Bangalore in B Policy
Bangalore in B Policy
2. We control the copyright in this template, and you may only use this template
in accordance with the licensing provisions in our terms and conditions. Those
licensing provisions include an obligation to retain the attribution / credit
incorporated into the template.
3. Buy a licence to use this template without the attribution / credit here:
https://www.website-contracts.co.uk/privacy-policy.html
4. You will need to edit this template before use. Guidance notes to help you do
so are set out at the end of the template. During the editing process, you
should delete those guidance notes and this cover sheet. Square brackets in
the body of the document indicate areas that require editorial attention.
"ORs" in the body of the document indicate alternative provisions. By the end
of the editing process, there should be no square brackets left in the body of
the document, and only one alternative from each set of alternatives should
remain. Elements may be specified as optional in the accompanying notes,
but that does not mean that they are in all cases removable. Nor are they
always retainable. Depending upon the circumstances, the inclusion or
removal of an optional element may be: (i) required by law; or (ii) necessary
to ensure that the document is internally consistent.
5. If you have any doubts about the editing or use of this template, you should
seek professional legal advice.
1.2 This policy applies where we are acting as a data controller with respect to
the personal data of such persons; in other words, where we determine the
purposes and means of the processing of that personal data.
1.3 Our website incorporates privacy controls which affect how we will process
your personal data. By using the privacy controls, you can [specify whether
you would like to receive direct marketing communications and limit the
collection, sharing and publication of your personal data]. You can access the
privacy controls via [URL].
1.4 We use cookies on our website. Insofar as those cookies are not strictly
necessary for the provision of [our website and services], we will ask you to
consent to our use of cookies when you first visit our website.
1.5 In this policy, "we", "us" and "our" refer to [data controller name].[ For more
information about us, see Section 14.]
2. Credit
You must retain the above credit. Use of this document without the credit is an
infringement of copyright. However, you can purchase from us an equivalent
document that does not include the credit.
3.1 In this Section 3 we have set out the general categories of personal data that
we process[ and, in the case of personal data that we did not obtain directly
from you, information about the source and specific categories of that data].
3.2 We may process data enabling us to get in touch with you ("contact data").[
The contact data may include [your name, email address, telephone number,
postal address and/or social media account identifiers].][ The source of the
contact data is [you and/or your employer].][ If you log into our website
using a social media account, we will obtain elements of the contact data
from the relevant social media account provider.]
3.3 We may process [your website user account data] ("account data").[ The
account data may [include your account identifier, name, email address,
business name, account creation and modification dates, website settings and
marketing preferences].][ The primary source of the account data is [you
and/or your employer, although some elements of the account data may be
generated by our website].][ If you log into our website using a social media
account, we will obtain elements of the account data from the relevant social
media account provider.]
3.6 We may process [data about your use of our website and services] ("usage
data"). The usage data may include [your IP address, geographical location,
browser type and version, operating system, referral source, length of visit,
page views and website navigation paths, as well as information about the
timing, frequency and pattern of your service use]. The source of the usage
data is [our analytics tracking system].
3.7 We may process [identify general category of data].[ This data may include
[list specific items of data].][ The source of this data is [identify source].]
4.1 In this Section 4, we have set out the purposes for which we may process
personal data and the legal bases of the processing.
4.2 Operations - We may process [your personal data] for [the purposes of
operating our website, the processing and fulfilment of orders, providing our
services, supplying our goods, generating invoices, bills and other payment-
related documentation, and credit control]. The legal basis for this processing
is [our legitimate interests, namely [the proper administration of our website,
services and business]] OR [the performance of a contract between you and
us and/or taking steps, at your request, to enter into such a contract] OR
[[specify basis]].
4.5 Direct marketing - We may process [contact data, account data and/or
transaction data] for [the purposes of creating, targeting and sending direct
marketing communications by email, SMS, post and/or fax and making
contact by telephone for marketing-related purposes]. The legal basis for this
processing is [consent] OR [our legitimate interests, namely [promoting our
business and communicating marketing messages and offers to our website
visitors and service users]] OR [[specify basis]].
4.6 Research and analysis - We may process [usage data and/or transaction
data] for [the purposes of researching and analysing the use of our website
and services, as well as researching and analysing other interactions with our
business]. The legal basis for this processing is [consent] OR [our legitimate
interests, namely [monitoring, supporting, improving and securing our
website, services and business generally]] OR [[specify basis]].
4.7 Record keeping - We may process [your personal data] for [the purposes of
creating and maintaining our databases, back-up copies of our databases and
our business records generally]. The legal basis for this processing is our
legitimate interests, namely [ensuring that we have access to all the
information we need to properly and efficiently run our business in
accordance with this policy].
4.8 Security - We may process [your personal data] for [the purposes of security
and the prevention of fraud and other criminal activity]. The legal basis of this
processing is our legitimate interests, namely [the protection of our website,
services and business, and the protection of others].
4.9 Insurance and risk management - We may process [your personal data]
where necessary for [the purposes of obtaining or maintaining insurance
coverage, managing risks and/or obtaining professional advice]. The legal
basis for this processing is our legitimate interests, namely [the proper
protection of our business against risks].
4.10 Legal claims - We may process [your personal data] where necessary for
[the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims, whether in court
proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure]. The legal
basis for this processing is our legitimate interests, namely [the protection
and assertion of our legal rights, your legal rights and the legal rights of
others].
4.11 Legal compliance and vital interests - We may also process your personal
data where such processing is necessary for compliance with a legal
obligation to which we are subject or in order to protect your vital interests or
the vital interests of another natural person.
5. Providing your personal data to others
5.1 We may disclose [your personal data] to [our insurers and/or professional
advisers] insofar as reasonably necessary for the purposes of [obtaining or
maintaining insurance coverage, managing risks, obtaining professional
advice].
5.2 [Your personal data held in our website database] OR [[Identify personal data
category or categories]] will be stored on the servers of our hosting services
providers[ identified at [URL]].
5.4 Financial transactions relating to [our website and services] [are] OR [may
be] handled by our payment services providers, [identify PSPs]. We will share
transaction data with our payment services providers only to the extent
necessary for the purposes of [processing your payments, refunding such
payments and dealing with complaints and queries relating to such payments
and refunds]. You can find information about the payment services providers'
privacy policies and practices at [URLs].
5.5 In addition to the specific disclosures of personal data set out in this Section
5, we may disclose your personal data where such disclosure is necessary for
compliance with a legal obligation to which we are subject, or in order to
protect your vital interests or the vital interests of another natural person. We
may also disclose your personal data where such disclosure is necessary for
the establishment, exercise, or defence of legal claims, whether in court
proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure.
6.2 We may transfer [your personal data] from the European Economic Area
(EEA) to the UK and process that personal data in the UK [for the purposes
set out in this policy][, and may permit [our suppliers and subcontractors] to
do so,] during any period with respect to which the UK is not treated as a
third country under EU data protection law or benefits from an adequacy
decision under EU data protection law; and we may transfer [your personal
data] from the UK to the EEA and process that personal data in the EEA [for
the purposes set out in this policy][, and may permit [our suppliers and
subcontractors] to do so,] during any period with respect to which EEA states
are not treated as third countries under UK data protection law or benefit
from adequacy regulations under UK data protection law.
6.3 The hosting facilities for our website are situated in [specify countries].[ The
competent data protection authorities have made an adequacy determination
with respect to [the data protection laws of each of these countries].]
[ Transfers to [each of these countries] will be protected by appropriate
safeguards, namely [the use of standard data protection clauses adopted or
approved by the competent data protection authorities, a copy of which you
can obtain from [source]] OR [[specify appropriate safeguards and means to
obtain a copy]].]
6.5 You acknowledge that [personal data that you submit for publication through
our website or services] may be available, via the internet, around the world.
We cannot prevent the use (or misuse) of such personal data by others.
7.1 This Section 7 sets out our data retention policies and procedures, which are
designed to help ensure that we comply with our legal obligations in relation
to the retention and deletion of personal data.
7.2 Personal data that we process for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept
for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes.
(e) [usage data will be retained for [period] following the date of
collection]; and
7.4 Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Section 7, we may retain your
personal data where such retention is necessary for compliance with a legal
obligation to which we are subject, or in order to protect your vital interests
or the vital interests of another natural person.
8. Your rights
8.1 In this Section 8, we have listed the rights that you have under data
protection law.
(a) the right to access - you can ask for copies of your personal data;
(c) the right to erasure - you can ask us to erase your personal data;
(d) the right to restrict processing - you can ask us to restrict the
processing of your personal data;
(e) the right to object to processing - you can object to the processing
of your personal data;
(f) the right to data portability - you can ask that we transfer your
personal data to another organisation or to you;
(h) the right to withdraw consent - to the extent that the legal basis of
our processing of your personal data is consent, you can withdraw that
consent.
8.3 These rights are subject to certain limitations and exceptions. You can learn
more about the rights of data subjects by visiting
[https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/general-guidance/gdpr-guidelines-
recommendations-best-practices_en and https://ico.org.uk/for-
organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-
regulation-gdpr/individual-rights/].
8.4 You may exercise any of your rights in relation to your personal data [by
written notice to us, using the contact details set out below].
9. About cookies
9.1 A cookie is a file containing an identifier (a string of letters and numbers) that
is sent by a web server to a web browser and is stored by the browser. The
identifier is then sent back to the server each time the browser requests a
page from the server.
9.2 Cookies may be either "persistent" cookies or "session" cookies: a persistent
cookie will be stored by a web browser and will remain valid until its set
expiry date, unless deleted by the user before the expiry date; a session
cookie, on the other hand, will expire at the end of the user session, when the
web browser is closed.
9.3 Cookies may not contain any information that personally identifies a user, but
personal data that we store about you may be linked to the information
stored in and obtained from cookies.
(a) [authentication and status - we use cookies [to identify you when
you visit our website and as you navigate our website, and to help us
determine if you are logged into our website][ (cookies used for this
purpose are: [identify cookies])]];
(f) [analysis - we use cookies [to help us to analyse the use and
performance of our website and services][ (cookies used for this
purpose are: [identify cookies])]]; and
11.1 Our service providers use cookies and those cookies may be stored on your
computer when you visit our website.
11.2 We use Google Analytics, which gathers information about the use of our
website and uses cookies for this purpose. We use the information gathered
by Google Analytics to create reports about the use of our website. You can
find out more about Google's use of information by visiting
https://policies.google.com/technologies/partner-sites and you can review
Google's privacy policy at https://policies.google.com/privacy. The cookies
used by Google Analytics are named _ga and _ga+container-id.
11.3 We use [identify service provider] to [specify service]. This service uses
cookies for [specify purpose(s)]. You can view the privacy policy of this
service provider at [URL].[ The relevant cookies are: [identify cookies].]
12.1 Most browsers allow you to refuse to accept cookies and to delete cookies.
The methods for doing so vary from browser to browser and from version to
version. You can obtain up-to-date information about managing cookies via
these links:
(b) https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/products/firefox/privacy-and-security
(Firefox);
(e) https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/microsoft-edge-
browsing-data-and-privacy-bb8174ba-9d73-dcf2-9b4a-c582b4e640dd
(Edge).
12.2 Blocking all cookies will have a negative impact upon the usability of many
websites.
12.3 If you block cookies, you will not be able to use all the features on our
website.
13. Amendments
13.1 We may update this policy from time to time by publishing a new version on
our website.
13.2 You should check this page occasionally to ensure you are happy with any
changes to this policy.
(d) [by email, using [the email address published on our website]].
15. Representatives
15.1 Our representative within the EU with respect to our obligations under data
protection law is [identify representative] and you can contact our
representative by [contact details].
15.2 Our representative within the UK with respect to our obligations under data
protection law is [identify representative] and you can contact our
representative by [contact details].
16.1 Our data protection officer's contact details are: [contact details].
Free privacy policy: drafting notes
This is a free website privacy policy or web app privacy policy, which will help you
to comply with data protection legislation, and has been updated for the General
Data Protection Regulation (also known as the GDPR) and for the bifurcation of the
GDPR into EU and UK versions consequent upon Brexit.
This free privacy policy covers the following matters (amongst others): the
collection of personal information; the use of that personal information; the legal
bases for the processing of that information; disclosures of that personal
information to third parties; international transfers of personal information; and the
use of cookies on the website.
This privacy policy might not be suitable for you if the ways in which you use
personal information are complex or unusual.
In any event, there are many aspects to data protection compliance. Publishing a
privacy policy or statement containing the relevant information is only one aspect -
albeit an important aspect - of compliance.
Section 1: Introduction
Section 1.1
Optional element.
Section 1.2
Optional element.
Section 1.4
Optional element.
The inclusion of this statement in your privacy policy will not in itself satisfy the
requirements of the ePrivacy Directive and/or the Privacy and Electronic
Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 as regards consent to the use of
cookies. Guidance concerning methods of obtaining such consent under UK law is
included on the Information Commissioner's website.
Section 1.5
Optional element.
Section 2: Credit
Optional element. Although you need to retain the credit, you should remove the
inline copyright warning from this document before use.
The GDPR requires that controllers disclose to data subjects certain information
about the personal data that they collect, in particular where the data does not
come direct from the data subject.
These provisions are designed to help with this requirement, and also to help you to
categorise the personal data collected in a way that makes it easy to differentiate
between types of personal data elsewhere in the document.
As you will see, there is quite a lot of overlap between the different categories that
we suggest. For example, individual names could fall into several different
categories. In editing these provisions, you should retain those categories of data
that most closely reflect the organisation of data in your business, delete the
others, and add new categories as necessary.
Turning to the legislative provisions, Article 14(1) of the GDPR provides that:
"Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller
shall provide the data subject with the following information: ... (d) the categories
of personal data concerned ...".
Article 14(2) of the GDPR, which also applies in the case that the personal data
have not been obtained from the data subject, provides that:
As regards the identification of the source of personal data in the case that the
personal data is not obtained from the data subject, the guidance from the
European Data Protection Board states that:
"The specific source of the data should be provided unless it is not possible to do so
… . If the specific source is not named then information provided should include:
the nature of the sources (i.e. publicly / privately held sources) and the types of
organisation / industry / sector."
Section 3.2
Optional element.
Section 3.3
Optional element.
Section 3.4
Optional element.
Section 3.5
Optional element.
Section 3.6
Optional element.
Section 3.7
Optional element.
Use this form of provision to identify other categories of personal data that may be
processed.
The GDPR requires that controllers disclose to data subjects detailed information
about the purposes and legal bases of their processing of personal data.
We have suggested some typical purposes here, but you may need to remove some
of the suggested ones and add your own. Equally, while we have suggested some
possible legal bases of processing in relation to each identified purpose or set of
purposes, the most appropriate legal basis will depend upon your specific
circumstances.
The relevant requirements are set out in Articles 13 and 14 of the GDPR.
"Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject,
the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data
subject with all of the following information: ... (c) the purposes of the processing
for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the
processing; (d) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the
legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party".
"Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller
shall provide the data subject with the following information: ... (c) the purposes of
the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis
for the processing ...".
Article 14(2) of the GDPR, which also applies in the case that the personal data
have not been obtained from the data subject, provides that:
Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, which is referred to in Articles 13 and 14, provides that:
"(1) Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the
following applies: ... (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate
interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where such interests
are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data
subject which require protection of personal data, in particular where the data
subject is a child."
Section 4.2
Optional element.
Section 4.3
Optional element.
Section 4.4
Optional element.
Section 4.5
Optional element.
Section 4.6
Optional element.
Section 4.7
Optional element.
Section 4.8
Optional element.
Section 4.9
Optional element.
Section 4.10
Optional element.
Section 4.11
Optional element.
Article 13(1)(e) of the GDPR requires that where personal data are collected from
the data subject, the data controller must provide the data subject with information
about "the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data".
Equivalent rules for data collected from someone other than the data subject are in
Article 14(1)(e).
Although the GDPR refers to "categories of recipients", the guidance from the
European Data Protection Board on this subject states:
"The term 'recipient' is defined in Article 4.9 as 'a natural or legal person, public
authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
whether a third party or not' [emphasis added]. As such, a recipient does not have
to be a third party. Therefore, other data controllers, joint controllers and
processors to whom data is transferred or disclosed are covered by the term
'recipient' and information on such recipients should be provided in addition to
information on third party recipients. The actual (named) recipients of the personal
data, or the categories of recipients, must be provided. In accordance with the
principle of fairness, controllers must provide information on the recipients that is
most meaningful for data subjects. In practice, this will generally be the named
recipients, so that data subjects know exactly who has their personal data. If
controllers opt to provide the categories of recipients, the information should be as
specific as possible by indicating the type of recipient (i.e. by reference to the
activities it carries out), the industry, sector and sub-sector and the location of the
recipients."
Section 5.1
Optional element.
Section 5.2
Optional element.
Section 5.3
Optional element.
Section 5.4
Optional element.
Optional element.
Article 13(1)(f) of the GDPR requires that data controllers disclose to data subjects
"where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a
third country or international organisation and the existence or absence of an
adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in
Article 46 [transfers subject to appropriate safeguards] or 47 [binding corporate
rules], or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1) [limited transfers for compelling
legitimate interests], reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the
means by which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made
available".
"The relevant GDPR article permitting the transfer and the corresponding
mechanism ... should be specified. Information on where and how the relevant
document may be accessed or obtained should also be provided e.g. by providing a
link to the mechanism used. In accordance with the principle of fairness, the
information provided on transfers to third countries should be as meaningful as
possible to data subjects; this will generally mean that the third countries be
named."
Section 6.2
Optional element.
Section 6.3
Optional element.
Section 6.4
Optional element.
Section 6.5
Optional element. Will users have the opportunity to publish personal information
on the website?
Article 5(1)(e) of the GDPR sets out the storage limitation, one of the fundamental
rules of the regime:
"Personal data shall be: ... kept in a form which permits identification of data
subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the personal
data are processed; personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the
personal data will be processed solely for archiving purposes in the public interest,
scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with
Article 89(1) subject to implementation of the appropriate technical and
organisational measures required by this Regulation in order to safeguard the rights
and freedoms of the data subject ... ".
Article 13(2) of the GDPR provides, in relation to personal data collected from the
data subject, that:
"... the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the
data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and
transparent processing: (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or
if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period ...".
Article 14(2) of the GDPR makes similar provision in relation to personal data that
is not collected from the data subject.
"This is linked to the data minimisation requirement in Article 5.1(c) and storage
limitation requirement in Article 5.1(e). The storage period (or criteria to determine
it) may be dictated by factors such as statutory requirements or industry guidelines
but should be phrased in a way that allows the data subject to assess, on the basis
of his or her own situation, what the retention period will be for specific data /
purposes. It is not sufficient for the data controller to generically state that personal
data will be kept as long as necessary for the legitimate purposes of the processing.
Where relevant, the different storage periods should be stipulated for different
categories of personal data and/or different processing purposes, including where
appropriate, archiving periods."
Article 13(2) of the GDPR provides that, where personal data is collected from a
data subject, certain information about data subject rights must be provided:
Similar provisions are set out in Article 14 in relation to personal data which is not
collected from the relevant data subject.
Optional element.
Under EU law, there are two additional requirements in relation to the use of
cookies and similar technologies, which apply over-and-above the rules regulating
the processing of personal data: a consent requirement and an information
disclosure requirement. The provisions of this document relating to cookies are
designed to aid compliance with the information disclosure requirement.
This requirement derives from Article 5(3) of Directive 2002/58/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal
data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector
(Directive on privacy and electronic communications), which provides that:
"Member States shall ensure that the use of electronic communications networks to
store information or to gain access to information stored in the terminal equipment
of a subscriber or user is only allowed on condition that the subscriber or user
concerned is provided with clear and comprehensive information in accordance with
Directive 95/46/EC, inter alia about the purposes of the processing, and is offered
the right to refuse such processing by the data controller. This shall not prevent any
technical storage or access for the sole purpose of carrying out or facilitating the
transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network, or as
strictly necessary in order to provide an information society service explicitly
requested by the subscriber or user."
"(1) Subject to paragraph (4), a person shall not store or gain access to information
stored, in the terminal equipment of a subscriber or user unless the requirements
of paragraph (2) are met.
(2) The requirements are that the subscriber or user of that terminal equipment -
(a) is provided with clear and comprehensive information about the purposes of the
storage of, or access to, that information; and (b) has given his or her consent.
(3A) For the purposes of paragraph (2), consent may be signified by a subscriber
who amends or sets controls on the internet browser which the subscriber uses or
by using another application or programme to signify consent.
(4) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the technical storage of, or access to,
information - (a) for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a
communication over an electronic communications network; or (b) where such
storage or access is strictly necessary for the provision of an information society
service requested by the subscriber or user."
Section 9.2
Optional element.
Section 9.3
Optional element.
Optional element.
Section 11.2
Optional element.
Section 11.3
Optional element.
Optional element.
Section 12.3
Optional element. Will the blocking of cookies have a negative effect upon the use
of the website from a user perspective?
Optional element.
Section 13.2
Optional element.
Section 13.3
Optional element. Will you contact users to notify them of changes to this policy?
The provisions here reflect a mixture of EU law and UK law requirements relating to
contact information.
All services covered by the Ecommerce Directive (which was implemented in the UK
through the Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002) must provide a
name, a geographic address (not a P.O. Box number) and an email address.
Section 14.1
Section 14.2
Section 14.3
Optional element.
Section 14.4
Optional element.
Either specify an email address or give details of where the relevant email
address may be found.
Optional element.
Section 15.1
Optional element.
"Where Article 3(2) applies, the controller or the processor shall designate in
writing a representative in the Union."
There are however some exceptions here. Article 27(2) of the GDPR provides that:
"The obligation laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to: (a)
processing which is occasional, does not include, on a large scale, processing of
special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or processing of personal
data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10, and is
unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into
account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing; or (b) a public
authority or body."
Where a representative has been appointed, Article 13(1)(a) of the GDPR provides
that:
"Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject,
the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data
subject with all of the following information: (a) the identity and the contact details
of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative".
Section 15.2
Optional element.
Optional element.
Section 16.1
Some data controllers and data processors will have an obligation to appoint a data
protection officer (DPO). The basic obligation is set out in Article 37(1) of the
GDPR:
"The controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any
case where: (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except
for courts acting in their judicial capacity; (b) the core activities of the controller or
the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data
subjects on a large scale; or (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor
consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data pursuant to
Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to
in Article 10."
"Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject,
the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data
subject with all of the following information ... (b) the contact details of the data
protection officer, where applicable".
Insert contact details of the appointed data protection officer (if any).