Content page

Introduction...........................................................................................................................4
1.Literary style and its effects................................................................................................5
1.2. Meaning of style...............................................................................................................5
1.3.The domain of style...........................................................................................................5
1.4.Stylistics.............................................................................................................................6
1.5.Style and content................................................................................................................7
1.6.Style as manner of expression: Another kind of dualism...................................................7
1.7.Pluralism:Analysing style in terms of functions.................................................................8
1.8.Style text and frequency......................................................................................................8
1.9.Feature of style....................................................................................................................8
1.10.Style markers and the principle of selection......................................................................9
1.11.How are the features for analysis to be selected................................................................9
1.12.How linguistic choices affect mind style.........................................................................10
1.13.Phonological effects.........................................................................................................10
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
References................................................................................................................................12
 4

Introduction

The work in hand talk about literary style and its effects in within this work we are going to
describe meaning of style and has occurred many times we define it simply as the occurrence
in a text of linguistic or stylistic category ,the domain of style to distinguish what a writer has
to say and how is presented to the reader ,stylistics, style and context ,style as manner of
expression ,pluralism, style and frequency, feature of style, style markers and the principle of
selection, how are the features for analysis to be selected ,how linguistic choices affect mind
style ,phonological effects.
 5

1.Literary style and its effects

1.2 .Meaning of style

Monism, dualism ,pluralism, although apparently in conflict with one another ,all have some
things to contribute to a comprehensive view of style.
According to Geoffrey Luch Mick Short (p.11) Style is defined in terms of domain of
language use the problem of measuring style, way in which language is used ,it belong to
parole rather than langue .Style consists in choices made from repertoire of the language
We normally stud style because we want to explain something, and in generally literary
stylistics has implicitly or explicitly ,the goal of explaining the raticu between language and
artistic function.
Style as the dress of thought ,one kind of dualism the distinguished between what a writer has
to say, and how it is presented to the reader ,underlies one of earliest and most persistent
concepts of style.
That of style as the dress of thought, although this metaphor of style is some kinds of
adornment or covering of thought ,or meaning is no longer widely current ,it frequently
appears in renaissance and rationalist pronouncement on style.
When style in fiction was first published .Anglo -American literary criticism had tended to
ignore story and plot, largely because of an assumption that story and plot. Unlike style were
uninteresting to literary scholarship .But by 1960s structuralism and formalist influences from
outside English speakers world had brought a new interest in story structure.

1.3. The domain of style

According to Geoffrey( chapter 1 p˸ 9) it is most general interpretation the word style has a
fairly uncontroversial meaning˸ it refers to the way in which language is used in a given
context ,by a given person, for a given purpose and so on.
The Swiss linguists Ferdinand the Saussure distinguish between langue and parole.
Longue being the code or system of rules common to speakers of language such as English
 6.
Parole being the particular use of the system selections from this system, that speakers on
writers make on this or that occasion.
Example˸ That certain English expressions belong to the official style of weather
forecasting( bright intervals s00cattered showers etc) while other expression( lovely day a bit
chilly etc') belong to the style of everyday conversational remakes about the weather.
Style ,them pertains to parole ˸It is selection from a total linguistic repertoire that constituents
a style.
We talk about style of referring through style to characteristics of language use ,and
correlating these with some extra linguistic which we may call the stylistic domain.
The defines some corpus of writings in which the characteristics of language use are to be
found. But the more extensive and varied the corpus of writings ,the more difficult it is to
identify a common set of linguistic habits .This applies even to the concept of authorial style
traditionally .Intimate connection has been seen between style and an authors
personality .This is urged by Latin Stilus Virum arguit ( the style proclaims the man)'

1.4. Stylistics

According Geoffrey( p.11) there is another reason why texts are natural focus for our study ˸
Within a text it is possible to be more specific about how languages serves a particular artistic
function.
Stylistics simply defined as the linguistic study of style is rarely undertaken for its own sake,
simply as an exercise in describing what use is made of language. We normally study style
because we want to explain something ,and in general ,literary stylistics has implicitly or
explicitly the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function.
Example1: It was bright cold day in April ,and the clacks were stringing( George
Orwell,1984).
Example2:Bob Coweleys out stretched talons gripped the black deep sounding chords(James
Joyces, Ulycess p.282).
Both these sentences are odd ,but for different reasons. Sentence 1 is a linguistic transparent.
 7
Sentence 2 is a description from Joyce Ulysses of someone playing piano .The general aim of
stylistics is an attempt to explain how reads get from the words of a text to an understanding
of it and a felt response to it.

1.5.Style and content

A style is a way of writing. There is a strong tradition of thought which restricts style to
those choices which are choices of manner rather than matter of expression rather than
context. Some such separation is implied in the common definition of style as a way of
writing or a made of expression. This approach may be called Dualist, because it rests on an
assumed dualism ,in language ,between form and meaning .There is an equally strong
academic and literary tradition which assumes the opposite ,in Flaubert's words it like body
and soul ,form and context to me are one ,Let us call this the moinst view .Controversy on
this issue takes us back to the beginnings of literary theory to Aristotle and Plato has not yet
been settled.

1.6.Style as manner of expression˸ another kind of dualism

Thus we come to more general and tenable version of dualism that every writer necessarily
makes choices of expression ,and that it is in these choices in particularly way of putting
things ,that style resides. So understood dualism can be contrasted with monism in simple
diagrammatic terms as presented,

(A) DUALISM.....
1. Content--.Choices of content
2.Form --choices of expression (style)

(B)MONISM
1.Choices of expression
2. Choices of content
 8
1.7.Pluralism ;analysing style in terms of functions

According to Hallidays is that all linguistic choices are meaningful, and all linguistic choices
are stylistic .In this respect, his pluralism can be regarded as more sophisticated version of
monism. The flaw of monism is that it tends to view a text as an undifferentiated whole ,so
that examination of linguistic choices cannot be made except .Halliday pluralism is superior
to monism ,it also has some advantages over dualism. Dualism as we have seen, can say
nothing about how language creates a particular cognitive view of things ,what fowler calls
mind style .It's important to understand that language is used in fiction to project a world
beyond language ,in that we use not only our knowledge of language the meanings of words.

1.8.Style text and frequency

According Geoffrey ( p;31) if style is regarded as function of frequency .it seems reasonable
to suppose that style can be measured .Some definition of style have been based on this
assumption .An example often quoted is that of Bernard Bloch who defined the style of a text
as the message carried by the frequency distributions and transitional probabilities of its
linguistic features specially as they differ from those of the some features in the language as
whole.

1.9.Feature of style
The term feature has occurred many times .We define it simply as the occurrence in a text of
linguistic or stylistic category.
Example of linguistic categories are nasal consonant ,noun ,transitive verb, question ,negative
,future ,colour term.
Example of stylistic categories are balanced sentence ,alliteration ,personification .Stylistic
categories are more complex phenomena which are often difficult to define but which are
assumed to be describable in terms of linguistic categories although they are not a necessary
part of description of a language.
 9
1.10. Style markers and the principle of selection

Style is a manner of expression .We have seen that any practicable method of stylistic
analysis must select some features for analysis and ignore others. It is clear in fact that
stylistic analysis must be very selective indeed'.

1.11.How are the features for analysis to be selected

We have assumed that stylistics investigates the relation between the writers artistic a
achievement and how it is achieved through language ,that is studies the relation between the
significances of a text ,and the linguistic characteristics in which they are manifest. This
implies two criteria of relevance for the selection of stylistic features; a literary criterion and
a linguistic criterion .These two criteria converge in the concept of foregrounding by
combining literary discrimination and linguistic discrimination and linguistic discrimination
in this way we should become alert to those particular features of style called style markers.

1.12. How linguistic choices affect mind style

According to Geoffrey (p.152) one important aspect of mind style is that of participant
relations in the clause .It at this level that semantic matters like agency and responsibility are
indicated .To examine the effects of change in participant relations more closely.
The left foot comes down with firm even pressure on the clutch pedal while the right feeds in
gas. Christopher Isherwood. A single man
In writing this clause I Sherwood has chosen from a myriad of stylistic possibilities.
Examples˸ Below, however, are some of the possible alternatives in terms of participant
relations.
 He comes down with his left foot with firm even pressure.
 He presses his left foot down with firm even pressure
 The left foot presses itself down with firm even pressure
 10
 The left foot press down with firm even pressure

1.13.Phonological effects
Although a written text has no phonological level of style as such, we cannot ignore,
in a treatment of level language, the phonological potentials of the written word.
Phonological choices form a distinct level of style in oral literature, and in written
literature the implicit sound pattern can always be made explicit in reading aloud .To
a large extent ,this implicit phonology is determined by choices of words and structure
at the syntactic level .However ,since the writing system is in many respects a system
for represented the sound pattern of speech ,a further source of phonological effects is
graphology, particularly in the evocation of a characters style of speech in dialogue
 11
Conclusion

At the end of this topic the group concluded that style is a manner of expression and
stylistics investigates the relation between the writers artistic a achievement and how it is
achieved through language. Stylistic variant view of style which supports the dualist is
conviction that style can be distinguished from message, can lead to a more precise
understanding of what it means for a writer to choose .This rather than that way of putting
things .If we define style in terms of stylistic variants we assume that language specifies a
repertoire or code or possibilities .And one important aspect of mind style is that of
participant relations
 12

Reference
LEECH Geoffrey and Mick Short (2006) style in fiction a linguistic introduction to English
fictional prose second edition