Producer
Development
4Gs of Sustainable • Green energy, Green growth, Green infrastructure and Green jobs.
development
• Sundarlal Bahuguna, a famous Gandhian, started Chipko
Ecology is permanent
movement also known for coining the Chipko slogan ‘ecology is
Economy
permanent economy’
• A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or
Carbon Offset, Carbon other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for emissions
Sequestration made elsewhere. Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing
and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Next Generation Climate • Government has invested heavily in forecast technologies,
Resilient Infrastructure designed & implemented large-scale disaster evacuation strategies
and come up SOPS for effective relief operations.

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 KEYWORDS
• It’s a strategy where countries can collaborate to make their
existing and new infrastructure strong enough to withstand natural
disasters.
Shift from subsistence to • Shift from farm to mouth toward sustainable and profitable
sustainability agriculture
Greendustrial • Use of environmentally friendly and sustainable practices in
development production of industries.
• Water budgets at watershed level will inform communities about
how much water they have, so it can be equitably shared within
communities. Water budgets for river basin will inform
Water budgeting
communities how much must be left for downstream users,
ensuring that water resources are allocated between communities
fairly and transparently.
Think Globally. Act • "Think globally, act locally" urges people to consider health of the
Locally entire planet and to take action in own communities and cities.
• Socialization and cultural acceptance which help environment
preservation
Culture of Prevention
o E.g. Baiga tribe, in Kanha-Pench reserve, which worship
forest and not even broke tree branch.
• In the field of waste management, extended producer
Extended Producer responsibility (EPR) is a strategy to add all of the environmental
Responsibility costs associated with a product throughout the product life cycle
to the market price of that product.
• process of reducing ‘carbon intensity’, lowering the amount of
Decarbonization
greenhouse gas emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
• With urbanization comes concrete jungle, crowded forest of
Concrete jungles
skyscrapers shrouded in air pollution and filthy rivers.
Climate Environmental • People who must leave their homes and communities because of
Refugees the effects of climate change and global warming.
• Carbon space refers to the amount of carbon that can be released
Carbon space into the atmosphere by 2100 so that the rise in global temperature
can be capped at 2 degree Celsius
• If any person is engaged in an inherently dangerous or hazardous
Absolute liability activity, then the person who is carrying out such activity will be
held absolutely liable.
• This occurs when unrelated species with similar niches and living
in comparable environments are subjected to parallel regimes of
Evolutionary Conversion
natural selection, resulting in their evolution to be similar in
morphology, physiology, and behaviour.
• It caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs, usually through
Cultural Eutrophication
sewage dumping or fertilizer runoff. See also eutrophication.
Environmental • Actions taken by individuals and families to lessen their impacts
citizenship on the environment.
• Climate change also makes wildlife habitats susceptible to
Habitat Fragmentation
disasters and make ecosystems more prone to failure.

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