gS : It

October), month; It is meets

usually once in one
usuaily
Day (1st presided
Decisions are taken over by the
August). casting vote. He by majority. Sarpanch Sarpanch.
an call a 4. keeps its minutes, i.e. has a
Functions of the Gram its record.
rs can ask Functions of the Gram
the Granm types, namely () PanchayatPanchayat
are of
three
:

e quorum

functions, (ii) Administrative Regulatoryor

ned. Development functions and
Civic facilities and
Welfare functions. (ii)
these briefly. Let
performs us
study
Administrative and Regulatory
et of the include functions
1Registration of births,
deaths and
new taxes marriages
in the village.
e to levy. 2. Watch and ward service
3. in a village.
ne year. Collection of records and
statistics.
members 14Maintenance of village common
property; Removal of encroachments.
-President 5Helping the government in law and
ordermamtenance.
majority.
es of the
6Regulation of public market, fairs and
Melas; collection of rent.
-DOG
49
 (in Developmental functions: (i) Civic Facilities and Welfare
incide:
1. Máintaining minor irrigation schemes.
To provide safe drinking
and execution of water.
and maintain public wells,
2./Preparation 1=
agricultural plans; providing improved ponds.
seeds, up-keeping of model farms and 2/To provide healthcare facilitie
co-operative farming. set yp dispensaries and healt
3. Rural electrification work and tapping 3. To arrange for Primary and S
education; maintain libra
non tonventional energy plants. reading rooms; constructi
centres.
4. Develop vocational education maintenance of playgrounds,
and small scale apdparks.
Develop cottage
industries. 4/Up-keep and cleanliness c

6. Encourage food processing/preservation V streets foot-paths, drains and

5. To provide a street lights.
industries.
6/To launch weltare progran
7. Develop rural housing and co-
mothers an
Women, expectant
operation. yoúth and children.
8. Develop poverty alleviation social and moral
7/Promote
programmes. including family plarnning, prc
removal of untouchabil=
9. Organise welfare work for weaker
discouraging litigation.
sections.
8. Regulating places for disposa
10.Look after the handicapped persons in bodies and carcasses.
the village.
and 9 To look after grazing ground
11. Establishment of cattle pond nearby forests.
yaterinary hospital. 10. To organise entertainme-
roadsides and other recreation programmes e.g
2 Planting oftrees on

places sports, akharas, T.V. etc.

PANCHAYATI RAJ
THREE-TIER SYSTEM OF

VIllag
Village Village L Village Pancha
Village Village Panchayats Panchayats
Panchayats Panchayats Panchayats

Block Samiti
Block Samiti
LBlock Samiti

Zila Parishad
Zila Parishad.
Three Tier System of Panchayati Raj, showing Panchayat, Block Samiti and
id ICSEHistony
 A IH w
hlmWan nann egnalt body and nky
yat (The Judiciary) ,-Coediiaig
Election fanclayalakd 21LA, faauhod
the third wing of the
Election
Gommission
election of the
atuung
js responsible ®
vullage
purpose is to provide Panehva Cacd to onduct
uct
cally no cost. Usually, THE PANCHAYAT SAMITI HEAD IS CHMRJMAn
hayat for every three or (At the Block PRAbHA
Level)
ull block of villages, as
The Block Samiti
S-loc vllagrg&
from state to state. The or the
members of the Nyaya the second tier in the Panchayat Samiti is
rural government in India. Panchayati
It
Raj system of
deal with minor cases names in different is known by different
States e.g., it is
ng, encroachment on Samiti in Uttar called Khestra
Pradesh, Janapada
other minor disputes. Madhaya Pradesh, Panchayat Panchayat in
Samiti in Andra
impose a fine upto Rs Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
ffender to jail. Lawyers and Punjab; Orissa, Rajasthan
Panchayat Union Council
in
Panchayat in Gujarat. Tamil
in the cases before the Nadu and Taluka
sputants explain their ()
ide on the spot. Mostly Its
Composition: It
copsists of the
. Appeals against the following members : (a) The Sarpanches
Panches of
Panchayats and
chayat can be taken to
certain
within the Block elect a
he District Magistrate. percentage of members out of
to become members of the Block themselves
Samiti, (b) AIK
ME OF VILLAGEM.Ps, M.L.As, and M.L.Cs. of the Block, (c) The
Chairman of the Town Area Committee and
Notified
Area Committee within the
Block, (d) The
B.D.O. and S.D.O.
(Panchayats) of the Block
shops; (2) Tax on fairs concerned, (e) Elected members of the Zila
the registration of sale Parishad from that Block, (f President of the
Income from sale of Primary Cooperative Marketing Society in the
vernment grants; (6) Block.
and garbage; (7) Loan Every Block Samiti must have at least 1/3rd
ee of cases to
Nyaya women members and the Schedule Caste and
(8) Octroi duty in- on Schedule Tribes in it. If such members are not
s; (9) A part of the land there among the elected members, then these can
e
village is given to be coopted by the District Officer.
Some persons who are expert in the field of
of the State agriculture, land development, animal husbandaryY
Govt.
under the supervision and cooperative movement are also associated

vernment. There is a with the Samiti. Sometimes eminent

Panchayat
h state.
There are also teachers and writers in the Block are also
at the District or Tehsil associated with it.
iited by government The Block Samitiis composed for five years.
tment. If Block Samiti Chairman
a
Panchayat The members elect a

can be removed by
the
dissolved. But it has and Vice-Chairman. They
no-confidence. The
in six members with vote of
months. The a
he
Adminne lur thes
CA
bdo-Block Aenlephart
 meeting of the Block
Samiti must be held
once
in two months. All
taken by a
decisions in its meetings are
(c Delegated Functions: The n.De
majority vote. Functions of the
Gi) Functions of the 1. To Panchayat
arrange funds from Samini; T
Panchayat Samiti:
Broadly speaking, the functions for various the
Samiti or
Panchayat
of the Block activitvities
notedgoVena
Samiti are of three
types,
2. To carry out
the abe
noted below.
(a) Civic Facilities and
Integrated airs.
Development IProgrammes
Development Central and State lRd
directions of the Districts yE
Government
Functions: These include the
following: the e
1. Rual Health Programme and to set up issued to the elf.
Primary and Community Health Block/Panchaya rish-i)
from time to time.
Centres to provide medical care to the
villagers in the Block. (iin) Sources of Income: The tes
income from (a) government
Block Sar.dy.
To provide rural water grants, (,2cut
supply for levied by it, (c) a fixed
drinking purposes. percentagea r
revenue, (d) sale and renting of the
3 To
develop and maintain rural roads, propen
the charge of the Block
linking villages with each other and the Samiti, (e) cont 2.
towns from the Gram Panchayats.
4 To provide improved seeds, fertilizers, ZILA PARISHADAEx Ae
pesticides and implements. It also looks
after the quality breed of the cattle. (At the District Level) 4.

5 o develop handloom, handicraft, The Zila Parishad is the highest bod

khadi and other cottage industries and
three tier system of
aluto provide to youth job opportunities Panchayati Raj.lt is
and to check rural unemployment. between the Gram Panchayats and the
5To promote the welfare of scheduled gOvernment. It is known as Zila Parisg.
çastés or scheduled tribes. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Mahar
7. To work for the improvement in Orissa, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh an
the
statusof adal educals
statusor womnj k,epew mE
women. ngal. In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it i6.
(b) Supervisory Functions: The supetvisory Distict Development Council. In As
functions of the Block Samiti include: is known as Mohkuma Parishad.
)lts Composition: Zila Parishad hasA
1To supervise the work of the Gram 40 to 60 members
Panchayats in the Block. body. It geperally, con
the following members. (1) Pesrdents o
2To scrutinise the budgets of the Samitis in the District (2) M.P, and M.LAS
Panchayats and to make suitable
modifications in it. the District 3) One representative each of 9
3. To check the work of the Block operative societies of the Distri
Development Officer (B.D.O.) and his Representatives of women, S.Cs and B.C.
Comr
assistants. Chairman/Mayor of the Municipal
4 To draw plans for the development of Corporation of the District (6) Some co
the Block in co-ordination with the members possessing experience and exp
development plans of Panchayats of the public life and administration. Somese
Block. For this purpose, it provides the
reserved for women in ZilaParishad, Cld lCS
services of the experts.
SesT. CandidCSEHistoy

ctions
 to byead
eAMU
L3 ZILA PARISHAD COMMITTEES:
arishadeleet aa
the Zilaselves.B u t under
offtl functions through Standing
o
The Zila Parishad
Deleg enmbers

a m o g s t
the
the
t he
office
offices of the
Commitees elected by its members. Some of
niti inc
8OVeChairman
The Irom

Raj
Act, reserved for S.Cs or Committees on Education,
Chairman/Chairperson are these committees are Function
Parishad meetings
P a n c h a y a t i

Development,
the Zila Social Welfare,
elected for and Finance
Over

Works
Iabov presides
eedings.
He is Committee, Public
HeShe Parishad
proceedir

the Zila
S .Ts. its the he term of Committee.
ted conducis
to
and eual
PARISHAD
RD the ila INCOME OF ZILA
fivey e a r s , f u n c t i o n s of SOURCES OF
The fu income
nents, uitself. most of the s o u r c e s of the
are the main
Functions:

State. In
to Following
trict Bo i )Its
State

vary
from
isory and co-ordinating of Zila Parishad:
has so
s u p e r v i s o

ome
Gujarat, it
arishad a
nayat S works
as
and
of (1) Government grants,
it
States,
Maharashtra functions
The main Parishad property,
body. In powers
as
well.
as
under:
(2) Rent from Zila
up
k Samit xecutive
Parishadmay
be
listed

guidelines to
the Taxes on property, fairs, exhibitions,
and (3)
ts, (6)Zila rectians
land revenue,
issues
PanchayatSamitis. (4) Share in
tage of co-ordinates development plans
de (5) Licence fee.
operty u C o - o r d i n a t e s

Samitis.
the Panchayat OF THE
1 prepared by of ASSESSMENT
contrib
Contrib

3gives
approval
to the budgets A ACRITICAL
PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM
PanchayatSarmitis.
Secondary, of
of the Primary, Mahatma Gandhi's
ideal
4. It takesSecondary
care
Schools, libraries, Achievements:
through the
Senior Primary
health
seems to be implemented
dispensaries,
hospitals, gram-raj Block Samitis
and Child
Welfare Gram Panchayats,
Maternity Panchayati Raj. institutions
t body centres, of the Panchayat Parishads are significant
areas
and the Zila level.
Centres in the the grassroot
ajitisa of local self-government at
a r e being
Samitis. agricultural
and the steps to improve Rural development
programmes

takes of Ministry of
Parisha 5
road- under the direction
production, sanitation,
ponds and implemented of
district. For this purpose training
Maharas Construction in the Rural Development.
Swaran Jayanti
Year Plans been undertaken.
lesh and implementation of the Five Panches has
6. The the (SGSY) has
been
ka, it is and the Rural Development Programmes
of the Zila
Gram Swarozgar
Yojana
noticeable

salso the responsibility As a result, two

. In Assa launched. are big
Parisbad. a c h i e v e m e n t s of the
Panchayti Raj system
advisesthe State Government regarding
ad hasn rural areas.
enough: between
he needs of the people of (a) There is
an effective
coordination
the
conss 8, receives funds from the Central and State programmes
and those of
government rural
ents o f engaged in
Overnments, which it distributes amongst
voluntary agencies
M.L.AS fhe Panchayat SamitisS. development work.
ach of Mtries to develop land, water and human Gram Samridhi
Yojana
resourcesof the area. (b) Under the Jawahar
Distric District Rural
Development

ndB.C. 19 Jprovide gGSY), the

irought and relief in times of distress,
scarcity. Agencies
release funds to
Gram Panchayat.

l Comm demand driven

11, promote the welfare of the weaker
cO-0
They aim
at creating
is implemented
infrastructure. JGSY
ome
o

d
m es

sections of society.
experts
e a t o n s .

village
Panchayats.
m M a u rulags-
gane through village

ads Candid cSE HiCOmon

siory &
bojell Z 53
SEHistory&
Civics-9AOA
tem in

cal Sel

Local Self-Government
Zila P
(Urban)
-Coare Content Syllabusand its
Pocus -
and functions anaae
Municipal Committees and Municipal Corporations-meaning id M
In thei ana4
Urban: inaul@n
,
Re oc aak-9enlbedis
Called 'URAN ocol
MEANING
MEANING

d with p in the urban areas i.e., the

Local Self-Government Institution are the
in achiey cities and Notified Areas
metropolitan cities, towns, concerned
institutions of self-governance by
the people of the area
needs
to meet their civic
to tackle their own local problems and
through elected representatives.
are quite different from the
country? problems of the urban people
The
The cities are thickly populated. They
problems of the rural people. areas ofthe cities
The population and the
are spread over vast areas. needs of the urban
are ever expanding.
To provide the civic
areas e.g., local
transportation, pure drinking
population and urban health and sanitation,
electric supply, education,
water, regular cumbersome. These are
etc. are quite
vegetable markets, sewage scale through specialised/
undertaken at a large
required to be establish Local Self-
necessary to
services. This makes it self-
professional
areas. Hence,
their significance is
Institutions in the urban

evident.
INSTITUTIONS
URBAN LOCAL SELF
-

institutions in the urban

Self-Government
Thevarious Local
areas are
La TheMunicipal Corporation New Word
L b The Municipalities Metropolitan cities
Cantonment Board VegybiggitiesC Le
Area Committee Unbar
d Notified ket
KuaV
Hunu do
Cocal hadias
andid ICSE History&Civics-9 ocal bodog
SEHisto
yCha Aug nau r l s
han Loc Lemor
- hneu

dependng
Comp

be
taken uP
torm but may unds.
 e Town Area Committee reserved for women.
There are alsoso
(fort Trust and members, who are usuallyvery e
alImprovemen
mprovement Trust, tuhsy langpersons. Ihere are also some Alde eside
rustIusns
CRie with a population of 10lakhs orrdore General Council, elected by the
eneral Council,
Aldermen are
Coun fied tha
the Coun
usually
have a Municipal Corporation e.g., Delhi, very responituatio
respected persons of the area.
Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, He is-
Lucknow, Patna, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Amritsar Qualifications: The candidates His
His tt
have millions of people living in them over an to the General Council must be
unles
area covering miles together. There are nearly 186 citizen ofIndia, The
Municipal Corporatigns in our ALDAYULs have the prescribed age e.g., 21 the M
Towns or cities with'à medium area and Delhi and 25 years in Punjab, D Star
population varying between 20.000 to 10 lakhs, be a resident of the area, ration
have a Municipal Committee or Municipal Board. be a registered voter and
d by th
There are more than 1,500 Municipal Committees ly, th
in India. Towns with a population of 10,000 to fulfil any other qualification that maon, Fi
20,000 have Town Area Committee or Nagar down by law.
tion,
Panchayats. There are 1800 of these Town Area Term or Tenure The tenure of the e of th
Committees in India. Areas with a population of
is five years, unless dissolved earlier. In arkss et
less than 10,000 have Notified Area Committees.
fresh election to the General Council nMuni
Cantonment Boards are set up in towns where held within six months.
armed personnel; are stationed. There are at
ission
present 62 Cantonment Boards. Similarly, there inThe Mayor and the Deputy MayDorai
are Port Trusts and Improvement Trusts. Councillors and Aldermen together electappoir
and aDeputy Mayor from amongst thennor
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (NAGAR He is the first citizenoithe town and8ove
NIGAMS) highly dignified position. He is electedlo gi
ITS STRUCTURE, ORGANISATION AND year, but usually,he is elected for thefCorpo
COMPOSITION: of the corporation, i.e., 5 years. To im

The structure, organisation and composition of Functions of the Mayor: TheseinclPolicie

following: the
the Municipal Corporation consist of an Elected
General Council. Its powers are exercised by (i) 1. To call and preside over the Cor
Corpo
o ac
The General Council, (i) The Mayor, (iin The meeting and regulate its condut Counc
Standing Committees and (iv) The Municipal 2. He fixes the agenda for considera
Commissioner. Let us know something about
meeting of the corporation. 77.
thesebriefly. 3. To maintain decorum and order
)The General Council and its elections :
The General Council consists of the elected meetings.
4. To act as link between the Corpora
Councillors. Jheir,number depends upon the total
population of the corporation area. They are State/Union Government.
elected on the basis of universal adult franchise 5. To receive the foreign or other a
i.e., every adult registered voter of 18 years of age visiting the town.
or above has the
right to elect the Councillor. 6. To collect the information a
Seats in the General Council are reserved for reports regarding the affairs and w
Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes in the Corporation from the officersoviding9E
proportion to their population. One third seats are CSE Histor
It.
58 CandidICSE HS

unCTE
oCOmpil
 Recides the above, the Mayor is more
4. To
dignified than poweriul. He is more a figure head maintain and
than a real one. Ihree reasons are responsible for
safeguard all municipal
properties and records.
5. To
this situation, namely: prepare budget estimates
(a) He is not directly elected by the electorate. Corporation and of the
place it before
meeting. its
(b) His term is too short, i.e., one year only 6. To take part in
unless re-elected. he cannot move Corporation
a resolution
meeting. But
or cast
in it. a vote
(c) The Deputy Mayor often turns a rival to
ye the Mayor (v)Functionsof the Municipal Corporation:
The functions of the
(in Standing Committees: The Municipal
of two
Municipal Corporation are
orporation has certain Standing Committees, categories e.g., (a) Compulsory or
ected by the Council, to pertorm its functions. Obligatory functions and (b) the Optional or
sually, there are Standing Committees on Discretionary functions.
ay axation, Finance and Budgeting, Health and (a) Compulsory or Obligatory Functions
initation, Education, Economic Development, These are as under:
e delfare of the Weaker Sections, 1. Public Health and
Markets, Gardens Sanitation: This
thd Parks
etc. includes to ensure the suppky of pure
I miv) Municipal Commissioner: The Municipal wholesome drinking water, tleaning of
mmissioner is the Chief Executive Officer of roadaying and maintenance of
avoCorporation_Fe is USuafty an I.A.S. Officer. sewage5ubliclatrines and urinals,
t a IS appointed by the State Governor. In case disposal of refuseprevention and
control of dangerous diseases
emthe Union Territory, he is appointed by the
dntralgovernment. His main functions include: regulation of eatable and intoxicant
andeating places like shops, restaurants
edi 1. To give directions to all officers of the andhotels._
et Corporation. 2. Medical Relief This
To implement all rules, decisions and
:
includes
establishment of hospitals, maternity
ndl policies of the Corporation and to control and child welfare centres, providing
.
the entire administration of the vaccination and inoculations.
Corporation. Immunisation programmes against
P3. To act as a
secretary
the General
to
polio, small pox, cholera, T.B. and
.
COuncil and to maintain its record. diphtheria. Free medical check-up
rati camps are also organised by it.
6aLIrs757
er i

orat

dig
and

wo
woProviding public health and sanitation, education and Infrastructure are the main functions of
ndid ICSE History& Civics-9 Municipal Corporation.
story 9

nary runCTTOTTO
for the Corporafio
e not compulsory ding on
 3. Public
Education: To provide primary, number, approving build.
secondaryeducation, the Corporation
establishes and manages primary registration of bisths a
schools, give grant-in-aid to NGOS for publication of annual report
of administration.ofthe Con
start rem
Remunerati

the purpose-atd keeps a check-upen

theirwgking thraugh-ther Education The (b) The Optional
ISCretiononary e r c i a lcom

Optional
or
Discretionary ce its inco
Officerst also maintains libraries, Municipal or
Discretionary funct
reading rooms, museums Zoological Corporation are those whicNICIPAL Ce
parks, runs mobile libraries to Corporation ought to perform, depending
supply
reading material at home to the people.. availability of funds. These include: Municipal
with pop
1.
li lt also organises
adulteducation centres Joppbvide
,

local transport facilito to

10 lakh
and night classes, eteTalso provides maintain its bus senvice. cision of the

sports-fields and gymnasia. - 2.

To develop parks, gardens, swnown tne as
4. Public ools, picnic spots, playgrour
Works and Services: This akharas.
includes to provide and maintain e organisatio
roads, streets, pavements, footpaths(9 . good
arrange for the supply of municipal
e

functions,
dividers in the roads, traffic
lights, street Cooking gas. Cor

Tight,shaddy trees on roads, electric 4. Toprovide secondary and differences

supplyeonistruction and maintenance education. evenalities ass u

of watersupply system, drainage, 5. To set up and maintain Corporation f

maintain graveyards, cremation grounds rescue homes for the oldagearge areas w

and electric crematoria to dispose of the shelters

homeless destitutrmore,
andfor the whil
bodies of dead persons. 6. To
provide public bath, bathingorphopulation am
gorporation
5. Public Safety Measures : To RrgYideiJa) washing ghats and adopt otherorporation=
public safety against fire and dilapídated" schemes esources, po-
compared to
buildings, it maintains fire brigade UBeautificatien of the city.
engines, trained staff, bulldozers to
8. Public housing through Corporations
demolish dangerous buildings and to Housinggovernment, o first approa
-

end encroachments in public interest. SOURCES OF THE INCOME

1 nema houses, theatres, marriage The following are Municipal
and through
palaces, and petrol pumps, etc., are set main sources of income. Corpaovernment fo
up by the owners with the due sanction
1. Taxes: e.g., Property tax; vehic Poration
ofthe Corporation, which grants theatres and entertainment tax,
on and Structu

such as tax on banner, adverisereneral Counci

sanction keeping in view public
safety
against fire, pollution and insanitation, hoarding ayor of Corporation
etc. approval of building plans and tra
property; toll tax on use of bridges, etmmissioner in
6. Development work: The Corporation 2. Cesses and Rates: e.g,
poration.
undertakes development works like Educatdorporation functie
cess on consumption of water andeeugh the Stand
making new colonies for residential mmittees.
cess on professions and trades, octroi d
purpose, new market places, new roads,
3. Rental income: e.g., RentalinoCial Note : Th
parks, gardens and places of resort. It
also undertakes town beautification Corporation property, income from onction apart, th
programmes.
4. Grants-in-Aids and Loans: the Munic
7. Administrative and General
government gives grants-in-aid to thea Committe
Corporation. It can also get loans tromsorYand Optic
Functions :This includes naming of others with the permission o e, are more
roads and areas, assigning house CSE History &Civics-9
gOvernment.
60 Candd

Ay ot funds.
 ling
ad .
5 Remunerative Enterprise : The Corporation
pattern of their
andnay start Iemunerative enterprises likke organisation a-
almost identical. The
POR ommercial complexes or a resturant etc. to variation in
that of the
Funnhance itsincome. nomenclature, as no-
Sources of Income of
ctionUNICIPAL COMMITTEE
ich
Mumup the same as those of the Corp
oanuU'
a Mu

ng
ng u AMunicipal_committee is sét up in smaller TOWN AREA COMMITI
wns, with population roughhyranging frem
.000to 10 lakhs. However, it depends-upon (Nagar Panchayat)
ilitye
decision of the State government. These are These exist in towns
o known as the Municipality or the Municipal between 10 to 20 thousand
swinard. directly elected by registerec
un The organisation of the Municipal Committee years of age or above. Seats a
dits functions, etc. are more or less similar to and B.C. and /3 seats are re
f
mi Municipal Corporation. But there are three Members elect their Chairr
in differences between
nicipalities as under: Corporations and exercises the executive
powe
en sources of income of the Tov
1. Corporation handles civic
administration of are more or less the sam
ge large areas with a population of 10 lakhs
te or more, while Municipalities serve smaller Municipal Committee. There
ute Nagar Panchayats in India.
rpha population and smaller cities.
2. Corporations have NOTIFIED AREA COMMIT
gh larger financial
er v resources, powers and
responsibilities, as
Compared to Municipalities.
These are called Notified C
these are in a transition
3. Corporations deal stage
directly with the centres. Such areas are usu
8Overnment, while the Municipalities State
have outskirts of the big towns.
ggb to fist approach the District
and
through it to reach Administration, notified in the government g
the State
8Overnment for any official matter. These exist in towns with
po 5 to 10 thousands; its me
Corporation
mposltion and Struustu Municipality elected by registered adult v