INTRODUCTION TO AV AIDS

Audio aids are the hearing aids; visual aids are also instructional devices in which

messages can be seen. By the use of audio visual Aids the messages can be seen as well as heard.

These are the most important senses which contribute to maximum hearing with regard to the

retention of information learned through different senses.

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to

learning process as a whole, until teacher understand the relationship between audiovisual

material and teaching learning process. Audio visual aids is an instructional device in which the

message can be heard as well as seen. Audio visual aids are multisensory material which

motivate and stimulate the individual. Audio visual aids sensitive tools used in teaching and as

avenues for learning more concrete socialistic and clarity. Provide significant gain in thinking

and reasoning. Audio visual aids are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of

the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding

AV aids are used to support the presentation. They are not substitute for what one has to

say, but guide the audience through the material, help to keep the presenters place and highlight

significant points. They are not the message. Just as stretches, dioramas or photographs may

illustrate a written document, so the chosen aids illustrate and illuminate the idea that is to be

presented.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF AV AIDS

Keeping in view the dearth of trained and considering the quality of textbooks, it seems all
very necessary that we should resort to the modern method of teaching history. The advantages
are the following:

 The modern visual and auditory aids make the methodology easy and more meaningful.
 History being a record of the dead past, the reviving of which could only be enacted only
by appealing through visual and auditory aids.
 The students feel attracted to the lesson and thus not only learn better but also remember
the lessons better.
 The use of such aids creates activity and fun, which is psychologically conductive to the
process of learning and biologically experiences and save the lengthy talks and round
about methods.
 These aids provide a chance to be the active participants of the lesson in hand and cut at
the very root of passivity.

The different kinds of Audio-Visual aids in this connection, which may be named here as
follows:

 Historical monuments, building, bridges and pillars.

 Coins and postage stamps.
 Statues, models, sculptures.
 Exhibits, charts, pictures, diagrams, sketches and posters.
 Old historical dresses, costumes and parchments.
 Films, gramophones records and slides and tape-recorded lessons
 Dramatization and historical pageants.
 Field trips, excursions to historical places
 Time lines, time-charts, graphs with dates and decades.

Audiovisual education has developed rapidly since the 1920’s by drawing on new technologies
of communication, most recently the computer. History has shown that pictures, specimens,
demonstrations and other audiovisual means are effective teaching tools.

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 DEFINITIONS

1.According to Kinder S. James:

Audio visual aids are any devices which can be used to make the learning experience

more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

2. According to Burton:

Audio visual aids are those sensory objects are images which initiate or stimulate and

reinforce learning.

3. According to Carter. V. Good:

Audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of

learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.

4. According to good’s dictionary of education:

Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or

carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.

5. According to McKean and Roberts:

Audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which the teacher, through the utilization

of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and correlate concepts,

interpretations and appreciations.

6. According to KP. Neeraja:

An audio-visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well

as seen.

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IMPORTANCE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

 Improve and make teaching effective

 Enable the audience to look, listen and learn.

 Make listening interesting and profitable.

 Quicken the phase of learning

 Economize teacher’s efforts.

 Foster/develop the knowledge.

 Add variety and newness to the lesson

 provide vicarious experience.

 Overcome possible hurdles during act of teaching.

 Being expected behavioural change among the learners.

 Stimulate curiosity and save time and energy.

 Provide concrete experience or direct contact with reality or serves as a

source of information and life likeness in the teaching-learning situation.

 Provide a basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual learning

 The student acquires clear, accurate and vivid image during the process of learning.

 Increase and sustain attention and concentration.

 Make personal involvement of the student in active learning and meet individual needs of

the learner.

 Increase the meaningfulness of abstracts concepts by stimulating correct thinking.

 Provide an opportunity for situational type of learning e g: field trips.

 They direct, dramatize the experiences.

 Add zest, interest and vitality to any training situation.

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  Spread of education as a mass scale-it will provide opportunity for promoting adult

education

 Promote scientific phenomenon.

 Positive transfer of learning and teaching and positive environment for creative

discipline.

 Audio-visual aids educate children for life promotes international understanding.

 Stimulate thinking and motivate action.

 Change attitude or point of view of learners

 Stimulate self-activity on the part of the learner by which it offers reality of experience.

PURPOSES:

 To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching learning more concrete

 To serve an instructional role in itself.

 To create interest among the group

 To make teaching as an effective process

ADVANTAGES:

 A.V. aids help in effective perceptual and conceptual learning

 A.V. aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students

 A.V. aids arouse interests and motivate students to learn

 A.V. aids are helpful in new learning

 A.V. aids help in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and student’s A.V. aids

provide near realistic experience

 A.V. aids can meet individual demands

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  A.V. aids are useful in for education of masses

DISADVANTAGES OF AV AIDS:

 These are not essential for all instructional programs.

 These are helpful for teaching, that they will not substitute teachers and books.

 Possible risks of spectators instead of attitude of thoughtful enquiry.

 It requires more time for planning and preparing.

 Tempts the teachers to narrow down the subject.

 Audiovisual aids are not ends, fat means.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS:

Teaching aids should be

 Meaningful,

 Large in size,

 Purposeful,

 Simple and cheap

 Accurate in every aspect,

 Up to date,

 easily portable,

 Motivates the learners,

 Improvised

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 CONE OF LEARNING

Edgar Dale's “Cone of Experience”, alternatively known as the “Cone of Learning” or the

“Learning Pyramid”. Devised in the 1940s, this model illustrates the premise that how much

understanding a person retains depends on which senses are involved in the learning process.

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 LETTERING TECHNIQUE

There are over hundred lettering techniques and aids in the markets today. Each is designed to

assist the producer to make chart, graphs, maps and posters, transparencies etc. But only few of

them are most effective. One can do with little practice to produce professional lettering. While

lettering, the following points are to be observed.

 Legible- So that the letter can be read easily

 Visible- So that the letter can be seen and perceived easily

 Simple- Should be plain, straight forward and ordinary

 Spacing- To be appropriate

SPACING: It should appear to have equal or uniform distance letters. Spacing should be eye
measurement, not mechanical Badly spaced letters make words difficult to read. Good spacing is
the result of diligent practice.

LAYOUT: The arrangement and form given to letters, contribute a great deal to preparation of
visual materials

 Timing
 Running commentary
 Emphasizing main points 
 Directions
 Discussion
 Prompt practice

DESIGN: It should be brief, simple, and meaningful and attract the minds of readers.

COLOUR: Limit the number of colours and make sure that you’re lettering standout well
from the back ground. Black and yellow are the combination with most contracts.

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TECHNIQUE OF LETTERING

1. Rule of 8’ for formulating principle of legibility

Distance size

64’ 2’

32’ 1’

16’ ½’

8’ ¼’

2. Contrast: High contrast Black and white medium contrast Blue and red

3. Spacing: Mechanical spacing Optical spacing

4. Style: Formal style Informal style Decorative style

Principles

1. Follow the rule of 8’ lettering

2. Letter end in order

3. Too much order gives monotony

4. Headings are better with bold letters

5. Space letters evenly 6. Colour should be pleasing for contract and determination

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 SPACING

RULES HAVE 8’ IN LETTERING

View distance Size of the letter

8 feet ¼’ inch

16 feet ½’inch

32 feet 1 inch

64 feet 2 inch

COLOURS

Colours is an important element in preparing the instructional materials. Synonyms of colour

are chrome, glue, shape lint and tinge. It has universal appeal and irritable charm.

LIST OF COLOURS:

 To contrast parts, differentiate, discriminate

 To emphasize points
 To show relationships
 To get realistic effect
 To attract attention
 To create interest
 To achieve harmony
 To increasing carrier power of message

TYPES OF COLOURS:

Warm colours: Stand out, attract attention and appear to advance. Eg: Red, Orange, and Yellow

Cool colours: Appear to recede and make better back ground. Eg: pale blue, Green, Violet

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COLOUR AND MOODS:

Colour can produce certain feelings and moods The following chart shows the association

usually credited to certain colours.

RED- Exciting, arousing, stimulating

ORANGE- Healing, adds warmth, lively

YELLOW- Joy, gaiety, bright and cheerful

GREEN- Restful, neutral, relaxing, soothing

PURPLE- Richness, royalty, and elegance

BLUE- Cooling, serene, refreshing

WHITE- Purity, spirituality, immaculateness

BLACK- Darkness, gloom, death

COLOUR AND VISIBILITY:

COLOUR contrast will have an effect on visibility using black as back ground. Visibility is

reported as follows.

PURPLE is least visible

YELLOW has 12 times visibility of purple

ORANGE has 9 times visibility of purple

GREEN has 7 times visibility of purple

RED has 5 times visibility of purple BLUE has 3times visibility of purple
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BLUE has 3 times visibility of purple

COLOUR HARMONY

Good way to see colour relationships is to look at the colour wheel. The placement of the

colours around the wheel are not random. They are arranged in spectral order (like the rainbow)

bend into a complete circle. Each colour’s placement on the wheel can help you to identify

harmonious colour combinations.

MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY:

Monochromatic colour schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using

its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades and tones are achieved

by adding a darker colour, grey or black.

COMPLEMENTORY HARMONY:

Two colours on opposite sides of the hue wheel are called a complementary colour

harmony. Three colours adjacent to each other are defined as analogous colour harmony.

ANALOGOUS HARMONY:

Three colours that are next to each other on the colour wheel define an analogous

harmony. We can combine 5B (Blue), 5BG (Blue Green), and 5G (Green) to produce an adjacent

colour scheme on the Munsell colour wheel.

HINT OF USING COLOURS:

 Keep colour scheme simple

 Achieve harmony in colour scheme

 Use minimum number of colours

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 Use colour to emphasize the instructional message

 Consider colour and back ground together to increase the carrying power of message

 Use colour for grouping or categorizing information visually

 Use colour to enhance the quality of material used for teaching

COLOUR WHEEL:

The colour wheel was invented in 1666 by Isaac Newton, who mapped the colour

spectrum onto a circle. The colour wheel is the basis of colour theory, because it shows the

relationship between colours.

Colours that look good together are called a colour harmony. Artists and designers use

these to create a particular look or feel. You can use a colour wheel to find colour harmonies by

using the rules of colour combinations. Colour combinations determine the relative positions of

different colours in order to find colours that create a pleasing effect.

There are two types of colour wheel. The RYB or red, yellow, blue colour wheel is

typically used by artists, as it helps with combining paint colours. Then there is the RGB, or red,

green and blue colour wheel, which is designed for online use, as it refers to mixing light – like

on a computer or TV screen.

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 COLOUR COMBINATIONS

A colour scheme consists of a combination of colours used in a range of design

disciplines, from fine art to interior design to graphic design. Each colour scheme consists of one

or more of the twelve colours present on the colour wheel. By pairing different colours with each

other, you can create endless colour palettes to use in any composition. Different colour

combinations evoke different moods or tones by using colour theory and colour psychology.

SYMBOLS

A study conducted in the 1980s by Giacomo Pizzolatto on macaque monkeys discovered a class

of neurons later known as the mirror neurons which are activated in response to different actions

whether the actions are carried out by ourselves or others. It is one of the neural bases to of

connecting to others. These mirror neurons are also known to be activated when “symbolic”

representations of actions such as mime, speech and reading are experienced. This allowed our

ancestral primates to learn and transmit basic forms of symbolic representations to communicate.

Written communication first emerged through the use of pictograms which slowly developed

standardized and simplified forms.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

Facial expressions can display personal emotions and indicate an individual's intentions within

a social situation. They are extremely important to the social interaction of individuals.

Background scenes in which faces are perceived provide important contextual information for

facial expression processing. Facial expressions are one of the more important aspects of human

communication. The face is responsible for communicating not only thoughts or ideas, but also

emotions.

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PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF AV-AIDS:

Principles of selection of teaching aids proves effectively only when they suit the

teaching objectives and unique characteristics of the special group of learners following points

mat be kept in view in this regard:

1 They should suit the age level, grade level and other characteristics of the learner.

2 They should have specific educational value besides being interesting and motivating.

3 They should be true representatives of the real things.

4 They should help in the realization of desired learning objectives.

Principle of Preparation:

This principle requires the following points should be attended to:

 As far as possible, locally available material should be used in the preparation of aid.

 The teacher should receive same training in the preparation of aids.

 The students should themselves prepare some of the aids

Principle of physical control:

This principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate their lending

to the teachers for use

Principle of proper presentation:

This principle implies the following points,

 Teachers should carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before their actual

presentation.

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  They should fully acquaint themselves with the use and manipulation of the aids to be

shown in the classroom.

 Adequate care should be taken to handle an aid in such a way as no damage is done to it.

 The aid should be displayed properly so that all the students are able to see it, observe it

and derive maximum benefit out of it.

 As far as possible, distraction of all kinds should be eliminated so that full attention may

be paid to the aid.

PROBLEMS IN USING TEACHING AIDS:

 Apathy of the teachers: Teaching with words alone is very tedious, wasteful and ineffective.

 Ineffectiveness of the aids: Preparation, Presentation, Application and discussion are

necessary whenever teacher is using aids for teaching but ….

 Absence of proper planning, Lethargy of the teacher and without proper preparation.

 Correct presentation and appropriate application and discussion, No proper follow up work

etc.

 The aids do not prove their full usefulness, Financial hurdles.

 Absence of electricity, if it is needed, Lack of facilities for training.

 Language difficulty, Not catering to local needs, improper selection of aids.

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PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIO-

VISUAL AIDS:

 Audio Visual material should function as an integral part of educational program.

 Audiovisual Visual aids should be centralized under specialized direction and leadership

in educational program.

 An advisory committee should be appointed to assist in the selection and co-ordination of

audio-visual material.

 Audio-visual aids educational program should be flexible. o Instructions have to help the

students how to use audio-visual aids.

 Budget appropriations should be made regularly for the audio-visual educational

program.

 Legal aspects should be considered in the production and utilization of educational

communication media.

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 AUDIO AIDS

RADIO

The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio receives. It can be
seen in the remotest villages even. The radio transmission serves as a vital agency of mass
education if used effectively. These days transistorized radio receivers are cheaply available,
which can be seen with day cell batteries and these are easily portable.

ADVANTAGES:

There are quite a few advantages of radio lessons, which are enumerated as follows.

 Radio programs are effective for distance education, good for mass education.
 Radio programs with dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive
attitudes.
 Through the radio programs, the effective and expert teachers can be made to reach out to
a large majority of students.
 A radio program can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reverencing a
previous lesson.
 A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at as appropriate time.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Radio is a one-way communication medium, lacking the interactivity of the internet or

social media.
 Radio relies solely on audio content, limiting its ability to convey visual information or
multimedia content.
 The radio industry faces competition from other media, especially digital streaming
services and podcasts.
 Radio cannot convey facial expressions, body language, or visual aids, which can limit
the communication of certain information.

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 TAPE RECORDING

Tape recordings are not easily damaged and can be replayed many more times. If any
scratches or damages, repair can be made on the spot. It enables one to listen and here recordings
previously made.

WHAT TO RECORD:

 Radio programmes for class room use.

 Pupils, discussions, debates, round table talks.
 Speeches at celebrations, ceremonies, political rallies.
 Interviews with workers, businessmen, community leaders.
 Student participation in assemblies.
 Corrective work in speech.
 Plays classroom demonstration, puppet shows

ADVANTAGES:

 Provide people to hear their own voice and events which occur in their own school.
 Language learning is facilitated by the use of tapes.
 The class can tape their own singing or discussion progarmmes and listen in to them in
order improve them in later.
 The teacher and pupil should operate and record on the tape recorder with facility.

DISADVANTAGES:

 A telephone invites enmity and unfriendliness in your neighborhood. The neighbors want
to use the telephone for their benefits and you have to pay the bill.
 You cannot talk if the recipient of the call is unavailable or engaged in talking to
someone else.
 Some of the neighbors are so frank and free that they give your number to their relatives
and friends. They fail to think of your comfort.
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  When we are forced to attend too many calls over telephone, then our peace is disturbed.

MICROPHONE

A microphone is an a acoustic to electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into as

electrical signal. In 1876, anile Berliner invented the first Microphone used as a telephone voice
transmitter. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders,
hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, FRS radios,
megaphones in radio and television broad casting and in computers for recording vice, speech
recognition, and for non acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is faster to provide voice as input using microphone than to type text using
keyboard.
Sound waves can be manipulated in real time.
 It can help in improving safety and security of drivers and riders when used with voice
activation systems e.g. switching on radio, keeping phone in speaker mode etc.
 They are inexpensive in general.
 Most of the microphones tolerate extreme high sound pressure levels.
 Microphone is rugged in construction.
 It does not require power supply except few. For example dynamic microphone does
not need a battery.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Sound files require large memory for storage for further processing and use.
Voice recognition software is not accurate as manual typing. For example, it can not
distinguish between "there" and "their".
 Sound signals are required to be amplified for proper reconstruction. Hence amplifiers
are needed. For example, dynamic microphone requires preamplifier.
 It has reduced performance at high frequencies.

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  Condenser microphone: It is very sensitive and hence it could pick up undesired
background noise.

MEGAPHONE

A megaphone, speaking trumpet, full horn, flow horn, or loud hailer is a portable, usually

handheld, cone shaped horn used to amplify a persons voice towards a targeted direction. The

natural human voice tads to spread easily in all directions where as when it is sent through a

megaphone, the sound is concentrated in a given direction and the campling of its energy to the

air optimized. It is a device that can be used literally anywhere and everywhere. It can be used

outdoors and indoors just as effectively for a good number of the newly made models. It can be

used by a teacher to line up her use at the schools

ADVANTAGES:

 Easy to give voice overs and add voice or sound to a video or documents.

 This gives those who need to be heard a huge advantage when other public address

systems like loudspeakers are not available. They are often used at political rallies,

outdoor movie sets, sporting events, street demonstrations, and any other situation where

people congregate.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Sound files can take a lot of storage and sometimes voice can be distorted if the proper

device is not used.

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 GRAMOPHONE

A gramophone is an old type of record player. These days, a gramophone is a real

antique. A gramophone, like a cassette player, CD player, or MP3 player, is a device for playing
music. A gramophone plays records: discs with grooves that are amplified by a needle. It's a relic
today, but at one time this turntable device was the chief means by which recorded music made
its way to the ears of home listeners. The word was originally a trademark, and inspired the
Grammy Awards (originally the Gramophone Awards), which are over fifty years old.

ADVANTAGES:

 To mend speech defects in one’s own language.

 To teach good pronunciation in a foreign language.
 For co-curricular activities in the school, E.g., song, dancing, background music
 the advantages of records made from non‐breakable material, with greatly improved
recording techniques, and with light‐weight pick ups and sapphire and diamond needles

 easily portable

DISADVANTAGES:

 Its very big

 The volume is always at 1 volume you can't change the volume (Louder - Quieter)

 You had to give it a lot of attention you had to wind the gramophone up it didn't just play
continuously .

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  The first gramophones could only be operated via a hand crank. This wasn't exactly a
treat for the ears, as was reflected in the low sales figures. It wasn't until the introduction
of the spring motor and Caruso voice that the gramophone made its breakthrough.

 Only the rich could afford it

 Limited choice of record

VISUAL AIDS

PROJECTED AIDS

FILM PROJECTOR

This is also known as movie projector. This projector uses a series of still pictures and
runs these pictures with such a speed that the views feels that these are not still pictures but are
moving objects commercial movies 100m to 600m projection with a motion picture projector
provides a combination of sound, colors and motion. These films are available almost on all the
subjects at various levels. NCERT is a good source from where such filmy can be obtained.

STEPS IN SHOWING A FILM IN THE CLASS:

 Choosing the appropriate films suiting to topic, duration, objectives, scope etc.

 Setting up projector and screen so that everybody can see it.

 Ensuring proper lighting system ventilation.

 Testing of power, projector and the film.

 Explaining the purpose of showing the film and what is expected from after the film is
shown.

 Showing the film.

 Evaluating of learning.

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  Review lesion, feed back, supplementary material.

ADVANTAGES:

 Massive Screen: The best advantage of a projector is that it gives you a theatre-like

performance.

 Customizable Screen Size: Unlike televisions, the screen of a projector can be

adjusted as per your preference. A projector also throws a smaller screen display with a

brighter image.

 Low Cost: For home entertainment, projectors offer both technological and practical

advantages at a reasonable price.

 Eye Comfort: The larger screen sizes of the projector are highly beneficial for

the comfort and safety of the eyes. Additionally, eyes feel more comfortable while

looking at the projected image rather than the emitted light output of televisions.

 Portability: The physical design of projectors has two benefits: It is small, and it

is lightweight. Because of this, the projectors offer high portability

DISADVANTAGES:

 Dark Room Required: Not all projectors work in ambient light. Head projector need a

dark room to provide the best performance.

 Needs Separate Screen: While it is true that projectors can reflect images on any flat

surface, it doesn’t give the best performance every time.

 Rainbow Effects: We learned earlier that there are many types of projectors, and each

projector uses different technology.

 Separate Audio System: While some projectors do have an audio system with speakers,

they do not provide as efficient audio quality as separate audio system.

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 OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

Overhead projector is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or drawn on

transparent sheet of acetate on to a screen. It is the cheapest projecting aid currently available. It

projects transparencies with screen images suitable for use in a lighted room .The teacher faces

the class as he uses OHP and the class views the projections The OHP is the most used in all av

aids. The use of transparencies requires the support of an OHP and a projector screen.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is vivid and interest –catching –gives a bright image on the screen.

 No need to blackout the room –image is clear even in a bright room.

 Teacher can prepare transparencies a head of time or write on them during presentation.

 Teacher can face students while discussing information on the transparency.

 The OHP is mobile –it can be moved from room to room or from one part of the room to

another part.

 Image can be projected to high up to enable all to see the image clearly.

 Relatively easy to use, very supportive for the beginning teacher to present the topic to the

class.

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 Since the teacher prepares transparency in advance, during the class, he or she can focus

much time for explanation of topic, saves time.

 Complete diagrams can be taken photocopy on transparency, so even if the teacher does not

have drawing skills, it does not bother much.

 The transparencies are easily carried around and stored.

 Can be used in different ways to convey information teach skills or affect attitudes

 Useful for instructing large group .

 Projector located in front of room and near speaker for easy access.

 Can be used to focus audience attention

 Less expensive

 Sequence of material can be modified during presentation.

 To test students performances, while other classmates observes

 To show relationship by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.

 To give illusion of motion in the transparency.

 As a recording device for presenting minutes of a group discussion visually.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Bulky, difficult to carry and shift or transport.

 Use on and off switch to focus attention –on to focus attention on visual, off to focus

attention to speaker.

 Totally dependent on electricity.

 Accessories like screen, a stand or table to place OHP, an extension board, sockets etc are

required.

 Can serve as a distraction.

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 FILMSTRIPS

Filmstrip is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged

in sequence, usually with explanatory titles. Each strip contains from 25 to 75. It is a fixed
sequence of related stills on a roll of 35 mm film or eight mm film. Filmstrip can show a
process in logical consistency, continuity or the varied aspects of a situation which make up
complete presentation. In-still photography, can be used to show the steps in bathing and
feeding a patient, in teaching a patient to crutch walking, massage therapeutic techniques and
other procedures.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is an economical visual material.

 It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
 Takes up little space and can be easily stored.
 Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure and the individual picture on
the strip can be kept
 before the students for a length of time.
 Filmstrip can be projected on the screen or wall or paper screen as the convenience
and the teaching
 situation demands.

27
 DISADVANTAGES:

 Need a darkened room.

 Require equipment and power that will need to be maintained.
 Sequence cannot be changed.
 Visual media only; it requires audio or printed text.
 Require professional assistance for final production.

SLIDE PROJECTOR

Slide Projector is the best type to use in the classroom is one which holds a slide tray or
carousel and has a long remote control extension cable to allow the teacher free movement and to
talk from the front of the class. Slide must be-Appropriate Simplicity is the essence, discard
inessentials, specially prepared for lectures, graphic presentation is better than tables in
presenting facts or data., Lecgible-Font size 24 to 32 (regular), Title 36 to 42 (bold), Distance
between lines 1.5-2, 50 -70 characters including space and punctuations, don't vary starting point
for each line., in a line Accurate-Confirm what you quote, check for graphical data accuracy

TYPES OF SLIDES:

1. Photogenic slides: 2” x 2”
3” x 4” Black and white coloured

2. Handmade slides: can be made with

a) Acetated sheet b) Cellophane c) Etched glass d) Plain glass e) Lumarith Slides can be made
from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs and snapshot when
they go on field trips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific excursions. The

28
arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect
of teaching with them.

ADVANTAGES:

 There is a change of pace and activity when the slide projector is used and which arouse
the interest among
 the students. The practical preparations of setting up the projector and blacking out the
rOOm cause an
 excitement that something different is going to happen.
 The slides are easy to obtain and produce. Slides can be teacher-made or can be bought
commercially.
 They can be arranged and re-arranged into different sets for different uses.
 They create an impact and transport the students beyond the confines of the classroom.
 They can be shown at any speed. The teacher can, for example, hold a picture on the
screen for some time to examine it in detail or to facilitate discussion among the students
 Help in retention of the material taught in the minds of the learners
 To convey the information
 To demonstrate teaching skills
 Assist lesson development
 Test student understanding
 Review instruction
 Facilitate student-teacher participation
 Affect attitudes to the individual study or group viewing
 Used for small and large group audience
 Can be used in Class rooms, Workshops, Conference
 Combined with narration
 Introduces topic, illustration and evidence
 Glass Slide-can be vivid means of depicting cell structures, tissue layers, body
mechanics, etc. 2 x2; inch film slide.

DISADVANTAGES:

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 1. Limited resolution: Slide projectors have a limited resolution compared to digital
projectors, so the projected image may appear pixelated or blurry.
2. Limited flexibility: With a slide projector, you can only display slides that have been
pre-prepared and loaded into the projector.
3. Bulky and heavy: Slide projectors can be bulky and heavy, making them difficult to
transport and set up for presentations. They also require a source of electricity, which
may not always be available.
4. Cost: While slide projectors themselves may not be expensive, the cost of producing
slides and maintaining the projector can add up over time.

NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS

LEAFLETS

It is a type of visual aid (printed). Leaflets were initially used in military setting to
communicate a message rapidly among soldiers. A single leaflet is a written or pictorial message
on a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds or in fourths,
however it has no standard size, shape or format. While selecting the size, shape and weight of
the paper, the primary consideration is that the paper accommodates the message and be easy to
distribute.

GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECIVE LEAFLETS:

 The heading of the leaflet must be brief, summarizing the theme by using short and
effective words.
 To gain the interest of the target audience with in the first few words, the first sentence of
the text should contain the essence of the message.
 While using pictures in leaflets the picture and text must complement each other.

ADVANTAGES:

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  A leaflet can be passed from student to student without distorting the information on it. It
allows for the use of photo graphs and graphic illustrations which can be easily
understood by all level of students. It is permanent and can be stored and retrieved
whenever necessary.
 It can be useful to communicate messages for a very large as well as small group.
 It reinforces learning by providing chances of rereading, when required by the students.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Dissemination of the leaflet is time consuming and costly, It is less timely than other
means of communication.
 It can be altered by over printing. Development and design of effective printed material
requires trained and knowledgeable personnel.

POSTERS

It is good substitute for first-hand experience. It varies from a simple printed card to a
complicated or artistic design. It should be always a part of campaign. It will serve first to inspire
the people and lastly it will serve as a reminder to the group.

RULES TO PREPARE POSTER:

 To do a special job.
 To promote one print.
 To support local demonstrations and local exhibits.
 Planned for the specified people.
 It should stop the people and make them to look.
 Tell the message in single glance.
 Use bold letters (20” * 30”)
 Use simple, few words which conveys one idea.
 Use pleasing colours, Must be timely.
 It contains…
 First division – announces of project.

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 Second division – set out conditions.
 Third division – recommend action.
 It should be placed, where people pass or gather together.
 Posters can be developed with the help of an artist.

USES:

 To maintain an instant appeal.

 To convey single idea or few ideas, To understand at a glance.

 Comprehensive at a distance and sufficiently clear.

 Suitable for patient education, presenting scientific data, showing safety measures and many

other relating to health.

 Can serve as useful illustrations to aid in the explanation of concepts and principles.

ADVANTAGES:

 It improves the audience attention.

 Easy to understand the topic.

 It promote any products or events.

 Good posters good motivation with remedial action.

 They are able to convey the information to the large audience, as they are placed in

strategic position

 Posters are cheap and easy to prepare

 The use of different colors makes them to be more attractive and appealing to more

audience

 It can be used by both literate and illiterate group

 The message may last for a longer period of time

 Posters are conspicuous and hence attractive to the audience

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DISADVANTAGES:

 Preparation of poster is time consuming process and more expensive.

 Only limited information can give in the poster, Bill boards are expensive to make and

maintain.

 May be affected by adverse weather condition, especially rain

 If not placed strategically, it may not reach the targeted group

GRAPHS

DEFINITION:

Graphs may be defined as “two dimensional clear representation of a quantitative data”.

Graph reveals important relationship from data such as trends. They also show variations from

normal. Graphs are the visual representation of numerical data.

TYPES OF GRAPHS:

 LINE GRAPH: also known as a line plot or a line chart—is a graph that uses lines to

connect individual data points. A line graph displays quantitative values over a specified

time interval. In finance, line graphs are commonly used to depict the historical price

action of an asset or security.

ADVANTAGES:

 Useful for representing continuous data, such as change over time

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  Allows possible extrapolation of data.

 Allows comparison of two or more items to see if there is any kind of connection or

relationship.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Can be difficult to determine exact values at a given point of the graph

 If too many lines are plotted on the same graph, it can become cluttered and hard to read,

Application is limited to data sets that have numerical and whole values

 BAR GRAPH: Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of data (generally
grouped), in the form of vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where the length of bars
are proportional to the measure of data. They are also known as bar charts.
ADVANTAGES:
 show each data category in a frequency distribution
 display relative numbers or proportions of multiple categories
 summarize a large data set in visual form.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Require additional explanation
 Be easily manipulated to yield false impressions
 Fail to reveal key assumptions, causes, effects, or patterns

 PIE GRAPH/ CIRCLE GRAPH: A pie chart is a type of graph that represents
the data in the circular graph. The slices of pie show the relative size of the data, and it
is a type of pictorial representation of data. A pie chart requires a list of categorical
variables and numerical variables. Here, the term “pie” represents the whole, and the
“slices” represent the parts of the whole.
ADVANTAGES:

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 A simple and easy-to-understand picture.It represents data visually as a fractional part of
a whole, which can be an effective communication tool for the even uninformed
audience.
 It enables the audience to see a data comparison at a glance to make an immediate
analysis or to understand information quickly.
DISADVANTAGES:
 If too many pieces of data are used, pie chart becomes less effective.
 You need a series to compare multiple sets as this chart only represents one data set
 To analyse and assilate information quickly, this may make it more difficult for readers
 As the reader has to factor in angles and compare non-adjacent slices, it has its problems
in comparing the data slices.

 PICTOGRAPH:

The pictograph is a method to represent the data using images. Each image in the

pictograph represents certain things. In other words, pictographs define the frequency of

the data using images or symbols, which are relevant to the data.

ADVANTAGES:

 Pictographs are used to express large information in a simple manner.

 It is easy to read, as all the information is provided at one glance.

 It does not require more explanation, as it is universally used.

 It attracts the attention of the viewers or readers, as it has many attractive images

DISADVANTAGES:

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  Pictograph is not very useful for larger data, when numbers are in hundreds or thousands

or more.

 A pictograph can used only for data are given in whole numbers.

 When data are given in large numbers, parts of a symbol does not used for data.

MAPS
DEFINITION:

A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the

earth, world or parts thereof. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colors.

TYPES OF MAPS:

 POLITICAL MAP: These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a

nation.

ADVANTAGES:

 Visual impression of change over space.

 Anomalies can easily be identified.

 Can be easily completed by hand or by computer.

DISADVANTAGES:

 It gives a false impression of abrupt change at the boundaries.

36
 Variations within each area are hidden, particularly if a wide data range is used.

 Reading exact data figures from the map isn't possible.

 PHYSICAL MAP: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.

ADVANTAGES:

 The physical maps are a symbolic or pictorial depiction of natural entities. They are

much more related to those of political maps.

 They are used in the departments of navigation either on lands or seas to get a better

picture of the course.

 They provide a significant overview of the earth's surface ranging from highlighting

those of mountains to oceans.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Paper maps are tedious in light of the fact that they require complex translations while

understand.

 It is very hard to track down excellent paper maps in the cutting-edge advanced world.

 Paper maps are inclined to printing blunders at whatever point.

 WEATHER MAPS: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in

an area, region country.

ADVANTAGES:

 High quality of data

 Reliable weather forecasts

 More accurate results

 Locate precipitation

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  Can calculate the speed of precipitation

DISADVANTAGES:

 Cannot detect fog

 Cannot detect wind independently

 Not entirely reliable

 Requires expertise to analyze

 Relies on intense datasets

 POPULATION MAPS: shows the distribution of population in various parts of

region, country.

ADVANTAGES:

 Maps are used as storage of geographical facts of represented. this makes the map

capable of giving insight into the previous appearance of the area

 The map is used in conducting a wide range of project like; building design, construction

of roads, and others of the same reflection

 Maps can be used to show relationships of various geographic phenomena like the

relationship between population and landscape

 Maps use symbols and signs to represent various features on the earth’s surface

DISADVANTAGES:

 Maps are selective since they show only selected information to appear on the maps

 Maps are more expensive to make compared to other geographic tools like

the photograph

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 The map takes a long time to make compared to other geographic tools like a

photograph.

 ROAD MAPS: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points

together.

ADVANTAGES:

 Roadmaps are easy to create and read.

 They provide a good basis for communication; In addition, visualisation is also suitable

for communication between governments and citizens, between governments, between

associations and association members, etc.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Since roadmaps usually visualise a rough path to a defined objective, the concrete

information content is comparatively limited.

 Especially in discussions with stakeholders, it is important to be able to access these

plans quickly.

 The introduction as a working tool in an organisation requires a certain amount of

preparation and, if necessary, discussion.

 RAILWAY MAPS: shows the railway links between various points

ADVANTAGES:

 Helps in navigation

 Provides information

 Helps with planning

 Can help solve problems

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  Promotes understanding and appreciation

DISADVANTAGES:

 Can be in acurate

 Can be misleading

 Can be confusing

 Can be expensive

DIAGRAMS/DRAWING

It is simplified drawing design to show inter relationship primarily by means of lines and
symbols, eg. Stick figures, science figures, geometric diagrams, facial expressions. Drawings can
be drawn by hand to convey a variety of ideas, concepts and situations. It can be better used for
summary and review.

STANDARDS OF GOOD DIAGRAM:

 Technically correct.
 Well labelled and explained.
 Neatly drawn in proper proportions.
 It can be moved and seen from all angles.

ADVANTAGES:

Any activity can be placed on small cards, laid out on a flat surface and easily manipulated until
a logical sequence is achieved.

 It is also easy to show the interrelationship and forward progress of the activities.

 Diagrams are potential for communicating across language, education and status barriers.

40
 Diagrams can go beyond language groups and beyond literacy.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Students who are uneasy with abstract, technical representation could put off by the style of
depiction. They may be more at ease initially with more realistic picture of object.

 Some aspects of the object depicted are less to identify than if a realistic depiction had been
used because of the extensive transformation they have undergone.

 Reducing the representation from to two dimensions in the name of simplification inevitably
throws away spatial information which may be crucial to proper understanding of the objects
structure.

PAMPHLETS

Pamphlets are a type of nonprojected audiovisual aids. A pamphlet is a paper that can be
folded into two or three or five, and the matter can be printed either on a single or on both sides.
In other words, a pamphlet is an unbounded booklet without a hard cover or binding. It may
consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in
fourth, or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half or stapled at the crease to make a
single book. A pamphlet gives a chance to explain to the people who do not have time to stay and
discuss the content of information. A pamphlet must be self-explanatory.

PURPOSES OF PAMPHLETS:

Pamphlets are used for the following purposes:

 To mobilize people to support a cause.

 To advertise a meeting or a specific event.
 To popularize a slogan or a message.

Furthermore, pamphlets are used for the following purposes:

 Explain an issue to the community.

 Inform people of their rights.

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  Win support for a campaign you are running.
 Win support for any organization's point of view.

ADVANTAGES OF PAMPHLETS:

 They are the best method of dissemination of information or a message to larger group of
people.
 They save time and recourses in dissemination of information to a large group of people.

DISADVANTAGES OF PAMPHLETS:

 The main disadvantage of pamphlets is that they can waste a lot of money and time if
printed pamphlets are not distributed properly
 Only literate and educated people can be benefited with this educational aid.
Furthermore, because of more written content, they capture less attention.

PRINTED MATERIAL:

Printed material which include leaflets, newspapers, posters, books, magazines, and
such it means as novelties, trinkets, and gifts with message printed on them, is major means
of conveying propaganda. A propaganda message printed on substantial material is a
relatively permanent document. Once printed and delivered, it can be retained and readily
passed from person to person without distortion. A properly developed and designed
message can have a deep and lasting effect on the target audience.

ADVANTAGES:

 The printed words have high degree of acceptance, credibility, and prestige.
 Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without
distortion.
 It allows for the reinforcing use of photographs and graphic illustrations which can
be understood by illiterates.
 It can be reread for reinforcement.
 Complex and lengthy material can be explained in detail.

42
  It can be hidden and read in private.
 Messages can be printed almost any surface, including useful items.

DISADVANTAGES:

 A high illiteracy rate reduces the effectiveness and usefulness of the printed
message.
 Printing operations require special, extensive, continuing logistical support.
 Dissemination is time consuming and costly, requiring the use of special facilities
and complex coordination.
 It is less timely than other means of communication.
 It can be collected and destroyed by the enemy.
 It can be altered by over printing.

CARTOONS

A cartoon is a humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon, the

features of objects and people are exaggerated along with their general symbols. In short, a
cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid. It is a metaphoric representation of reality and
makes learning, more interesting and effective as it creates a strong appeal to the emotions.
A cartoon is an interpretative illustration which uses symbols to portray an opinion, a scene
or a situation.

Cartoons are a novel way of using pictures or symbols for presenting a message or
a point of view concerning a personality, news, situation or an event. They are more
attention drawing and providing a lot of imagination, particularly on current happenings, in
a small space. They are blended with humour and satire.

ADVANTAGES OF CARTOONS:

 Cartoons are humorous caricatures so they capture the attention of the learners and
prevent boredom among them.

43
  They are quite successful in motivating the learning and messages can be easily
understood by the learners
 They can easily present multiple ideas and concepts to the learners
 can help develop a child’s cognitive skills. Kids can develop logic and reasoning
ability, hence improving their auditory and visual processing ability. The amount of
time today’s kids spent in front of the television has increased vastly.

LIMITATIONS OF CARTOONS:

 A skilled specialist is required to prepare educational cartoons.

 Many educational topics can be presented only through cartoons.
 Cartoons as educational aids may sometimes distract the students from the main
learning purpose and objectives.
 Plenty of cartoons are available on the internet these days that promote violence and
destruction.
 The biggest of the Disadvantages of Watching Cartoons online is that it encourages
kids to grow violent in real life.
 Promotes Unruly Behaviour and Foul Language, Watching cartoons is addictive.

COMICS STRIPS

DEFINITION:

A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some character
and events full of action. This medium of communication is found very interesting and
exciting by children.

ADVANTAGES:

 Comic strips fire the imagination of children.

 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.
 It communication detailed and vivid.
 It stimulates reality and involvement.

44
DISADVANTAGES:

 Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers

divorced from the hard realities of life.
 Comic strips hamper the development of language of children.
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to
ignore or by pass the original work.
 Comics can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid
serious studies.

PHOTOGRAPHS

Exact visual recordings of things which will occur in real life situations.

It may be white and black or coloured or mounted or unmounted photographic prints.

It may be used to

a) Tell a story.
b) Illustrate only one point,
c) give accurate results.
d) Have plain and simple background
e) Shows the main subject prominently
f) Shows action, emotion and useful for easy understanding

ADVANTAGES:

45
 Eliminates Film and Film Processing: This is probably the most significant of all its
advantages. You do not have to spend your time and energy in developing the roll of
film in a dark room
 Large Photo Storage: Digital cameras can easily store up to 10,000 photos, depending
on the size of the memory card and the quality of pictures you are taking.
 Operating Speed: In case of earlier cameras, one always had to “wind” the film after
clicking a photograph. This led to a certain amount of time delay and inconvenience to
the user. With digital cameras, no such activity is required. You simply point and
shoot.
 Face Detection: High-end digital cameras have been thoroughly designed for face
detection through the camera lens. Minimizing the instances of getting all those blurry
faces and red-eye photographs!
 Motion Detection: These days, high-end digital cameras also come equipped with
inbuilt motion detection features which adjust moving images and thus, avoiding
blurriness. This becomes particularly helpful when taking pictures of moving objects;
like a car race or a soccer game in progress.
 Night Modes: Taking pictures in dark or dim-lit surroundings has become much easier,
thanks to special night mode features that are usually available in today’s digital
cameras.
 Easy Image Editing: Digital images can be edited with ease. Image editing software
are easily and widely available and they allow you to tweak the photograph as per your
preference.
 Viewfinder and Preview Screens: Digital cameras have viewing screens on the camera
body which allow you to view the image as soon as you have clicked it. If you do not
like it, you can simply delete it giving you back the storage space intended for better
shots.
 Video Recording Capability: Today, most digital cameras come fully equipped with
built-in video recording features. So if you come across something that you would
prefer to record rather than to click, you can simply do it using the same camera.
 Wiser Choice: Digital cameras are extremely cost-effective, adaptable, and offer total
VFM (value for money). Besides, they are continuously being upgraded with new
features, thanks to constant technological advances.

46
DISADVANTAGES:

 Memory Card Problems: All the photographs, video clips, etc., are stored on a memory
card.
 Higher Initial Cost: High-end, fully-loaded digital cameras tend to be a little bit pricey
as compared to roll film cameras.
 Battery Consumption: Battery consumption depletes more quickly in digital cameras.
This makes it necessary to keep a few extra batteries in hand, especially during
extensive photo sessions.
 Image Resolution: 35mm film has an image resolution that is roughly equivalent to a
25 megapixel full frame sensor.
 Range: Film has a higher superior dynamic range than digital cameras. This means that
film can capture a wider range of tonal quality. This is a huge factor in overall image
quality because it means it is harder to overexpose an image using film.

PICTURES
Pictures are a vital asset to the nurse educator, there are many sources from which
highly useful pictures may be obtained. Every teacher should be alert to enrich instruction
with these materials.

ADVANTAGES:

 Stimulating reading and writing.

 Dramatizing a point.

 Providing an atmosphere for learning.

 Inviting participation.

 Creating centers of interest.

 Introducing a topic of study.

 Reviewing and summarizing the lesson.

 Testing and learning.

 Developing critical judgment.

 Broadening of knowledge.

47
  To speed up understanding.

 To create enthusiasm and enjoyment

 Helps the learners to comprehend the subject, situations, conditions, and happening

in outside real life experience.

DISADVANTAGES:

• One of the primary disadvantages of photography is its potential to distort reality.

While photographs are often perceived as objective representations of the world, they

can be easily manipulated or staged to convey a specific narrative.

FLASH CARDS

DEFINITION:

Flash cards are a set of compact paper cards which are flashed before the class or a group in
logical sequence and turned over at short intervals.

PURPOSE:

 Useful for health education of small group.

 To teach students in the class room
 Used in group discussion
 Useful to children to narrate stories

PREPARATION:

 Small compact cards, which are flashed before the class to bring any idea.
 10” x 12” or 22” x 28” in size.
 Used for small groups not over 30 people.
 Provides variety and activity in the class.
 The messages can be brief, it may be simple line drawing or photographs or cartoons, and
the content will be written in few lines at the back of each flashcard.

48
  Adapted to local condition, use plenty of colours.
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used.
 Prepare a picture for each idea, which will give visual impact to the idea.
 It needs drill or preview.
 It can be used either individually or in combination with other charts.

SIZE OF THE GROUP MEASUREMENT

Up to 10 members 5”x7”

10-15 members 10”x12”

20-25 members 15”x20”

25-30 members 25”x30”

NUMBER OF FLASH CARDS:

The numbers of flash cards vary from three to twenty cards.

To teach well with flashcards, the teacher should follow certain points:

1) A series or set of cards can be prepared on a single topic, put in sequential order, before
starting the explanation.
2) The story on each card must be familiar.
3) Must use simple words and local terminology.
4) Hold the cards at chest level where people can see clearly, hold against body and not in
air, face different parts of the group, to show cards to all.
5) Glance down at card, as you are ready to explain and make sure to give correct
information.
6) Use pointer. Don’t cover the matter with hand.
7) Be enthusiastic and enjoy explaining the matter.
8) Important point should be written back side, if the trainer forgets, any relevant matter, by
seeing it, easily he will catch the point.

ADVANTAGES:

49
  stimulating visual memory

 portable

 Increases the learning pace

 versatile

 Inexpensive teaching aids

DISADVANTAGES:

 There is a possibility that the learning context will get lost

 encourage rote learning

 might overburden the brain

 Small and unclear flashcards may arouse complexity, can be age-restrictive

CHARTS

Charts are visual displays arranged on thick sheets, poster paper, newsprint or cardboard.

Visual display could be a pictorial, graphic, numerical or written material. Charts may be

arranged as single sheet charts or as a series of sheets. In either case, one chart is designed to

convey one idea.

TYPE OF CHARTS:

The following is a list of basic types of charts in terms of arrangements and the kinds of ideas

which they may express.

 TABULATION CHART: Table charts are very valuable aid in the teaching situation

where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. While preparing such charts various

straight columns are made for listing various or facts along the rows to compare and contrast

the things.

ADVANTAGES:

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  Tabulation simplifies the complex method by arranging the data systematically.

 Tabulated data saves time, money, and space because a large amount of information can

be condensed systematically in one table .

DISADVANTAGES:

 Tabulation chart can only represent data in a limited number of ways, such as frequencies

and percentages.

 Most complex information may not be captured

 CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART: Usually a limited left to right arrangement of

facts and ideas for expressing. Relationship between life style and predisposing factors of

various diseases. Relationship between pathology and clinical features and the like.

ADVANTAGES:

 Cause and Effect diagrams help the teams understand the contributing causes of the

effect.

 It is an excellent tool for quality management and improvement.

 Unless there is a very large space on which to draw and develop the diagram.

DISADVANTAGES:

 One disadvantage to charts is that it can simplify the information.

 A chart is more visually interesting and makes apparent the significant portions of the

data, but it does so by emphasizing particular features of the data.

 It also means that charts struggle to highlight various aspects.

51
 CHAIN CHART: A circular or semi-circular arrangement of facts and ideas for

expressing: Transitions such as transition from raw materials to finished products.

Cycles such as citric acid cycle.

ADVANTAGES:

 One of the greatest advantages of using a chart is that it makes information visually

interesting to the audience.

 A table full of numbers may contain exactly the same information as a chart, but it is

more difficult for an audience to easily absorb and comprehend.

 In contrast, a chart provides a quick, direct way to present information, in a way that is

visually dynamic and of interest to the audience.

DISADVANTAGES:

 A disadvantage of using a chart is that, by design, a chart will likely not be as precise

as the raw data. The data that would make up the chart includes the numbers that make

up the data.

 It decreases the specificity of that information.

 The other will not be as apparent as it would be with the raw

 EVOLUTION CHART:

Evolution charts are a visual representation of the evolutionary history of a particular

species. They are used to show the relationships between different organisms and how

they have evolved over time.

ADVANTAGES:

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 Evolution charts provide a clear and concise way to represent the evolutionary history

of a species.

 Evolution charts are simple to read and understand.

 Evolution charts help scientists organize large amounts of data into a single, easy-to-

read format.

DISADVANTAGES:

 The history of science shows how theories can change and in some cases be discarded

altogether

 Creationists also argue that science has limitations and that it has been very wrong in

the past. Science is unable to provide a complete account of the origin of life.

 TREE CHART: A chart made in the form of several branches from the trunk of a

tree such that the trunk represents the main idea while the branches represent various

developments, relationships or sub parts of the main idea. A tree chart can be effectively

used in history to depict the family trees of great men, rulers, Kings and dynasties.

ADVANTAGES:

 Identify the relationship between two elements in a hierarchical data structure

 Optimize the use of space

 Accurately display multiple elements together.

 Show ratios of each part to the whole

DISADVANTAGES:

 Trees can require a significant amount of memory to store, especially if they are very

large.

 This can be a problem for applications that have limited memory resources.

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  Tree are flexible in term of size and structure, they are not as flexible as other data

structures like hash tables.

 This can be a problem in applications where the data size may change frequency.

 FLOW CHART: A flow chart shows by lines, rectangles, circles or graphic

representation which are connected by lines showing the directional flow.

Eg: Organizational charts used to show administrative relationships

ADVANTAGES:

 Easy to make

 Communication becomes effective and easy to understand.

 Mistakes can be easily identified, Analysis becomes effective

DISADVANTAGES:

 Difficulty in presenting complex programs and tasks.

 No scope for alteration or modification

 Reproduction becomes a problem

 FLIP CHART

These consist of a number of large sheets of paper, fixed to a support bar, easel or display

board by clamming or pinning them along their top edges so that they can be flipped back word

or forwarded as required. This is highly effective method of displaying information to class or

small group.

Flip chart can be used, she can prepare like,

 Title,Definition, Prevalence and incidence

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  Causes and risk factors

 Clinical manifestations

 Diagnostic features

 Management

 Rehabilitation

 Prevention

ADVANTAGES OF USING FLIP CHARTS:

 Simple to use , Inexpensive

 Portable, Need no electricity

 Effective- they help to focus your learner’s attention

 Useful for background information

 Can record ideas from discuss and keep for further reference.

 Can reveal successive bits of story.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING FLIP CHARTS:

 If used improperly, there is a risk to hinder, rather than aid, learning.

 They can easily become monotonous if used too extensively.

 The user needs to turn away from the learners when writing and the speaking is hindered.

 PULL CHART:

In consists to written message is shown of the views, one after another by pulling out

the concealing strips.

ADVANTAGES:

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  Flowcharts make it easier for technical users to communicate more complex logic

within a system.

 they can act as guides for creating the blueprint for designing a new program. Many

programmers use flowcharts to help them with debugging.

 The visual flow of the shapes within a chart makes it easier to spot inconsistencies and

perform analysis.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Time consuming

 It is difficult to show branching and looping

 It is visualization

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

TELEVISION

Television (TV) is a tele communication media for transmitting and receiving moving
images that can be monochrome (black and white) or coloured with accompanying sound.
Television is a very commonly and widely used medium for sharing and disseminating
information between large groups. It is also very popular and widely viewed by different
strata of the society because of its specific features the combination of audio and visual
technology. Televisions have wide variety uses such as entertainment, sharing information
and may also be very effective for educational purpose because of their easy and wide
accessibility.

A. Educational uses of television

 Television could be interactive (allowing the viewers to interact with the instructor or
other Students

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  live) or passive (airing prerecorded programmes) to share educational material for
general students that are broadcasted at a particular time so that everyone who is
interested may view them.
 Television can be used in a classroom setting where either a telecasted or prerecorded
programme
 for general students may be displayed for students to supplement traditional learning.
 Television may be used for teaching students social, cultural, political and religious
affairs of
 the country by exposing them with the general basic television programmes.
 Television may be used for behaviour modification through showing specific
therapeutic programs
 Television may also be used for educational entertainment so that students can feel
the next traditional educational activity.

ADVANTAGES:

 Television is a visually stimulating medium and is of interest to children. Therefore, it

can be used to assist reluctant learners by creating interest and removing pressure that
can accompany traditional learning techniques. The main advantages of using
television in education are as follows:
 A cost-effective educational media, which is easily available everywhere and large
proportion students may be covered by a single teacher in interactive television
programmes.
 A multiple sensory stimulating educational media (sight and sound), which makes
learning a recreational and leisure activity by providing real experiences in a
stimulating way to learn faster and quicker.
 Television ensures uniformity in learning experience because it offers same basic
ideas, information techniques to everyone viewing the educational programme.
 television provides quicker and long-lasting visual and sound impression because it
improves concentration by eliminating the possibilities of environmental distraction.
 Television stimulates and reinforces learning by repetitive presentation of ideas,
information and beliefs to the learner that brings permanent change in the behaviour
of an individual.

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  Revision and repetition of the same educational programme is possible to telecast,
which may be used to reinforce knowledge to achieve long-lasting learning.
 Real-life impossible experiences are achieved in the classroom through television
because the naturally impossible things such as forests, wild animals and snakes may
be brought to the class-electronically through television.
 Media for mass education: Television is considered as a good education aid for
teaching a large group because of television's universal availability.

DISADVANTAGES:

 It is not a student-centric approach, where instructions are prepared and are not
flexible to be molded according to the situation of a particular group of students in a
classroom Underprivileged group of students in schools where television not
available remain deprived of these educational programme
 School schedules have to be customized according to the telecast schedule of
television educational programmes.
 Television educational instructions are generally a one-way process; therefore doubts
of the students and Cannot be clarified.

VCR (VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER)

The videocassette recorder (or VCR, more commonly known in the UK and Ireland as the
video recorder or video machine), is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable videotape
cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can
be played back later. Most VCRs have their own tuner (for direct TV reception ) and a
programmable timer 9for unattended recording of a certain channel at a particular time). These
began as simple mechanical counter-based features similar to those available on contemporary
audio equipment. Visual of using the Video The video recorder and tapes are now common
teaching aids available in many schools.

ADVANTAGES:

1) Large numbers of images can be recorded easily, with no need to move objects to a

photographic studio.

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 2) Large numbers of images can be recorded easily, with no need to move objects to a

photographic studio. The ease of operation and speed of recording allows a great deal of

information to be recorded without interruption of the survey process.

DISADVANTAGES:

 The main disadvantage is that no hard copy is produced.

 The main disadvantage is that no hard copy is produced. Viewing requires a video tape

player and a monitor.

 The main disadvantage is that no hard copy is produced. Viewing requires a video tape

player and a monitor. During the infrared scanning process, the VCR records the slight

vibration and temporarily out-of-focus image produced while the camera is moving.

COMPUTERS

Technology plays an important role in enhancing learning system. The time of

blackboards with chalk and notice boards is going to change. The crucial factor in a teaching
process is the quality of the lessons given by the teachers. Teachers therefore should use modern
teaching aids .Modern teaching aids are used to make learning sessions interactive and
motivating. Nowadays, Classes are equipped with Modern teaching aids such as Interactive
Whiteboards, Visualiser, response system, projectors and educational software etc. Teaching with
Modern teaching aids is essential in the technological age.

DEFINITION:

“Computer is an electronic device, which works under a set of instructions, automatically

accepts the supplied data, process and analyses the data and produces the information”.

Computer can be defined in terms of functions it can perform. A computer can:

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 I. Accept data,
II. Store data,
III. Process data as desired,
IV. Retrieve the stored data as and when required and,
V. Print the result in desired format.

The major characteristics of a computer are high speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and

storage.

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs into the computer system.

2. Control Unit (CU): The process of input, output, processing and storage is performed under

the supervision of a unit called 'Control Unit'. It decides when to start receiving data, when to

stop it, where to store data, etc. It takes care of step by-step processing of all operations inside

the computer.

3. Memory Unit: Computer is used to store data and instructions.

4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.

5. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information.

ADVANTAGES:

 There is an enormous increase in the student’s access to information.

 Instructions are according to learner’s abilities, convenience and preference.

 There is an increased content.

 There will be immediate feedback on the student’s comprehension.

 Learning can be at one’s own speed and in his own environment.

 Arouses interests in the students.

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  Motivates students and develops a feeling of personal responsibility for their own

education.

DISADVANTAGES:

 It is not very effective in topics which need abstract reasoning.

 Poorly designed instructional software can reduce interest of the student.

 It is a costly affair, to acquire a computer and maintain it.

 Students require proper training in computer.

 Working of computer depends on power supply.

 Natural bonding between teacher and the student is lost. It is more mechanical.

 Long working hours can cause health hazards.

 Children may become addicted to computers.

LCD PROJECTOR

An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer

data on a screen or other flat surfaces. The LCD projector was invented by the New York

inventor, Gene Dolgoff, in 1984. LCD projectors are increasingly being used in meetings,

training sessions, classroom education and visual entertainment. They appeal to all the sensory

organs and the impact is always greater than simple speech.

TYPES OF LCD PROJECTOR:

According to their size and portability, LCD projectors are classified in the following three

categories:

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 Ultra Light Portable Projectors.

 Conference Room Projectors.

 Fixed Installation Projectors.

GUIDELINES FOR POWER POINT PRESENTATION:

Power point presentations are the most popular audiovisual aid in the present educational

community because they are believed to be more interesting and visually attractive. A power

point presentation is preferred because of its flexibility in both preparation and presentation. The

following guide lines must be followed for the preparation and presentation of power point

presentations.

 Use the horizontal/landscape format for slides.

 Limit the information on each slide to a single topic or idea.

 Use action words and short phrases rather than sentences.

 Pictures, drawings and illustrations make the presentation interesting but as a general rule

keep the slides simple and clear.

 Keep the slide simple and clear without burdening the slides with special effects and

irrelevant pictures. Irrelevant images and effects may distract the audience.

 Maintain consistency in use of colour throughout the slides and avoid over use of multiple

colours and graphics.

 Use dark-coloured text on a light background and vice versa. For example, using white or

yellow text on a black background slide.

 Use of bullets instead of numbers is always considered good; only use the numbers to show

sequence or rank of presented content

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 Do not overboard the slide with text; try to keep enough open space around the written text

on slide.

 Use the 6 x 6 rule that is 6 lines of text and 6 words per line.

 Ensure the text on the slide is reasonable. It is recommended to use a minimum of 36 points

for the slide title and 24 points for the body text.

 Ensure the use of standard styles of written text such Arial fonts, which are easily readable.

 Avoid using only uppercase text (CAPTIAL) rather; use upper and lower case text, which is

more legible.

 Use contrasting colours to present the high light specific points but avoid small red text,

which is generally not visible.

 Significant points in text may be presented using Bold, italic, and large size fonts to ensure

emphasis.

 To make the presentation more attractive, limit the written content and use simple

illustrations.

 Do not use multiple animations and transition effects on a single slide. Limit to one or two

animations or transitions effects per slide.

 Try developing visual aids that are visually pleasing as well as clear.

 It is generally considered good to limit the number of slides to the number of minutes the

presenter has in hand.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is a technologically advanced audiovisual aid that can be used for presentation of still

slides as well as videos. Slide show and video can be clubbed together and customized in a

single presentation.

 It is considered very interesting and visually attractive for the audience.

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 Back and forth movement of presenting content can be easily carried out for reinforcing or

recapitalizing the whole presentation.

DISADVANTAGES:

 It is quite an expensive electronic gadget that Is not easy to afford.

 Teachers and faculty require technical skills of computer and power point presentation while

using LCD projector.

 In case of power failure or technological failure, it may cause a lot of problems, which are

very difficult to manage at the last minute.

ACTIVITY AIDS

FIELD TRIPS

It brings the pupils into direct contact with a real life situation. It is the most concrete

and most real of visual technique. Objects and, material can thus be studied first hand in their

natural environment.

TYPES OF FIELD TRIPS:

 Community trips

 Local school trips

 Natural trips

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  Educational trips

ADVANTAGES:

 To get the first-hand experience , to have in depth in study.

 To arouse interest, to impart positive attitude.

 To review a class lesson by relating it to the real situation.

 It provides accurate information, it provide direct experiences.

 It can supplement the classroom learning, opportunity for students to have first-hand

experiences with the subject matter that they have learned in class.

DISADVANTAGES:
 A large amount of preparation is associated with planning a field trip

 Budget restraints, lack of chaperons, difficulty controlling student behavior, organizing an

engaging lesson and dealing with anxious children are potential challenges.

EXHIBITON

Many times in the school, a department of the school I or class puts up their work for
showing it to the people outside the school, such a show is called an e exhibition. The pieces
of work done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EXHIBITION:

 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub- themes to focus attention to a
particular concept, The exhibits should be clean and labelled properly.
 The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for laying out the exhibitions.
 The exhibits should be so placed so most visitors can see them, The place and exhibits should
be well lighted. Both motion and sound should be utilized to capture the attention and interest
of the visitors.

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 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as pictures and
handles to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
 The exhibition should include a lot of demonstrations as they involve the students and
visitors deeply. The exhibition should be able to relate various subject areas to provide
integrated learning.

ADVANTAGES:

 Exhibitions inspire students to learn by doing things themselves and get a sense of
involvement.
 Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement.
 Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation and coordination
 Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community members
conscious about the school.
 Exhibitions couple information with pleasure, Exhibitions foster creativity in students

DISADVANTAGES:

 Exhibitions require thorough preparation.

 They are time-consuming.
 They require a large amount of funds or budget.

MUSEUM

A museum is a building that displays a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities,

works of science, literature and other artefacts of general interest. Museums can useful both for
public education and specific classroom instructions.

SETTING UP A SCHOOL MUSEUM:

 Schools should have enough space.

 Take the help of students, collect old and new objects and articles.
 Accept donations from various organizations who donate articles.
 Students can be guided to prepare exhibits for museum.
 All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labelled.

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  A detailed report book should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum
pieces.
 The museum rooms should be well lighted.
 It should be clean and well maintained for use.

ADVANTAGES:

 It preserves objects, which are used as teaching aids.

 preserves culture and national identity.

 It used by the researcher (source of information), It acts as a tourist centre.

 People learn about technological development.

 Enable learners to arouse creativity.

DISADVATAGES:

 It needs knowledgeable people

 It is possible to distort information through biases by the museum attendant

 Poor preservation of past items e.g. coins, pieces of cloth, and slaves chain can distort

information

 It needs extensive care to maintain its beauty or origin

DEMONSTRATION

Demonstration is a method of teaching by exhibition and explanation combined to

illustrate a procedure or experiments.

 TYPES
 BED SIDE DEMONSTRATION
Planning technique done by teacher. Conducting demonstration done in three phases
through introduction, demonstration and post demonstration discussion

ADVANTAGES:

 To evaluate students knowledge of practice

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  Clarifies the underlying principles
DISADVANTAGES
 Sometimes puts the patient in difficult situation.
 Poor standardization.

 Narrow limits of utilization.

 LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION
Preparation where objectives are prepared. Work period where tools for the equipment
and place of conduct. Evaluation were group discussions.

ADVANTAGES:

 Observational learning is possible

 Activates several senses
 Correlates theory and practice

DISADVANTAGES:

 Number of students is limited

 Keep the students in passive situation
 Does not allow individual pacing
 High cost, in personnel, and time.

ROLE PLAY

Role play is a changing of once behaviour to assume a role either unconsciously to feel a
social role or consciously to act out an adopted role. Role paly is a discussion technique that
makes possible to get maximum participation 0f a group through acting out an example of some
problems or idea under discussion.

Role play can be defined as a technique in which people are presented with a real or
artificial environment and they are exposed with some fine of case or situation and they need to
exhibit the same in form of role.

Timings of role play: minimum timing is 15-30 minutes.

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PRINCIPLES OF ROLE PLAY:

 Based on the philosophy.

 Should be flexible.
 Should be stimulant to think and should not be an escape from discipline.
 Require rehearsals.

ADVANTAGES:

 Student interest in the topic is raised.

 Active participation.
 Long term attention.
 It enhances communication and interpersonal skills.
 It teaches empathy and understanding of different perception.
 It can be used with individual or group situation.
 It develops confidence and self-efficiency.
 It is useful for range of topics, including interviewing and counselling.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Role play may awaken previously subdued or suppressed emotions.

 Less effective in large groups.
 Teacher must accept a new role where she does not dominate the class any more

PUPPETRY

Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by

the performer is a which puppets person termed as characters in a story to be depicted. A

puppet is a manipulative doll dressed a character and the performer is a person termed as

puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization produce the desired

effect. A puppet show combines all the performing and fine arts. Thus, it can be used as an

effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.

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TYPES OF PUPPETS
 STRING OR MARIONETTES: Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged body
parts which are controlled by nine strings produces required movements in the puppet.
These puppets are mainly manipulated by professional puppeteers. For a teacher to
manipulate marionette would require special training.
ADVANTAGES:
 Children can interact with the puppets as they share their ability to be happy, sad, angry,
funny or scared Puppets are great tutors.
 The puppet on your hand can encourage the child to listen to it as it gives instructions or
tells a story.
 Children can use puppets to come up with stories, scenarios, and creative ways to solve
problems
DISADVANTAGES:
 Puppets are a powerful interface to fantasy and creativity.
 Its use provides a great potential to educators
 when working with children and their immediateness and simplicity
 By working together using the puppets, students develop conversation skills such as risk
taking
 This will help them develop self-confidence and appropriate responses in a conversation.

 STICK PUPPETS: Stick puppets are the painted cardboard cut-outs attached by
sticks. The actions of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding
behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.

ADVANTAGES:

 Puppetry has all the advantages of dramatization along with providing amusement and
entertainment.
 Puppet show can heighten the human emotions and capture rapt attention.
 The craft of puppetry is an effective aid to learning.
 It develops co-operation among children.

DISADVANTAGES:

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 The use of puppets provides an opportunity for students to become comfortable

 Exploring language and expressive verbally.

 Students become less inhibited when they are hidden behind the puppets.

 Once students become more comfortable and less self-conscious

 FINGER OR HAND PUPPETS:
Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with overflowing colourful costumes.
These are worn on fingers which operate their movements. These are operated from
below the stage.

ADVANTAGES:
 Children develop their imagination by providing the puppets with speech.
 Children increase their manual dexterity through manipulation.
 Puppet playing helps timed children express themselves more freely.
 They are separated from the audiences by a screen.

DISADVANTAGES:

 It needs special training for manipulation of puppets and marionettes to convey ideas.
 Ideas conveys through puppets show can be misinterpreted by the audiences.
 It requires to keep on mind the age, background and tasks of the student.

 SHADOW PUPPETS:

Shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produce shadows on a white screen.

The motion of these silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and students.

ADVANTAGES:

 Children can learn appropriate by watching the puppet.

 the puppet can introduce and explain classroom rules.

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  children can tap into their imaginations to create their own stories.

DISADVANTAGES:

 The use of puppets provides an opportunity for students to become comfortable exploring

language and expressive verbally. Students become less inhibited when they are hidden

behind the puppets.

 Once students become more comfortable and less self-conscious, they are more available

to begin exploring the conventions of the English language.

 Another benefit of puppet is that students will develop cooperative learning skills by

working together and also develop communication skills, where students are required to

work together.

DISPLAY BOARDS

CHALK BOARD
The chalk board is one of the oldest and most widely used tools for instruction. A class can
function without chair, desks or even rooms to sit in but not without the aid of chalk board. In the
new educational policy tremendous emphasise has been given to the necessary and the use of the
blackboard as an instructional Aid by the name ‘’ operational black board’’. Even today, such
boards are still a standard fixture in teaching and training environments.

TYPES OF CHALK BOARD:

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  THE ROLLER TYPE CHALK BOARD : With a mat surface, made of thick
canvas wrapped on a roller.

ADVANTAGES:

 They’re cost-effective and long-lasting, making them a practical choice for classrooms,
especially those with tight budgets.
 Supports visual learning
 aid in visual learning.
 They allow teachers to visually depict complex concepts, aiding in student
comprehension.

DISADVANTAGES:

 The dust produced by chalk can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals.
 It is leading to discomfort or health issues.
 Not visible from far
 If you’re sitting at the back of a large room, it can be hard to see what’s written on the
chalkboard due to distance.

 ORDINARY CHALK BOARD :

A portable and adjustable black board put on a wooden easel can be taken out of the class room
while taking the class in open, use full for teaching of art subjects in a small group.
ADVANTAGES:
 Easy to use and maintain
 Chalkboards are simple to operate and keep up.
 No special technical skills are needed, making them accessible to all educators.
 Affordable and durable
 Teachers can instantly amend, add to, or erase content based on the learning pace and
needs of the students.
DISADVANTAGES:
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 Difficult to erase completely
 Chalkboards can be tough to clean thoroughly, often leaving behind ghostly remnants of
previous writings.
 Chalk dust causes allergies
 Limited writing space
 Chalk breaks easily

 THE MAGNETIC BOARD:

Teachers can make the three-dimensional demonstration with objects on a vertical
surface. Small magnets are used to hold suitable objects fixed wherever they are put on
this vertical surface.
ADVANTAGES:
 Magnetic bulletin boards are incredibly easy to use.
 As we can simply need to attach magnets to the back of your documents or photos.
 This makes it a breeze to update your display regularly.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Limited Magnetic Strength
 Surface Damage
 Over time, the constant placement and removal of magnets can cause scratches.
 Limited Customization.
 BLACK CERAMIC UNBREAKABLE BOARD:
It will be framed with aluminium or teak wood frame as per the requirement. Useful for
chalk piece writing.
ADVANTAGES:
 It can work and be useful for a longer period of time due to its inorganic materials.
 Also noteworthy is the chemical resistance to erosion.
 Multi-Layering
 A multi-layer ceramic PCB can handle more difficult tasks.
 It’s ideal for heavy-duty application
DISADVANTAGES:
 Ceramic boards are more expensive than traditional boards.

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 It is used primarily in the high-tech products for a reason.
 This is arguably the main disadvantage of ceramic circuit boards.
 It will save you money on future repairs and provide better customer satisfaction.
 Ceramic boards are delicate.

 LOBBY STAND BOARD:

It is use full in lobby alphabets and figures are changeable. It will be light weight and
easy to carry stand height should be 6 fetes.
ADVANTAGES:
 Lobbying can help to raise awareness on certain problems.
 May help to strengthen the rights of minorities.
 Lobbying can help to improve the future prospects of a country.
 May help to speed up technological progress.
 Can help industry leaders connect to politicians.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Final decisions are still made by politicians.
 Lobbying may lead to corruption.
 Lobbying may lead to unequal representation.

 MARKER BOARDS:

These boards, which are also known as white boards, are common in training rooms and

are sometimes now fitted in teaching rooms instead of or additional to conventional chalk

board. They consist of large sheets of white or light-coloured plastic material with a

surface texture suitable for writing or drawing on using appropriate felt pens, markers or

crayons, and can be used much the same way as chalkboard.

ADVANTAGES:

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  First advantage over blackboard is that dustless.

 second, a much wider range of colours and tone strength can be used, and the resulting

display is invariably sharper, better-defined and clearer than is possible using chalk

 Can double up as a projection screen if require.

DISADVANTAGE:

 No illustrate moving parts.

 It won’t convey the sound.

 Limited for small group of audience.

 Prone for chalk dust allergy.

BULLETIN BOARD

A bulletin board is a display board that shows the visual learning material on a

specific subject. It is a soft board that holds pin or tags. It is a simple device placed either indoors

or outdoors. Items like photographs, publications, posters, newspaper cut-outs are generally

displayed.

A bulletin board also known as a pin board or notice board or a notice board is a place

where people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things, to buy or sell,

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announce events or provide information. Dormitory corridors, well trafficked hallways, lobbies

and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BULLETIN BOARDS:

 They can be framed soft boards or straw boards or cork boards.

 Their size depends on the purpose.

 Dark blaze cloth works as a back drop.

 The height should be one meter above the ground.

PURPOSES OF BULLETIN BOARDS:

1. Communication of ideas

2. Giving correct initial impression

3. Broaden the sensory experience

4. Intensify impressions.

5. Vitalize instruction.

6. Add variety to classroom activity.

7. Provide information.

8. Supplement and correlate instructions.

9. Save time.

10. Help students learn how to communication ideas visually.

11. Facilitate class study of single copy material.

12. Encourage participation.

ADVANTAGES:

 Displayed can be effectively used as a follow-up of chalkboard work.

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  Adds colour and liveliness in communicating the message to the audience

 Good supplement for other teaching aids

 Introduces a new topic to a large number of people

 Explains important events, reports and special activities

DISADVANTAGES:

 Takes a lot of time for preplanning and preparation

 Cannot be used for an all inclusive teaching

 Has to be used as a supplementary aid to other teaching aids

 Collection of relevant materials for certain topics may sometimes be difficult.

 Not effective for illiterate groups

FLANNEL BOARD OR FELT BOARD

The use of flannel graph as education media is unlimited. It has been used continuously at

school level, business, industrial, military organizations for teaching as well as possible public

relation programs. It is a valuable aid in many learning situations. The use of a piece of picture

items or cutouts with sandpaper or sticking materials adhering to a flannel board is called a

flannel graph. On a board covered with a flannel cloth, picture cut outs are kept. It arouses

interest in the students or group as pictures may be removed or added. The pictures can be easily

taken off without causing damage to the flannel board.

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SIZE OF THE FLANNEL BOARD:

 The average size of the flannel board is 36” X 27”.

 For a large group it is 4ft X 3ft.
 For a small group 6” X 8” or 12” X 9” may be used.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is easy to make and use.

 It may be used repeatedly.
 Can be prepared from locally available material.
 Can be adopted for group participation.
 Speeds up visualization when time is united
 It is stimulating for the teachers and audience.
 Colourful and attract attention.
 It is portable.
 It is low cost and easily available.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Can be used for small group only.

 Skilful handling is necessary, Problems in drawing.
 Problem to get appropriate board or fibrous material, At times collection of items relevant
topics are difficult.
3 DIMESIONAL AIDS
MODELS

A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is

height, width and depth are felt as a reality. This makes the understanding of the thing easy and

better. It is true that models provide the knowledge of the internal and external parts of a thing

properly which is not possible with two dimensional diagrams and charts. Also, big models of

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small Page 44 of 107 things can make its structure and working easily small models of big things

can bring reality within the walls of a classroom.

TYPES OF MODELS:

 SOLID MODEL:
A solid model is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material like

clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron, etc. To show the external parts and features of the thing.

E g: Globe, clay model of human and animal, a vegetable, dolls, toys, etc.

ADVANTAGES:

 Improves design visualization.

 Enhances accuracy of design

 Simplifies product modifications

DISADVANTAGES:

 Requires high processing power

 Difficult for beginners

 Time-consuming process

 SAND MODELS:

These are the graphic lay-out using sand, clay, saw dust, and other objects to show tree,

buildings, rivers, etc. sand models are made using colour sand in a tray of convenient size

or on a table.

E g: A tribal village, a city area, marketing complex, a forest area.

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 ADVANTAGES:

 It can be used to manufacture parts in nearly all metal materials, including those with a

high-melting-point.

 Easy to scale.

 Complex geometries with thin-wall sections.

 Castings of all sizes and weights.

 Low production cost

DISADVAANTAGES:

 One disadvantage is that due to its angular texture, more water and cement are needed to

make it workable.

 The sand can also contain larger amounts of micro fine particles, which can have a

knock-on effect on the strength and workability.

 However, sand is still a versatile and affordable material that can be used for a wide range

of purposes in construction.

SPECIMENS
Collections of real things for instructional use refer to objects. On the other hand,
specimen is any typical object representing a class or a group of things. Objects and specimen
are the real things and their use for classroom teaching imparts a direct learning experience to
students. The real objects and specimen in the class can be interest arousing for students. It is a
common fact that a live pet cat in the class can be more exciting than its picture, and aneroid
barometer than its diagram

USING OBJECTS AND SPECIMEN:

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 While using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher must keep the following
points in his mind.
 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen
being referred to.
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or
specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under
observation. Provide review and practice to make leaning permanent.

ADVANTAGES:

 Collection of objects an specimen by students requires interaction with others leading to

development of social skills and values.
 Students when collect and display objects and specimen derive satisfaction of contributing
to the school and teacher something worthwhile.
 Student’s power of observation and first-hand experiences is enhanced by collection of
objects and specimen. Student’s personal collection of objects and specimen can be good
source of ding investigatory projects.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Permanent slides require much more elaborate preparation, and over time.
 The specimen may also start to lose colour.
 Improper preparation methods may obscure features, and even create artifacts that may be
misinterpreted

DIORAMAS

A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects, models, and cut-outs to

illustrate a central theme or concept. The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or

showcased with a glass covering and the background is printed with a shade or a scene, e.g., a

harvest scene or a planting scene.

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ADVANTAGES:

 They provide a good opportunity to learn.

 They give the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to the classroom.

 They are interesting and enhance creativity.

 Live things can also be shown in dioramas, for example, an aquarium.

 They provide an opportunity for the students to carry out a creative activity.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Sometimes they are not a cost-effective method.

 They need expatriation for preparation.

 They may require a large budget.

 They may sometimes misguide the student if is not a replica of the actual thing.

SUMMARY

Technology results in new designs and devices as also new ideas and process.
Audiovisual aids are a part of the subject of educational technology. Audio- visual resources
consists of hardware and software components. Audio- visual materials can be classified in
different ways. They must suit to the teaching objectives as well as to the unique characteristics
of the learner like intellectual maturity, extent of previous experience, etc. Teaching aids should
be used as a supplement to the classroom teaching and not as a substitute for teaching methods.

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Audio-Visual Aids are the instructional method of education that uses audio and visual as a
mode of learning. The literal meaning of audio is hearing and visual means that is seen by eyes.

Audio-Visual aids are devices that are used in the classroom to make learning engaging
and easy. These can also help teachers to communicate messages or information in places where
regular teaching fails. Audio-Visual aids motivate them towards the subjects they don’t find
interesting

CONCLUSION

Teacher has to plan in advance so that she can incorporate audio-visual material
effectively in the teaching- learning process. This will help to convert a usually teacher-centred
classroom into a more desirable student-centred one. It is clear that audio visual aids are
important tools for teaching learning process. It helps the teacher to present the lesson effectively
and students learn and retain the concepts better and for longer duration. Use of audio visual aids
improves student's critical and analytical thinking.

It helps to remove abstract concepts through visual presentation. However, improper and
unplanned use of these aids can have negative effect on the learning outcome. Therefore,
teachers should be well trained through in-service training to maximize the benefits of using
these aids. The curriculum should be designed such that there are options to activity based
learning through audio-visual aids. In addition, government should fund resources to purchase
audio-visual aids in schools.

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