FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

-MD. UMALWARA
UNIT - V
Cloud Computing, Cities and Smart Sensor-Cloud, Smart Homes, Connected Vehicles, Smart
Grid,Industrial IoT, Case Study: Agriculture, Healthcare, Activity Monitoring

Cloud Computing
 Introduction to Cloud Computing
 Advantages of cloud computing
 Types of Cloud Computing:
 Cloud Computing Architecture:
 Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
 Types of Cloud Services:
 The Benefits of Using Big Data, IoT and the Cloud:
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).
Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacenter. With an on-premises
datacenter, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the
network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we
become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.
But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware
purchase and maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a
service. We can take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be
charged based on usage. The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal
that makes handy for the user to manage the compute, storage, network, and application
resources.
Cloud computing means that instead of all the computer hardware and software you're
using sitting on your desktop, or somewhere inside your company's network, it's provided for
you as a service by another company and accessed over the Internet, usually in a completely
seamless way. Exactly where the hardware and software is located and how it all works
doesn't matter to you, the user—it's just somewhere up in the nebulous "cloud" that the
Internet represents. Cloud computing is named as such because the information being
accessed is found remotely in the cloud or a virtual space. Companies that provide cloud
services enable users to store files and applications on remote servers and then access all the
data via the Internet. This means the user is not required to be in a specific place to gain access to
it, allowing the user to work remotely.
Types of Cloud Services
Regardless of the kind of service, cloud computing services provide users with a series of
functions including:
 Email
 Storage, backup, and data retrieval
 Creating and testing apps
 Analyzing data
 Audio and video streaming
 Delivering software on demand
Cloud computing is still a fairly new service but is being used by a number of different
organizations from big corporations to small businesses, non- profits to government agencies,
and even individual consumers.

Advantages of cloud computing

 Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software. Speed:
Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.
 Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to
the business requirements.
 Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not
need to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in this
way, the IT team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
 Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business
continuity.
 Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls
that strengthen our data security.

Types of Cloud Computing:

1. Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third- party cloud
service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing resources such as
servers, software, and storage over the internet
2. Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a single
business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may physically be
located on the company‗s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-party service provider.
3. Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is bounded
together by technology that allows data applications to be shared between them. Hybrid
cloud provides flexibility and more deployment options to the business.
Cloud Computing Architecture:
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
 Front End
 Back End
The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front-end corresponds to the client-side of cloud computing. This component is all

about interfaces, applications and network those allow accessibility for a cloud system. The
thing that has to be clear in this aspect is that not all the entire computing systems will work as a
single interface.
Whereas back-end corresponds to the resources utilized by cloud computing servers.
This component mainly deals with servers, security scenarios, virtualizing, data storage and
many others. Also, back-end holds the responsibility to reduce traffic congestion mechanisms,
and protocols that establish communication. Here, the operating system is termed as the bare
metal server which is prominent with the name ―hypervisor‖ where it utilizes well-defined
protocols that allow for concurrent operation of
numerous guest virtual servers. Hypervisor acts as a communication interface between its
containers and for the connected world.
Apart from these, cloud-based delivery and cloud services network are also considered as
cloud computing architecture. Delivery of cloud services can be done either publicly or privately
through the internet. In a few cases, enterprises make use of both scenarios to deliver their
services.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture ―
1. Client Infrastructure:
Client Infrastructure is a Front-end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.
2. Application:
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
3. Service:
A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client‗s
requirement.
4. Runtime Cloud
Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.
5. Storage:
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure:
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud
computing model.
7. Management:
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination
between them.
 8.Security:
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.
9.Internet:
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other.

Types of Cloud Services:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers
and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud service
vendor. We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we want on it.
Using IaaS, we don‗t need to care about the hardware or virtualization software, but
other than that, we do have to manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum
flexibility, but still, we need to put more effort into maintenance.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for
developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer is
responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and
run it. Using PaaS, the flexibility gets reduce, but the management of the environment is
taken care of by the cloud vendors.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software
services to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on- demand, and typically
on a subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress, Office 365,
and Amazon Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the maximum
extent.
How are IoT and Cloud Computing Related?
The IoT and Cloud Computing complement one another, often being branded together
when discussing technical services and working together to provide an overall better IoT
service. However, there are crucial differences between them, making each of them an
effective technical solution separately and together.
Cloud Computing in IoT works as part of a collaboration and is used to store IoT data.
The Cloud is a centralised server containing computer resources that can be accessed
whenever required. Cloud Computing is an easy travel method for the large data packages
generated by the IoT through the Internet. Big Data can also help in this process. ―Combined,
IoT and Cloud Computing allow systems to be automated in a cost-effective way that
supports real-time control and data monitoring”.

The Benefits of Using Big Data, IoT and the Cloud:

So why are Big Data, IoT and the Cloud such a good partnership? Well, there are numerous
benefits for utilising both of these services by combining them, with a few of the main benefits
outlined below:

 Scalability for device data:

Cloud-based solutions can be scaled vertically and horizontally to meet the needs of Big
Data hosting and analytics. For example, you can increase a server‗s capacity with more
applications, or expand your hardware resources when necessary. The Cloud enables the
expansion of Big Data and data analytics.

 Scalable infrastructure capacity:

Big Data and Cloud Data can be used in conjunction to store large amounts of data and
provides scalable processing and improved real-time analysis of data. The lack of physical
infrastructure needed to get Big Data, IoT and the Cloud up and running together reduces
costs and means you can focus on the improved analytical capacity rather than worry
about maintenance and support.

 Increased efficiency in daily tasks:

IoT and Big Data generate a large amount of data, which the Cloud provides the pathway
for the data to travel.

 Quicker use and distribution of Apps worldwide:

You can access Big Data remotely and easily from anywhere in the world to still carry out
actions on devices when using the Cloud, allowing for better collaboration.
Sensor Cloud:
The advancement and application of wireless sensor networks become an invincible
trend into the various industrial, environmental, and commercial fields. A typical sensor
network may consist of a number of sensor nodes acting upon together to monitor a region and
fetch data about the surroundings. A WSN contains spatially distributed self-regulated sensors
that can cooperatively monitor the environmental conditions, like sound, temperature,
pressure, motion, vibration, pollution, and so forth. Each node in a sensor network is loaded
with a radio transceiver or some other wireless communication device, a small microcontroller,
and an energy source most often cells/battery. The nodes of sensor network have cooperative
capabilities, which are usually deployed in a random manner. These sensor nodes basically
consist of three parts: sensing, processing, and communicating. Some of the most common
sensor devices deployed in sensor network as sensor nodes are camera sensor, accelerometer
sensor, thermal sensor, microphone sensor, and so forth.
Currently, WSNs are being utilized in several areas like healthcare, defence such as
military target tracking and surveillance, government and environmental services like natural
disaster relief, hazardous environment exploration, and seismic sensing, and so forth. These
sensors may provide various useful data when they are closely attached to each of their
respective applications and services directly. However, sensor networks have to face many issues
and challenges regarding their communications (like short communication range, security and
privacy, reliability, mobility, etc.) and resources (like power considerations, storage capacity,
processing capabilities, bandwidth availability, etc.). Besides, WSN has its own resource and
design constraints. Design constraints are application specific and dependent on monitored
environment. Based on the monitored environment, network size in WSN varies. For
monitoring a small area, fewer nodes are required to form a network whereas the coverage of
a very large area requires a huge number of sensor nodes. For monitoring large environment,
there is limited communication between nodes due to obstructions into the environment, which
in turn affects the overall network topology (or connectivity). All these limitations on sensor
networks would probably impede the service performance and quality. In the midst of these
issues, the emergence of cloud computing is seen as a remedy.
A Sensor-Cloud collects and processes information from several sensor networks,
enables information sharing on big scale, and collaborates with the applications on cloud among
users. It integrates several networks with a number of sensing applications and cloud
computing platform by allowing applications to be cross-disciplinary that may span over
multiple organizations. Sensor-Cloud enables users to easily gather, access, process,
visualize, analyse, store, share, and search for a large number of sensor data from several
types of applications and by using the computational IT and storage resources of the cloud.
In a sensor network, the sensors are utilized by their specific application for a special
purpose, and this application handles both the sensor data and the sensor itself such that other
applications cannot use this. This makes wastage of valuable sensor resources that may be
effectively utilized when integrating with other application's infrastructure. To realize this
scenario, Sensor-Cloud infrastructure is used that enables the sensors to be utilized on an IT
infrastructure by virtualizing the physical sensor on a cloud computing platform. These
virtualized sensors on a cloud computing platform are dynamic in nature and hence facilitate
automatic provisioning of its services as and when required by users. Furthermore, users need
not to worry about the physical locations of multiple physical sensors and the gapping
between physical sensors; instead, they can supervise these virtual sensors using some
standard functions.
Within the Sensor-Cloud infrastructure, to obtain QoS, the virtual sensors are
monitored regularly so users can destroy their virtual sensors when they becomes
meaningless. A user interface is provisioned by this Sensor-Cloud infrastructure for
administering, that is, for controlling or monitoring the virtual sensors, provisioning and
destroying virtual sensors, registering and deleting of physical sensors, and for admitting the
deleting users. For example, in a health monitoring environment, a patient may use a wearable
computing system (that may include wearable accelerometer sensors, proximity sensors,
temperature sensors, etc.) like Life Shirt and Smart Shirt or may use a handheld device loaded
with sensors, and consequently the data captured by the sensors may be made accessible to
the doctors. But out of these computing systems, active continuous monitoring is most
demanding, and it involves the patient wearing monitoring devices to obtain pervasive
coverage without being inputted or intervened.

Sensor Network Architecture:

Sensor Network Architecture is used in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). It can be used in
various places like schools, hospitals, buildings, roads, etc for various applications like
disaster management, security management, crisis management, etc

There are 2 types of architecture used in WSN: Layered Network Architecture, and Clustered
Architecture. These are explained as following below.
 1. Layered Network Architecture:
Layered Network Architecture makes use of a few hundred sensor nodes and a single powerful
base station. Network nodes are organized into concentric Layers.
It consists of 5 layers and three cross layers. The 5
layers are:
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Layer
The advantage of using Layered Network Architecture is that each node participates only in
short-distance, low power transmissions to nodes of the neighbouring nodes because of which
power consumption is less as compared to other Sensor Network Architecture. It is scalable
and has a higher fault tolerance.
Sensor Network Architecture is used in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). It can be used in
various places like schools, hospitals, buildings, roads, etc for various applications like disaster
management, security management, crisis management, etc. There are 2 types of architecture used
in WSN: Layered Network Architecture, and Clustered Architecture. These are explained as
following below. 1. Layered Network Architecture: Layered Network Architecture makes use of
a few hundred sensor nodes and a single powerful base station. Network nodes are organized into
concentric Layers. It consists of 5 layers and three cross layers. The 5 layers are:
 Power Management Plane
 Mobility Management Plane
 Task Management Plane
 It is a 2-tier hierarchy clustering architecture.
 It is a distributed algorithm for organizing the sensor nodes into groups called clusters.
 The cluster head nodes in each of the autonomously formed clusters create the Time-division
multiple access (TDMA) schedules.
 It makes use of the concept called Data Fusion which makes it energy efficient.

Advantages:

Scalability: WSN architecture can be designed to scale to large numbers of nodes, allowing for
extensive data collection and monitoring in a wide range of applications.
Flexibility: WSN architecture can be designed to be flexible, allowing for easy adaptation to
different environments and applications.
Energy efficiency: WSN architecture can be designed to be energy-efficient, allowing for extended
battery life and reduced energy consumption.
Distributed processing: WSN architecture can be designed to include distributed processing,
allowing for efficient data processing and analysis at the node level.
Self-organizing: WSN architecture can be designed to be self-organizing, allowing for nodes to
automatically configure themselves and communicate with each other without the need for manual
intervention.
 Disadvantages:

Complexity: WSN architecture can be complex, requiring specialized knowledge and expertise to
design and maintain.
Security vulnerabilities: WSN architecture can be vulnerable to security threats such as
eavesdropping, message alteration, and node impersonation, which can compromise the integrity
and confidentiality of data.
Interference: WSN architecture can be susceptible to interference from other wireless devices,
leading to reduced network performance and reliability.
Cost: WSN architecture can be costly to implement, requiring expensive hardware and software
components.
Limited range: WSN architecture can be limited by the range of wireless communication, which
can restrict the coverage area and limit the types of applications that can be supported.

2. Clustered Network Architecture:

In Clustered Network Architecture, Sensor Nodes autonomously clubs into groups called
clusters. It is based on the Leach Protocol which makes use of clusters. Leach Protocol stands
for ―Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy‖.
Properties of Leach Protocol:
 It is a 2-tier hierarchy clustering architecture.
 It is a distributed algorithm for organizing the sensor nodes into groups called
clusters.
 The cluster head nodes in each of the autonomously formed clusters create the Time-
division multiple access (TDMA) schedules.
 It makes use of the concept called Data Fusion which makes it energy efficient.

Advantages of Sensor-Cloud
Cloud computing is very encouraging solution for Sensor-Cloud infrastructure due to
several reasons like the agility, reliability, portability, real-time, flexibility, and so forth.
Structural health and environment-based monitoring contains highly sensitive data and
applications of these types cannot be handled by normal data tools available in terms of data
scalability, performance, programmability, or accessibility. So a better infrastructure is
needed that may contain tools to cope with these highly
sensitive applications in real time. In the following, we describe the several advantages and
benefits of Sensor-Cloud infrastructure that may be the cause of its glory, and these are as
follows.
 Analysis: The integration of huge accumulated sensor data from several sensor
networks and the cloud computing model make it attractive for various kinds of
analyses required by users through provisioning of the scalable processing power.
 Scalability: Sensor-Cloud enables the earlier sensor networks to scale on very large size
because of the large routing architecture of cloud. It means that as the need for resources
increases, organizations can scale or add the extra services from cloud computing
vendors without having to invest heavily for these additional hardware resources.
 Collaboration: Sensor-Cloud enables the huge sensor data to be shared by different
groups of consumers through collaboration of various physical sensor networks. It
eases the collaboration among several users and applications for huge data sharing on
the cloud.
 Free Provisioning of Increased Data storage and Processing Power: It provides free
data storage and organizations may put their data rather than putting onto private
computer systems without hassle. It provides enormous processing facility and storage
resources to handle data of large-scale applications.
 Dynamic Provisioning of Services: Users of Sensor-Cloud can access their relevant
information from wherever they want and whenever they need rather than being stick to
their desks.
 Automation: Automation played a vital role in provisioning of Sensor- Cloud
computing services. Automation of services improved the delivery time to a great
extent.
 Flexibility: Sensor-Cloud provides more flexibility to its users than the past computing
methods. It provides flexibility to use random applications in any number of times and
allows sharing of sensor resources under flexible usage environment.
 Agility of Services: Sensor-Cloud provides agile services and the users can provision the
expensive technological infrastructure resources with less cost. The integration of
wireless sensor networks with cloud allows the high-speed processing of data using
immense processing capability of cloud.
 Resource Optimization: Sensor-Cloud infrastructure enables the resource optimization
by allowing the sharing of resources for several number of applications. The integration
of sensors with cloud enables gradual reduction of resource cost and achieves higher
gains of services. With Sensor-Cloud, both the small and midsized organizations can
benefit from an enormous resource infrastructure without having to involve and
administer it directly.
 Smart Cities:

The urbanization process has greatly improved people‗s standard of living, providing
water supplies and sewerage systems, residential and office buildings, education and health
services and convenient transportation. The concentration of educated people in cities helps to
improve the industrial structure and promote production efficiency. However, urbanization
also creates new challenges and problems. As a representative developing country, the
economic advantages of Indian cities are being offset by the perennial urban curses of
overcrowding, air and water pollution, environmental degradation, contagious diseases and
crime; the urban issues of reducing air pollution and providing clean water, safe
neighborhoods and efficient infrastructure desperately need to be addressed.
All these challenges and problems force citizens, governments and stakeholders to pay
attention to the environment and sustainable development of cities, and to try to find a set of
technical solutions to reduce these urban problems. The Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) revolution has offered people the opportunity to reduce the scale of and/or
solve urbanization issues. During the past 10 years, city systems have become more digital
and information-based, and there has been a fundamental change in the living environment of
citizens and the governing mode of cities.
The economy, culture, transport, entertainment and all other aspects of cities have
become closely combined with ICT, and the Internet has become a major part of citizens‗
daily lives. The abundant accomplishments of digitizing a city‗s information not only
introduce daily convenience to the population, but also establish an infrastructure and
conglomeration of data as a basis for further evolution of modern cities. Over the last 10
years, innovative information technologies such as cloud computing, ‗big data‘, data
vitalization, the ‗Internet of Things‘ and mobile computing have become widely adopted in a
variety of different areas. Cloud computing enables, developers to provide internet services
without the need for a large capital outlay on hardware for deployment or the staff to operate it.
The amount of information published and processed both on- and offline has given rise to an
information explosion, and a new field dedicated to dealing with it—big data—which has
spawned the need for new, more scalable, techniques to derive answers from huge sets of
data. The emergence of the Internet of Things makes it possible to access remote sensor data
and to control the physical world from a distance, meaning that cities can effectively sense and
manage essential elements such as the water supply, building operations, and road and transport
networks.
Data vitalization proposes a new paradigm for large-scale dataset analysis and offers
ubiquitous data support for top-level applications for smart cities. With the help of mobile
computing, users can access and process information anywhere, and anytime, on all aspects of
life. The urbanization, growth and associated problems of modern cities, coupled with the
rapid
 development of new ICT, has enabled us to first envisage the ‗smart cities‗ concept, and now
to begin to build smart cities, which is seen as the future form for cities. Figure 1 shows how a
smart city is formed. Smart city includes smart business, smart living, smart education,
smart community, smart government, smart infrastructure, smart utility, smart
mobility and smart environment.

The new Internet of Things (IoT) applications are enabling Smart City initiatives worldwide. It
provides the ability to remotely monitor, manage and control devices, and to create new insights and
actionable information from massive streams of real-time data. The main features of a smart city include a
high degree of information technology integration and a comprehensive application of information resources.
The essential components of urban development for a smart city should include smart technology, smart
industry, smart services, smart management and smart life. The Internet of Things is about installing sensors
(RFID, IR, GPS, laser scanners, etc.) for everything, and connecting them to the internet through specific
protocols for information exchange and communications, in order to achieve intelligent recognition, location,
tracking, monitoring and management. With the technical support from IoT, smart city need to have three
features of being instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. Only then a Smart City can be formed by
integrating all these intelligent features at its advanced stage of IOT development. The explosive growth of
Smart City and Internet of
 Things applications creates many scientific and engineering challenges that call for ingenious research
efforts from both academia and industry, especially for the development of efficient, scalable, and reliable
Smart City based on IoT. New protocols, architectures, and services are in dire needs to respond for these
challenges. The goal of the special issue is to bring together scholars, professors, researchers, engineers and
administrators resorting to the state-of-the-art technologies and ideas to significantly improve the field of
Smart City based on IoT.

So, when we talked about smart cities; what is it. So, in addition to the regular
infrastructure that is there in any city for example, the urban infrastructure consisting of
office buildings residential areas hospitals schools transportation police and so on you also need
something in addition to make the cities smart. So, what is this in addition let us talk about.
So, smart means what smart means that it is in terms of the services that are given to the
respective stake holders of these cities. So, citizens are able to do things in a better manner in an
improved manner then usual and how is that made possible that is made possible with the help
of nothing, but the ICT technologies information and communication technologies which also
includes electronics embedded electronics different other advanced topologies in electrical in
a electrical sciences and so on. So, computers electronics put together can make these cities
smart. So, definitely will have to take help of sensors ,sensor networks sensor networks then
actuators then the different other communication technologies RFID, NFC, ZWAVE and so
and so forth.
 Modern urban spaces are hotbeds of new ideas and world-shaking innovations. As for
urban adoption of connected tech: all things considered, it really makes practical sense.
Densely populated areas stand to gain the most from improved surroundings, and depending
on the city, they might already come equipped with the fundamental IT infrastructures, which
makes the further adaption easier. Meanwhile, the IoT might also offer some solutions to ease the
huge burden that the urban explosion has meant for the existing infrastructures.

Connected City
A common definition for a smart city is using ICT to make a city (administration,
education, transportation, etc.) more intelligent and efficient. The definitions and concepts of
smart cities are still emerging, and there is currently no clear and consistent definition of a
smart city among the different stakeholders. In order to implement and assess smart cities in
practice, a deeper understanding of the ‗smart city‗ still needs to be defined. Many countries and
cities have launched their own smart city projects to resolve urbanization issues and
challenges.

The USA was one of the first countries to launch a smart city project with a high
compliment of smarter planet notions from President Barack Obama. In particular, for
developing countries, the speed of urbanization is considerably faster and, as a consequence,
the infrastructure problems faced are much greater. In 2014, India declared an intention to build
more than 100 smart cities, with high- technology communication capabilities, throughout the
country. ICT plays an important role in smart city construction. Top-level architecture research
plays a considerable role in guiding technology development in every domain of a smart city and
improving research into resource configuration. Now let‗s extrapolate the potential use cases to
an entire city in which we have many objects that are capable of capturing information and
interacting with other objects.

The street lamp can now not only communicate with the devices that are closest but
with other objects that are connected to the Internet and process this information to make
decisions, for example, about the intensity of the light that is the most appropriate. The objects
can also send information about what is happening in their environment or process different
information. If the information from the street lamp is processed alongside with information
from a nearby traffic light, we can start talking about the IoT use cases in the smart city
environment.
When it comes to smart cities and the management of public space, the scope of
possibilities, that IoT offers, is infinite. In other words, the IoT comes with considerable
possibilities and room for manoeuvre within the field of smart cities. It is one of the aspects that
we will touch in the Master‗s in Global Smart City Manager. IoT is a technology that is already
there, that has been developed for a long time, but whose implantation in the public space will
prevail in the years to come.
 And depending on the way we approach our smart city project or the implementation of
this technology in public space, smart city projects will be developed in one way, or another,
they will be able to achieve common objectives in one way or another.

Possible IoT Use Cases for Smart Cities

 Smart parking
An IoT solution will permit monitoring the availability of parking spots in the city. With the GPS
data from drivers‗ smartphones (or road-surface sensors in the ground), smart parking solutions
let the user know when the closest parking spot becomes free to find a parking spot faster and
easier instead of blindly driving around.
 Smart roads and smart traffic congestion management
Different IoT solutions will permit to monitor vehicle and pedestrian levels to optimize driving
and walking routes. The use of different types of sensors, as well as GPS data from drivers‗
smartphones will help to determine the number, location and the speed of vehicles. Thanks to a
cloud management platform which connects various traffic lights, the city will be able to
monitor green light timings and automatically alter the lights based on the current traffic
situation to prevent congestion. Better control of traffic congestion will also help to improve
air quality.
 Smart public transport
With the help of IoT sensors, we can obtain data to learn about the patterns of how citizens use
public transport. Smart public transport solutions can combine multiple sources, such as ticket
sales and traffic information. The users could also use an app to contact the authorities in case
they spot incidents or suspicious activities.
 Smart street lighting
IoT-based smart cities allow better maintenance and control of street lamps. Equipping
streetlights with sensors and connecting them to a cloud management solution makes them
more straightforward and cost-effective. With this system, the city can adapt the lighting
schedule to the lighting zone and weather conditions.
 Smart waste management
Waste-collecting is another service that could be optimized with an IoT- enabled solution by
tracking waste levels, as well as providing route optimization and operational analytics.

Advantages of a Smart City

Smart cities can be described as cities capable of using information technology to create
efficiencies and create sustainability, and improve the quality of life of it‗s residents.

A smart city is basically a living entity, capable of extraordinary adaptations that we once
thought were not possible. This post will be discussing smart cities, including what makes a
smart city, it‗s benefits, it‗s effects on the environment, and what negative effects, if any it
might have on it‗s citizens and the world as a whole.
The benefits of smart cities:
 Efficient distribution of resources
Smart cities have an overall better organization and infrastructure. All the sectors are involved
in a complex interplay that simplifies everyday life for people who live and work in the city.
The cameras at the bus stops can identify how many people are waiting to board; the sensors
on the approaching bus know how many people ride the bus at any given point in time, and
how many people are currently on the bus. The combination of the information from the bus stop
and the bus then leads to the city‗s response. There can then be redistribution of people and
buses if it appears that the current course of events will not be efficient.
 Seamless communication
Communications between the various systems and sensors in a smart city is very important. In
fact, without them the smart city cannot efficiently redistribute resources and make citizens‗
lives better. However, smart cities bring about a different, equally efficient communication–the
communication between the citizens and the government of the particular city.
In prior times, policies and programs were made based on what the government perceived to
be needed by the city. This often led to massive oversights and the omission of key policies
altogether. In a smart city, the policy makers have all they could ever need to make informed
decisions. The information gathered all across the city provide an invaluable line of
communication between the needs of the city, and the people who can address those needs.
 Speed of implementation
Still on governments and policies, every country with a democracy can testify to the fact that
it takes quite a while for policies, or any sort of new development to get implemented. This is
partly due to bureaucracy and the multiple levels of government, and also partly due to the
human factor. Smart cities overcome these problems very easily. Because the points that need
improvements have already been identified, the implementation becomes easier. All the
automation, analytics, and sensors contribute to
making it easier for most of the changes to be implemented remotely, creating a seamless
flow of change from conception to execution.

Smart Home:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that allows devices to be connected and
remotely monitored across the Internet. In the last years, the IoT concept has had a strong
evolution, being currently used in various domains such as smart homes, telemedicine,
industrial environments, etc. Wireless sensor network technologies integrated into the IoT enable
a global interconnection of smart devices with advanced functionalities. A wireless home
automation network, composed of sensors and actuators that share resources and are
interconnected to each other, is the key technology to making intelligent homes.
A ―smart home‖ is a part of the IoT paradigm and aims to integrate home automation.
Allowing objects and devices in a home to be connected to the Internet enables users to remotely
monitor and control them. These include light switches that can be turned on and off by using a
smartphone or by voice command, thermostats that will adjust the indoor temperatures and
generate reports about energy usage, or smart irrigation systems that will start at a specific
time of a day, on a custom monthly schedule, and thus will control water waste. Smart home
solutions have become very popular in the last years. Figure 1 shows an example of a smart
home that uses different IoT-connected utilities.
 One of the greatest advantages of home automation systems is their easy management
and control using different devices, including smartphones, laptops and desktops, tablets,
smart watches, or voice assistants. Home automation systems offer a series of benefits; they
add safety through appliance and lighting control, secure the home through automated door
locks, increase awareness through security cameras, increase convenience through temperature
adjustment, save precious time, give control, and save money.
Several home automation systems involved with IoT have been proposed by academic
researchers in the literature in the last decade. In wireless-based home automation systems,
different technologies have been used, each of them with their pros and cons. For example,
Bluetooth-based automation is low cost, fast, and easy to be installed, but it is limited to short
distances. GSM and ZigBee are widely used wireless technologies as well. GSM provides
long-range communication at the cost of a mobile plan of the service provider that operates in
the area. Zigbee is a wireless mesh network standard that is designed to be low-cost and with
low power consumption, targeted at battery-powered devices in wireless control and
monitoring applications. However, it has a low data speed, low transmission, as well as low
network stability, and has a high maintenance cost. The advantages of Wi-Fi technology over
ZigBee or Z-Wave are related to price, complexity (meaning simplicity), and accessibility.
First, Wi-Fi-enabled smart devices are usually cheap. In addition, it is easier to find do-it-
yourself devices that use Wi-Fi, resulting a less expensive option. Second, Wi-Fi is already a
necessity and it is in most homes, so it is easier to buy devices that are already Wi-Fi-enabled.
Finally, Wi-Fi is characterized by simplicity, meaning that a user must connect only a minimal
number of devices for a home automation setup. Since it is very common, the investment on
extra hardware is avoided; a user only needs the basic setup for a home automation system.
However, Wi-Fi is not designed to create mesh networks, it consumes ten times more energy
than similar devices using ZigBee, Z-Wave, or Bluetooth for example, and many Wi-Fi routers
can only allow up to thirty devices connected at once

As compared to Ethernet, Wi-Fi brings several advantages, including the easy connection
and access of multiple devices, the expandability (adding new devices without the hassle of
additional wiring), lower cost, or single access point requirement.
The basic architecture enables measuring home conditions, process instrumented data,
utilizing microcontroller-enabled sensors for measuring home conditions and actuators for
monitoring home embedded devices.The popularity and penetration of the smart home concept
is growing in a good pace, as it became part of the modernization and reduction of cost trends.
This is achieved by embedding the capability to maintain a centralized event log, execute
machine learning processes to provide main cost elements, saving recommendations and
other useful reports.
Smart home services
 Measuring home conditions
A typical smart home is equipped with a set of sensors for measuring home conditions, such as:
temperature, humidity, light and proximity. Each sensor is dedicated to capture one or more
measurement. Temperature and humidity may be measured by one sensor, other sensors
calculate the light ratio for a given area and the distance from it to each object exposed to it.
All sensors allow storing the data and visualizing it so that the user can view it anywhere and
anytime. To do so, it includes a signal processer, a communication interface and a host on a
cloud infrastructure.

 Managing home appliances

Creates the cloud service for managing home appliances which will be hosted on a cloud
infrastructure. The managing service allows the user, controlling the outputs of smart actuators
associated with home appliances, such as such as lamps and fans. Smart actuators are devices,
such as valves and switches, which perform actions such as turning things on or off or adjusting
an operational system. Actuators provides a variety of functionalities, such as on/off valve
service, positioning to percentage open, modulating to control changes on flow conditions,
emergency shutdown (ESD). To activate an actuator, a digital write command is issued to the
actuator.

 Controlling home access

Home access technologies are commonly used for public access doors. A common system
uses a database with the identification attributes of authorized people. When a person is
approaching the access control system, the person‗s identification attributes are collected
instantly and compared to the database. If it matches the database data, the access is allowed,
otherwise, the access is denied. For a wide distributed institute, we may employ cloud
services for centrally collecting persons‗ data and processing it. Some use magnetic or
proximity identification cards, other use face recognition systems, finger print and RFID.
In an example implementation, an RFID card and an RFID reader have been used.
Every authorized person has an RFID card. The person scanned the card via RFID reader
located near the door. The scanned ID has been sent via the internet to the cloud system. The
system posted the ID to the controlling service which compares the scanned ID against the
authorized IDs in the database.
The main components:
To enable all of the above described activities and data management, the system is composed
of the following components, as described in Figure 1.
 Sensors to collect internal and external home data and measure home conditions. These
sensors are connected to the home itself and to the attached-to-home devices. These
sensors are not internet of things sensors, which are attached to home appliances. The
sensors‗ data is collected and continually transferred via the local network, to the
smart home server.
 Processors for performing local and integrated actions. It may also be connected to the
cloud for applications requiring extended resources. The sensors‗ data is then processed
by the local server processes.
 A collection of software components wrapped as APIs, allowing external applications
execute it, given it follows the pre-defined parameters format. Such an API can process
sensors data or manage necessary actions.
 Actuators to provision and execute commands in the server or other control devices. It
translates the required activity to the command syntax; the device can execute. During
processing the received sensors‗ data, the task checks if any rule became true. In such
case the system may launch a command to the proper device processor.
 Database to store the processed data collected from the sensors [and cloud services]. It
will also be used for data analysis, data presentation and visualization. The processed
data is saved in the attached database for future use.
  Cloud computing and its contribution to IoT and smart home: Cloud computing is a
shared pool of computing resources ready to provide a variety of computing services in
different levels, from basic infrastructure to most sophisticated application services,
easily allocated and released with minimal efforts or service provider interaction.
 In practice, it manages computing, storage, and communication resources that are
shared by multiple users in a virtualized and isolated environment.
 IoT and smart home can benefit from the wide resources and functionalities of cloud to
compensate its limitation in storage, processing, communication, support in pick
demand, backup and recovery.
 For example, cloud can support IoT service management and fulfillment and execute
complementary applications using the data produced by it.
 Smart home can be condensed and focus just on the basic and critical functions and so
minimize the local home resources and rely on the cloud capabilities and resources.
 Smart home and IoT will focus on data collection, basic processing, and transmission
to the cloud for further processing. To cope with security challenges, cloud may be
private for highly secured data and public for the rest.

IoT challenges for Smart City and Smart Home:

 Infrastructure
Smart Cities utilize sensor technology to gather and analyze information in an effort to improve
the quality of life for residents. Sensors collect data on everything from rush hour stats to crime
rates to overall air quality. Complicated and costly infrastructure is involved in installing and
maintaining these sensors. How will they be powered? Will it involve hard- wiring, solar
energy, or battery operation? Or, in case of power failure, perhaps a combination of all three?
Funding for new infrastructure projects is limited and approval processes can take years.
Installing new sensors and other improvements cause temporary – though still frustrating –
problems for people living in these cities.
 Security and Hackers
As IoT and sensor technology use expands, so does the threat level to security. This begs the
question…is technology really considered ―smart‖ if hackers can break into it and shut down
an entire city? Recent discussion involving cyber-terror threats to vulnerable and outdated
power grids has everyone a bit more concerned and skeptical about technology and security.
Smart Cities are investing more money and resources into security, while tech companies are
creating solutions with new built-in mechanisms to protect against hacking and cyber-crimes.
 Privacy Concerns
In any major city, there‗s a balance between quality of life and invasion of privacy. While
everyone wants to enjoy a more convenient, peaceful, and healthy environment, nobody
wants to feel like they are constantly being monitored by ―Big Brother.‖
Cameras installed on every street corner may help deter crime, but they can also install
fear and paranoia in law-abiding citizens. Another valid concern is the amount of data being
collected from all the smart sensors residents come into contact with each day.
 Educating & Engaging the Community
For a Smart City to truly exist and thrive, it needs ―smart‖ citizens who are engaged and
actively taking advantage of new technologies. With any new city-wide tech project, part of
the implementation process must involve educating the community on its benefits. This can be
done through a series of in-person town hall-style meetings and email campaigns with voter
registration, as well as an online education platform that keeps citizens engaged and up-to-
date. When a community feels like it‗s playing a part in the overall decisions that affect daily
life, and is being communicated to in a clear and thoughtful manner, it‗s more apt to use the
technology and encourage others to use it as well. This is key to a Smart City‗s success.
 Connected vehicles:
 Connected vehicles connect to a network to enable bi-directional communications between vehicles
(cars, trucks, buses and trains) and other vehicles, mobile devices and infrastructure for the pupose of
triggering important communications and events.

 Connected vehicle technology can change our transportation system as we know it by

enabling safe, interoperable networked wireless communications among vehicles, the
infrastructure, and passengers‘ personal communications devices.

 Connected vehicle technology will enable cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles to ―talk‖
to each other with in-vehicle or after market devices that continuously share important
safety and mobility information.

 Connected vehicles can also use wireless communication to―talk‖ to traffic signals,
work zones, toll booths, school zones, and other types of infrastructure.
 Different communications technologies (satellite, cellular, dedicated short range
communications) may be utilized depending on the performance requirements of the
connected vehicle applications.
 Cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles can ―talk‖ to each other with in-vehicle or aftermarket
devices that continuously share important safety and mobility information. Connected
vehicles can also use wireless communication to ―talk‖ to traffic signals, work zones, toll
booths, school zones, and other types of infrastructure.
 The vehicle information communicated does not identify the driver or vehicle, and technical
controls have been put in place to help prevent vehicle tracking and tampering with the
system.
The vision for connected vehicle technologies is to transform surface transportation
systems to create a future where:
• Highway crashes and their tragic consequences are significantly reduced
• Traffic managers have data to accurately assess transportation system performance and
actively manage the system in real time, for optimal performance
• Travelers have continual access to accurate travel time information about mode choice and
route options, and the potential environmental impacts of their choices
• Vehicles can talk to traffic signals to eliminate unnecessary stops and help drivers operate
vehicles for optimal fuel efficiency.
Challenges:
 Security
 Privacy
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Quality of service
 Lack of Global Standards
What is Vehicle to Everything (V2X)?

Vehicle-to-everything technology consists of the sensors, cameras and wireless connectivity — like WiFi, radio
frequencies and LTE and 5G cellular technology — that would allow cars to share information with each other, their
drivers and their surroundings. Currently, V2X technology is very piecemeal.

Vehicle to Everything (V2X) is a vehicular communication system that supports the

transfer of information from a vehicle to moving parts of the traffic system that may affect
the vehicle.

The main purpose of V2X technology is to improve road safety, energy savings, and
traffic efficiency on the roads.
How Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Works
In a V2X communication system, the information travels from the vehicle sensors and
other sources through high-bandwidth, high-reliability links, allowing it to communicate with
other cars, infrastructure such as parking spaces and traffic lights, and smartphone-tossing
pedestrians.

By sharing information, such as speed, with other entities around the vehicle, the
technology improves the driver‗s awareness of potential dangers and helps reduce the severity
of injuries, road accident fatalities, and collision with other vehicles.

The technology also enhances traffic efficiency by warning drivers of upcoming traffic,
suggesting alternative routes to avoid traffic and identifying available parking spaces.
Components of V2X Technology

Here are several components that work together to create the end-to-end communication that

V2X demands.
1.V2V: VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
Vehicle to vehicle, or V2V, communication is when cars are able to exchange data on speed, location
and direction with each other. This exchange happens wirelessly and in real-time. Many cars are equipped
with this kind of technology already, which can be seen through features like lane-change assistance and
blind-spot detection.
2.V2I: VEHICLE TO INFRASTRUCTURE
Vehicle to infrastructure, also known as V2I, is when cars are able to wireless share information
between themselves and connected road infrastructure like smart traffic lights or road signs.

3.V2P: VEHICLE TO PEDESTRIAN

Vehicle to pedestrian, or V2P, communication is when a car is able to sense nearby pedestrians (this includes
bicyclists, strollers and wheelchairs).

4.V2N: VEHICLE TO NETWORK

Vehicle to network, or V2N, communication refers to when cars are able to exchange data within network
systems like LTE and 5G.

-V2X: VEHICLE TO VEHICLE, INFRASTRUCTURE, PEDESTRIAN AND NETWORK

Vehicle to everything — V2X — technology is when a car is able to recognize and communicate with all of
these facets of transportation. Cars designed with V2X in mind serve as prime examples of connected vehicle
technology.

Advantages of V2X
BENEFITS OF VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING TECNOLOGY
Improves safety for drivers and pedestrians.
Allows for more fuel efficiency.
Saves time and money.
1.IMPROVES SAFETY
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that nearly 43,000 people died in
car accidents in 2021 in the United States. But V2X technology may be able to help combat these numbers.
―There are so many accidents today that could be prevented,‖ Maite Bezerra, an automotive industry
analyst told the New York Times. ―And with advanced warnings of traffic jams and red lights reducing sudden
braking, fuel efficiency will also be improved.‖
NHTSA estimates that even adopting only two V2X safety features, like LiDAR and radio
communication between cars, could save 1,000 lives and prevent half a million crashes per year.
2.CREATES MORE FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES
With V2X, cars are able to collect data on traffic jams, stop lights and speed zones. Then the car is able to
translate this data into a route that increases fuel efficiency and avoids unnecessary stopping. In the case
of electric cars, V2X connects with infrastructure to alert drivers where nearby charging stations are located.

3.SAVES TIME AND MONEY

Since a car with V2X technology can be more fuel efficient, this also means it can save drivers time and
money. Connected vehicle technology can suggest faster driving routes and help avoid incidents on the road.
This can help drivers save money on gas and repairs in the long run.

o The key components of V2X technology include V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and V2I (vehicle-to-
infrastructure). V2V allows vehicles to communicate with
o other vehicles on the road, while V2I allows vehicles to communicate with external entities, such as
traffic lights, parking spaces, cyclists, and pedestrians.
o The technologies help improve road safety, reduce fuel consumption, and enhance the experience
between drivers and other road users, such as cyclists and pedestrians.
o When V2X systems are integrated into traditional vehicles, drivers can receive important information about
the weather patterns, nearby accidents, road conditions, road works warning, emergency vehicle
approaching, and activities of other drivers using the same road.
o Autonomous vehicles equipped with V2X systems may provide more information to the existing
navigation system of the vehicle. The systems also make it possible for autonomous vehicles to scan the
surrounding environment and make immediate decisions based on the information received.
 Smart Grid:
What is the Smart Grid?
The ―grid‖ is the electrical network serving every resident, business and infrastructure
service in a city. The ―smart grid‖ is the next generation of those energy systems, which have
been updated with communications technology and connectivity to drive smarter resource use.
The technologies that make today‗s IoT-enabled energy grid ―smart‖ include wireless devices
such as sensors, radio modules, gateways and routers. These devices provide the sophisticated
connectivity and communications that empower consumers to make better energy usage
decisions, allow cities to save electricity and expense, and enables power authorities to more
quickly restore power after a blackout.
The Smart Grid is critical to building a secure, clean, and more efficient future, according to
the International Energy Agency (IEA). The Smart Grid is part of an IoT framework, which
can be used to remotely monitor and manage everything from lighting, traffic signs, traffic
congestion, parking spaces, road warnings, and early detection of things like power influxes as
the result of earthquakes and extreme weather. The Smart Grid does this through a network of
transmission lines, smart meters, distribution automation, substations, transformers, sensors,
software and more that are distributed to businesses and homes across the city.
Smart Grid technologies all contribute to efficient IoT energy management solutions that are
currently lacking in the existing framework. What makes the IoT Smart Grid better is two-way
communication between connected devices and hardware that can sense and respond to user
demands. These technologies mean that a Smart Grid is more resilient and less costly than the
current power infrastructure.
The main advantages identified in this document are:
 Energy savings through reducing consumption
One of the advantages of smart grids is that they can tell us the consumption at an energy
meter at any time, so users are better informed of their real consumption. Moreover, with better
consumption monitoring, contracted power can be adjusted to meet the real need of each
consumer. These two factors result in users reducing their consumption and tailoring their
contracted power to their real needs.
 Better customer service and more accurate bills
Another key advantage offered by tele-management systems is that bills are more accurate. They
always reflect the real consumption of each month instead of estimates, reducing the cost of
the old system of manual energy meter readings. In addition to being able to access
information about the installation remotely, problems become easier to diagnose and solutions
can therefore be implemented faster, improving customer service. Now a days customers have
to notify companies for them to take action. But with remote management the system itself
automatically reports all incidents to the electric company so it can respond faster to users.
 Reduced balancing cost
Smart Grids can collect much more data than the manual energy meter reading system. This
permits the use of data analysis techniques and the preparation of highly realistic
consumption forecasts as many more variables are taken into account. Utilities can then better
tailor their production to consumption (balances) and reduce energy surpluses.
 Reduction of carbon emissions
All the benefits above involve reducing consumption, which entails a reduction in CO2
emissions. We can thus say that Smart Grids lead to a more sustainable future. All this will
directly contribute to the future integration of electric vehicle charging systems on the mains.
The deployment of renewable energy systems is also made easier as utilities gain greater control
of their grids.
 Smart Grid Enables Renewable Energy Generation
Traditional energy grids are designed to transmit electricity from a large, centralized power
station to a wide network of homes and businesses in the area. At this stage, the electric grid is
not designed to accept inputs from homes and businesses that are generating power via solar
panels or windmills. A smart grid is designed to accept power from renewable resources.
Crucially, the smart grid in conjunction with wirelessly enabled smart meters can keep track
of how much energy a net-positive establishment is generating and reimburse them
accordingly. The smart grid also allows for monitoring of solar panels and equipment as well.
We mentioned earlier that a smart grid can mitigate the effects of a disaster such as a
terrorist attack or natural disaster on a power station, a feat
that‗s possible due to decentralized energy generation. Under the traditional model, a small
number of power plants powered a city. This left these services vulnerable to threats that would
result in widespread blackouts and energy shortages. With a decentralized model, even if the
centralized power plant is taken offline, multiple alternative sources, including wind and solar,
can supplant the resources in the grid. This decentralized system is much harder to take offline
and can provide a robustness that‗s not possible when one plant is powering an entire city.
Smart Grid for the Future
Smart grid technology can be expressed in a single sentence: a new electric grid with two-
way communication. For the first time, businesses and consumers can get real time billing
information while utility companies can better meet the needs of their customers as they react to
demand spikes and fix or manage blackouts and other challenges.

Smart grid is resilient, efficient and green which is good for the consumer, the utility
company and the environment. Wireless technology will replace thousands of miles of cable
that would have been needed to advance the smart grid to where it is today.
Challenges:
 High Investment
 Cyber attacks

Industrial IoT:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is considered as the main future IoT-
application area, is defined by the Industrial Internet Consortium as machines, computers and
people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for
transformational business outcomes‖ (―Industrial Internet Consortium,‖ 2017). Generally, IIoT
is one basis of Industry 4.0 and the digital transformation.

The IIoT is the connection between IT (information technology) and OT

(operational technology). IIoT is the most important segment in IoT, much more than
consumer applications. The Industrial Internet of Things is related to the Industry 4.0: all IoT
applications in Industry 4.0 are forms of IIoT but not all IIoT use cases are about the industries
which are categorized as Industry
4.0. Typical use cases of the Industrial Internet of Things include intelligent machine
applications, industrial control applications, factory floor use cases, condition monitoring, use
cases in agriculture or smart grid applications.
4.1. It is important to know that the IIoT is not just about saving costs and optimizing
efficiency though. Companies also have the possibility to realize important transformations
and can find new opportunities, e.g., entirely new business models in Industry 4.0.
According to TechTarget, IIoT can be formally defined as ―the use of smart sensors and
actuators to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes. Also known as the industrial
internet or Industry 4.0, IIoT leverages the power of smart machines and real-time analytics
to take advantage of the data that dumb machines have produced in industrial settings for
years.‖
Industrial IoT capabilities require widespread digitization of manufacturing operations.
Organizations must include four primary pillars to be considered a fully IIoT-enabled operation:
 Smart machines equipped with sensors and software that can track and log data.
 Robust cloud computer systems that can store and process the data.
 Advanced data analytics systems that make sense of and leverage data collected from
systems, informing manufacturing improvements and operations.
 Valued employees, who put these insights to work and ensure proper manufacturing
function.
 IDENTIFYING INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS
The Industrial Internet of Things is mainly identified by its four categories

1. Interconnection

The internet of things in itself is an idea of connection. So once there is a connection between smart devices
algorithms, sensors and the operators running those sensors and algorithms, human-machine interface (HMI)
is made effective. Motorization allows the operators and equipment to interact over a platform of supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA). Which, depending on the production process can involve complete
automation of batch processes, or easily controlled processes dependent on frequently made decisions of
operators.

2. Normalization

Data acquired from sensors is usually raw data, and should be normalized for effective use, which is achieved
if data is broken down into understandable components for operators and supervisors. This normalization is
common in IIoT because data commonly come from several sensors; in that case, for an improved HMI, data
maps are created.

3. Data Analysis

Data produced by the sensors should be easily analysed by the operated machines, if data is wrongly analysed
and misinterpreted, error is eminent and so is danger, safety is only achieved if data is analysed completely
and correctly for machines to be able to coordinate properly, otherwise IIoT can not be of great use if Data
Analysis fails.

4. Systems Automation

Once systems are Interconnected, and data from sensors is successfully normalized for operators, then easily
analysed by the machines themselves, the machines of a plant should be able to run as an independent entity,
HMI should be easy but otherwise greatly reduced to prevent human error.

The production unit must be self-sustaining to run on its own, that way the industrial process can be
categorized as a IIoT-dependent firm.
 Benefits of IIoT(Industrial IOT):
These are 5 of the biggest benefits of adopting a fully connected IIoT manufacturing operation.

Industries have been benefited by the use of IIoT in their plants which helped them to safety, cost-
saving, time-saving, maintenance, scalability, efficiency.

It is possible to monitor people, data and processes from the remote shop floor to offices, as this has helped
higher authorities to take effective decisions based on the visual reports.

1.Increase efficiency
The biggest benefit of IIoT is that it gives manufacturers the ability to automate, and
therefore optimize their operating efficiency. Robotics and automated machinery can work
more efficiently and accurately, boosting productivity and helping manufacturers streamline
their functions.
Additionally, physical machinery can be connected to software via sensors that monitor
performance on a constant basis. This enables manufacturers to have better insights into the
operational performance of individual pieces of equipment as well as entire fleets.
IIoT-enabled data systems empower manufacturers to improve operating efficiencies by:
 Bypassing manual tasks and functions and implementing automated, digital ones
 Making data-driven decisions regarding all manufacturing functions
 Monitoring performance from anywhere – on the manufacturing floor or from
thousands of miles away
2.Reduce Errors
Industrial IoT empowers manufacturers to digitize nearly every part of their business. By
reducing manual process and entries, manufacturers are able to reduce the biggest risk
associated with manual labor – human error.
This goes beyond just operational and manufacturing errors. IIoT solutions also can reduce the
risk of cyber and data breaches caused by human error. A Cyber Security Trend report cited
people as the biggest cause of cyber security breaches, with human error being the culprit
37% of the time. AI and machine learning-enabled programs and machinery can do much of the
required computing themselves, eliminating the potential for someone to make a simple
mistake, and put the manufacturer‗s data at risk.

3.Predictive Maintenance
Nothing negatively impacts a manufacturing operation more than machine downtime. When
maintenance in the manufacturing world is reactive rather than proactive, manufacturers are
stuck trying to identify what the issue is, how it can be repaired, and what it will cost. With
predictive maintenance powered by industrial IoT solutions, all of those issues are alleviated.
When machinery performance and function is monitored consistently, manufacturers can
create a baseline. This baseline and the corresponding data empowers companies with the
information they need to see any issue before it occurs. They can then schedule maintenance
prior to downtime, which benefits them in that they:

 Have the parts required for the job

 Know the cost of the project beforehand, and can budget for it
 Move production to another area of the facility, so the product quotas are unaffected
 Ensure that machinery is operating at maximum efficiency
4.Improve Safety
All of the data and sensors required of a fully functioning IIoT manufacturing operation are
also helping to bolster workplace safety.
―Smart manufacturing‖ is turning into ―smart security‖ when all of the IIoT sensors work together
to monitor workplace and employee safety.
Integrated safety systems are protecting workers on the floor, on the line, and in distribution.
If an accident occurs, everyone in the facility can be alerted, operations can cease, and
company leadership can intervene and make sure the accident and incident is resolved. This
incident can also generate valuable data that can help prevent a repeat occurrence in the
future.
A newer option some manufacturers are utilizing is the use of wearable technology among
their employees. Wearables have been part of IoT since its infancy, and it are just now being
utilized in industrial IoT operations.
Wearables help leadership keep tabs on things like employee posture and the surrounding
noise levels, and they can then improve work conditions and potentially improve
performance. They can also alert employees when they aren‗t following proper workplace safety
procedures, so theycan correct their actions and stay safe on the job.

5.Reduce Costs
Knowledge is power, and the knowledge provided to manufacturers via IIoT solutions is giving
them the tools they need to reduce costs and generate more revenue. Data-driven insights into
operations, production, marketing, sales, and more can steer businesses in a profitable
direction.
All of the aforementioned benefits of IIoT – predictive maintenance, fewer errors, improved
quality control, and maximized efficiencies – will all boost profits for a manufacturer.
Industrial IoT also offers arguably the most valuable tool for leaders of a manufacturing
company – insights from anywhere, anytime.
Remote monitoring of manufacturing operations is now possible 365 days a year, 24/7, from
anywhere in the world. This 360-degree view into the entire manufacturing process, and the
follow-up service provided to customers in their buying journey, is an invaluable asset.
Below is the list of well know industries which have adopted this technology:

1. Siemens
2. Bosch
3. Cisco
4. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
5. Harley-Davidson
6. General Motors
 CASE STUDY:
1. What is IoT?

IoT is the abbreviated form of the Internet of Things. IoT is a broad terminology given to
every object that can relay information when connected to the network. The term Internet of
Things was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, co-founder and Executive Director of the MIT
Auto-ID Laboratory while he was giving a presentation at Procter and Gamble (P&G) as
their Brand Manager. He wanted to introduce RFID tags to manage the supply chain so that the
location and stock at the hand of each item coming out of it can be more easily monitored.

2. What is the role of IoT in agriculture?

Agriculture through precision agriculture implements IoT through the use of robots, drones,
sensors, and computer imaging integrated with analytical tools for getting insights and
monitoring the farms. Placement of physical equipment on farms monitors and records data,
which is then used to get valuable insights.

IoT use cases in agriculture (with examples)

There are many types of IoT sensors for agriculture as well as IoT applications in
agriculture in general:

1. Monitoring of climate conditions

Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining various
smart farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the
environment and send it to the cloud. The provided measurements can be used to map the
climate conditions, choose the appropriate crops, and take the required measures to improve
their capacity (i.e. precision farming).

Some examples of such agriculture IoT devices are allMETEO, Smart Elements.

2. Greenhouse automation
Typically, farmers use manual intervention to control the greenhouse environment. The use
of IoT sensors enables them to get accurate real-time information on greenhouse conditions
such as lighting, temperature, soil condition, and humidity.

In addition to sourcing environmental data, weather stations can automatically

adjust the conditions to match the given parameters. Specifically, greenhouse
automation systems use a similar principle.

For instance, Farmapp and Growlink are also IoT agriculture products offering such
capabilities among others.

3. Crop management

One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision farming are
crop management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to collect
data specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and
overall crop health.

Thus, you can monitor your crop growth and any anomalies to effectively prevent any diseases
or infestations that can harm your
yield. Arable and Semios can serve as good representations of how this use case can be applied
in real life.
4. Cattle monitoring and management

Just like crop monitoring, there are IoT agriculture sensors that can be attached to the
animals on a farm to monitor their health and log performance. Livestock tracking and
monitoring help collect data on stock health, well-being, and physical location.

For example, such sensors can identify sick animals so that farmers can separate them from
the herd and avoid contamination. Using drones for real-time cattle tracking also helps
farmers reduce staffing expenses. This works similarly to IoT devices for petcare.

For example, SCR by Allflex and Cowlar use smart agriculture sensors (collar tags) to deliver
temperature, health, activity, and nutrition insights on each individual cow as well as collective
information about the herd.
 5. Precision farming

Also known a s precision agriculture, precision farming is all about efficiency and making
accurate data-driven decisions. It‗s also one of the most widespread and effective applications
of IoT in agriculture.

By using IoT sensors, farmers can collect a vast array of metrics on every facet of the field
microclimate and ecosystem: lighting, temperature, soil condition, humidity, CO2 levels, and
pest infections. This data enables farmers to estimate optimal amounts of water, fertilizers, and
pesticides that their crops need, reduce expenses, and raise better and healthier crops.

For example, CropX builds IoT soil sensors that measure soil moisture, temperature, and
electric conductivity enabling farmers to approach each crop‗s unique needs individually.
Combined with geospatial data, this technology helps create precise soil maps for each field.
Mothive offers similar services, helping farmers reduce waste, improve yields, and increase farm
sustainability.

6. Agricultural drones

Perhaps one of the most promising agritech advancements is the use of agricultural drones in
smart farming. Also known as UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), drones are better equipped
than airplanes and satellites to collect agricultural data. Apart from surveillance capabilities,
drones can also perform a vast number of tasks that previously required human labor: planting
crops, fighting pests and infections, agriculture spraying, crop monitoring, etc.

DroneSeed, for example, builds drones for planting trees in deforested areas. The use of such
drones is 6 times more effective than human labor.
A Sense Fly agriculture drone eBee SQ uses multispectral image analyses to estimate the health
of crops and comes at an affordable price.

\
7. Predictive analytics for smart farming

Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. While IoT and smart sensor
technology are a goldmine for highly relevant real-time data, the use of data analytics helps
farmers make sense of it and come up with important predictions: crop harvesting time, the risks
of diseases and infestations, yield volume, etc. Data analytics tools help make farming, which
is inherently highly dependent on weather conditions, more manageable, and predictable.

For example, the Crop Performance platform helps farmers access the volume and quality
of yields in advance, as well as their vulnerability to unfavorable weather conditions, such as
floods and drought. It also enables farmers to optimize the supply of water and nutrients for each
crop and even select yield traits to improve quality.

Applied in agriculture, solutions like SoilScout enable farmers to save up to 50% irrigation
water, reduce the loss of fertilizers caused by overwatering, and deliver actionable insights
regardless of season or weather conditions.

8. End-to-end farm management systems

A more complex approach to IoT products in agriculture can be represented by the so-called
farm productivity management systems. They usually include a number of agriculture IoT
devices and sensors, installed on the premises as well as a powerful dashboard with analytical
capabilities and in-built accounting/reporting features.

This offers remote farm monitoring capabilities and allows you to streamline most of the business
operations. Similar solutions are represented
by FarmLogs and Cropio.

In addition to the listed IoT agriculture use cases, some prominent opportunities include vehicle
tracking (or even automation), storage management, logistics, etc.
9. Robots and autonomous machines

Robotic innovations also offer a promising future in the field of autonomous machines for
agricultural purposes. Some farmers already use automated harvesters, tractors, and other
machines and vehicles that can operate without a human controlling it. Such robots can
complete repetitive, challenging, and labor-intensive tasks.

For instance, modern agrobots include automated tractors that can work on assigned routes, send
notifications, start work at planned hours, etc. Such tractors are driverless and cut farmers‗ labor
costs. Bear Flag Robotics is one company that works on such technology at the moment.

In addition, smart farming also uses robots for planting seeds, weeding, and watering. The given
jobs are very demanding and labor-intensive. Yet, robots, such as ones from Eco Robotics,
can detect weeds or plant seeds using computer vision and AI technology. These agricultural
robots work delicately, drastically reducing harm to the plants and the environment

The Benefits of smart farming: How’s IoT shaping agriculture

Technologies and IoT have the potential to transform agriculture in many aspects. Namely,
there are 6 ways IoT can improve agriculture:

 Data, tons of data, collected by smart agriculture sensors, e.g. weather

conditions, soil quality, crop‗s growth progress or cattle‗s health. This data can be
used to track the state of your business in general as well as staff performance,
equipment efficiency, etc.

 Better control over the internal processes and, as a result, lower production
risks. The ability to foresee the output of your production allows you to plan for better
product distribution. If you know exactly how much crops you are going to harvest,
you can make sure your product won‗t lie around unsold.
 Cost management and waste reduction thanks to the increased control over the
production. Being able to see any anomalies in the crop growth or livestock health,
you will be able to mitigate the risks of losing your yield.
 Increased business efficiency through process automation. By using smart devices,
you can automate multiple processes across your production cycle, e.g. irrigation,
fertilizing, or pest control.
 Enhanced product quality and volumes. Achieve better control over the production
process and maintain higher standards of crop quality and growth capacity through
automation.
 Reduced environmental footprint. Automation also carries environmental
benefits. Smart farming technologies can cut down on the use of pesticides and fertilizer
by offering more precise coverage, and thus, reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 Healthcare In IOT:
The healthcare industry has gone digital in a big way in recent years. The impact of digital
technologies like IoT devices and monitors is changing the way doctors and hospitals administer care for
their patients, and it‗s a positive trend that is helping to simplify healthcare, lower costs, and improve
access to critical medical information.

The global market for what‗s now known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is
expected to grow from $41 billion in 2017 to $158 billion in 2022. Connected IoT sensors
provide a continuous stream of real-time health data and vital signs such as heart rate, blood
pressure and glucose monitoring.
And we‗re now seeing IoMT device rollout with ultrasounds, thermometers, EKGs, smart
beds, and a range of other medical devices.

Important Benefits of IoT in Healthcare

IoT implementations have unquestioned benefits for both doctors and the patients they treat.
Among the most common benefits:

1. Improved Patient Experience: The more connected patients are to their doctors and families, the
better their experience with healthcare. Remote monitoring of vital signs and symptoms makes physical
spaces smarter, improving efficiency of operations and clinical tasks – contributing to a more
personalized experience.

2. Faster and More Precise Diagnosis: Real-time data provided from personal monitoring
devices (such as glucose and blood pressure) help doctors make

more informed decisions. They provide data to analyze past treatments, diagnose symptoms, reduce
errors, and improve ongoing disease management.

3. Lower Costs: Remote IoT monitoring reduces operational costs for doctors‗ offices and hospitals.
Electronically managed healthcare information is also less costly to access and analyze than paper
records (with the caveat that connected devices and transmitted information undergo proper security
protocol).

The major advantages of IoT in healthcare include:

 Cost Reduction: IoT enables patient monitoring in real time, thus significantly cutting
down unnecessary visits to doctors, hospital stays and re-admissions
 Improved Treatment: It enables physicians to make evidence-based informed
decisions and brings absolute transparency
 Faster Disease Diagnosis: Continuous patient monitoring and real time data helps in
diagnosing diseases at an early stage or even before the disease develops based on symptoms
 Proactive Treatment: Continuous health monitoring opens the doors for providing
proactive medical treatment
 Drugs and Equipment Management: Management of drugs and medical equipment is a
major challenge in a healthcare industry. Through connected devices, these are managed and
utilized efficiently with reduced costs
 Error Reduction: Data generated through IoT devices not only help in effective decision
making but also ensure smooth healthcare operations with reduced errors, waste and system
costs

Healthcare IoT is not without challenges. IoT-enabled connected devices capture huge amounts of
data, including sensitive information, giving rise to concerns about data security.
Common Uses of IoT in Healthcare
IoMT use cases are popping up all over the healthcare landscape. Among the most
popular and impactful examples of IoT in healthcare:

Diabetes Management

With more than 100 million adults in the U.S. living with diabetes or
prediabetes, blood glucose monitoring has become a vital, booming business. In
the old days, diabetic patients were forced to use fingertip pricks to test blood
glucose levels. This inconvenient method, unfortunately, leads some patients to
check less frequently than they should, which could increase the risk of long-term
complications. A lack of real-time data made patients more vulnerable to extreme
swings in glucose levels that could have severe health consequences.
A wave of new IoT-based glucose monitoring devices, however, promises to
streamline diabetes management. Patients use wearable sensors that read glucose
levels and integrate the data directly to a reader and a mobile tracking app on
a smartphone. The data is delivered wirelessly to a centralized system so that
family and healthcare professionals can receive immediate updates when a
glucose reading is taken and monitor diseases like diabetes in real-time.

Virtual Hospitals

Smart IoT devices such as connected personal wearables are creating an

innovative new environment of ―hospitals without walls,‖ where outpatient and long-
term care are delivered remotely by doctors to patients right in their homes. The
benefits are convenience and speed of care to patients, and the freeing up of
hospital bed space for patients who need in person intensive care. One example
of a virtual hospital is in Sydney, Australia, which opened just as the pandemic
was taking hold in 2020. The hospital was redesigned to provide remote care for
patients exhibiting COVID symptoms by using pulse oximeters (clipped to a
finger) to measure oxygen saturation level and heart rates, as well as armpit patches
to measure body temperature. Data was instantly transmitted via mobile phone
app to the virtual hospital staff.

Smart Labs

Today‗s smart labs are comprised of lab equipment capable of tracking and
transmitting scientific and health-related data. Researchers and healthcare
professionals across disciplines are able to capture and share accurate lab data with
each other, and do it quickly to speed analysis. Alerts can also be set up to mitigate
equipment failures and loss of valuable product information and materials,
 including lost medical samples. Smart labs provide a better medium for
collaboration between researchers and the ability to bring important medical
products to the market faster for public consumption.

Brings Continuous Health Monitoring

Makes Hospitals Smarter

Helps You Keep a Track on Your Patients

Makes Insurance Claims Transparent

Making Cities Healthier

Helps in Medical Researches

Activity Monitoring In Iot:

Home activity monitoring systems consist of sensor-based tools that monitor
movement using a combination of PIR movement, door and temperature
sensors. The sensors can monitor activity or inactivity and display the data
gathered as a graph which is stored securely online.

1. Body Temperature Sensor

2. Blood pressure sensor
3. Pulse sensors
4. Raspiratory sensors
5. Pulse Oximetry sensors