Sigmund Freud: Psychoanaytic Theory ● Breuer also could not accept Freud’s notion

CHAPTER 2: PART 1 that childhood sexual experiences were the

source of adult hysteria.
● With some reluctance, Breuer agreed to
publish with Freud Studies on Hysteria
(Breuer & Freud, 1895/1955).
● In this book and introduced the term
“psychical analysis,” and during the
following year, he began calling his
approach “psycho-analysis.”
● Then.. he had disagreements with Breuer
and turned to Wilhelm Fleiss.
● After the death of his father, what did he do?

● Czech Republic
● In 1855, University of Vienna and received a
travel grant and studied in Paris and met
Jean Martin Charcot: From whom he
learned the therapeutic technique in treating
hysteria.

HYSTERIA. a disorder typically

characterized by paralysis or the ● Henri Ellenberger (1970) described this
improper functioning of certain period in Freud’s life as a time of “creative
parts of the body. illness,”
● Joseph Breuer -> Catharsis ● Creative illness is a condition characterized
● He also learned Free Association (Which by depression, neurosis, psychosomatic
replaced Hypnosis) ailments, and an intense preoccupation with
● From Charcot, he learned about Male some form of creative activity. In any event,
Hysteria... Was it well received? at midlife, Freud was suffering from
● Reunited with Breuer and studied about self-doubts, depression, and an obsession
Anna O. with his own death.
MORE OF FREUD
“My emotional life has always insisted that I should
have an intimate friend and a hated
enemy. I have always been able to provide
myself afresh with both” (Freud, 1900/1953, p. 483).

Phylogenetic Endowment
Not all unconscious processes, however, spring from
repression of childhood events. Freud believed that a
portion of our unconscious originates from the
experiences of our early ancestors that have been
passed on to us through hundreds of generations of
repetition.
CHAPTER 2: PART 2 Sigmund Freud:
Psychoanalytic Theory

WHAT ARE THE DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY?

● People are motivated to seek pleasure and to
reduce tension and anxiety.
● This motivation is derived from psychical and
physical energy that springs from their basic
drives.
THREE PROVINCES OF THE MIND EVERY DRIVE HAS A/ AN:
1. The id (das Es, it)- Unconscious, chaotic, out of ● Source – a condition where an instinct appears
contact with reality, and in service of the to present itself on a region of the body.
pleasure principle. ● Aim – is primarily to reduce the excitation from
2. The ego (das Ich, I)- The executive of the the different needs.
personality, in contact with the real world, and in ● Object – refers to any person, thing, or body
service of the reality principle. part that may provide satisfaction.
3. The superego (Uber ich, Over I)- This serves ● Impetus – the magnitude of energy exerted to
the moral and idealistic principles and begins to satisfy a basic instinct.
form after the Oedipus complex is resolved.

WHAT ARE THE DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY?

(cont.)
Two Basic Groups of Instincts/ Drives/ Impulse:
● Sex Drive (Eros or the Life Instinct) – its primary
goal pleasure, which may originate from the
different erogenous zones: mouth, anus, and
genitals.
...Produces which energy?
● Aggression (Thanatos or Destructive Instinct) –
The destructive instinct aims to return a person
 to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed Neurosis. Is the formation of behavioral or
against other people and is called aggression. psychosomatic Symptoms as a result of The return of
1. Sex (Erosor the life instinct) the repressed.
The ultimate aim of the sexual drive (reduction of
sexual tension) cannot be Defense Mechanisms
changed, but the path by which the aim is reached can –a process used by the ego to distort reality And
be varied. protect a person from anxiety
AIM: Pleasure

The finding of the love object is in fact a refinding"

(Freud,1905:222).
2. Aggression (Thanatos)
The aim of the destructive drive is to return the
Organism to an inorganic state. Because the ultimate
inorganic condition is Death, the final aim of the
aggressive drive is self-destruction.

ANXIETY
–A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a
Psychosexual Stage of Development
physical sensation that warns the person against
impending danger. The unpleasantness is often vague
● Oral (0-18mos.)
and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt.
○ Phases:
1. Neurotic Anxiety
■ Oral receptive
2. Moral Anxiety
■ Oral sadistic phase- Infants'
3. Realistic/ Objective Anxiety
defense against the environment
is greatly aided by the
Psychosis. an extreme mental disturbance
emergence of teeth.
Involving distorted perceptions of reality and
○ Fixations create oral-aggressive adults
irrational behavior; basically, a complete break with
who like to argue and exploit others.
reality.
○ Erogenous zone: mouth(oral):
gratification is gained by oral
stimulation(Breast)
● Anal Stage (Ages18mos-3y/o)
○ -This period is characterized by
satisfaction gained through aggressive
behavior and through the excretory
function. Attention turns to the process
of elimination.
○ -Early anal period: children receive
satisfaction by destroying or losing
objects.
○ -Late anal period: they sometimes take
a friendly interest toward Anal
character/triad. Orderliness, stinginess,
and obstinacy.
● Latency (Ages 6-Puberty)
○ -Ego develops.
○ -Harsh or lenient toilet training can make
● Genital Stage (12 and above!)
a child either:
■ Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy,
orderly, and compulsively clean
■ Anal Expulsive: Disorderly,
messy, destructive, or cruel

● Phallic Stage (Ages3-6)

○ “Anatomy is destiny.
○ Oedipus Conflict: For boys only.
Strongly identifies with father. The boy
feels rivalry with his father for his
mother’s affection.
■ Castration anxiety
○ Electra Conflict (Simple Female Oedipus
Complex): The girl loves her father and
competes with her mother. The girl
identifies with her mother more slowly Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
because she already feels castrated. –In Studies on Hysteria (Breuer&Freud, 1895/1955),
○ Psychological differences between men Freud described his technique of extracting repressed
and women could not be erased by childhood memories:
culture because they were the inevitable
consequences of anatomical differences
between the sexes.
Data to be extracted: Confession of a childhood
seduction

● Free association. A patient talks of whatever

comes into their mind.

● Transference. This is an important piece of the

psychotherapeutic work.

Dream
–Dreams are the royal road To the unconscious.

FreudianSlips
–Slips of the tongue, pen, reading, or hearing that may
reveal a person’s unconscious or preconscious
intentions. Freud (1901/1960) used the German
Fehlleistung, or “faulty function, ” but James Strachey,
one of Freud’s translators, invented the term
parapraxes.

Psychotherapy
–Freud’s psychotherapy focused on uncovering
repressed memories and intentions.

Review:
● All motivation can be traced to sex and
aggression.
● Childhood behaviors related to sex and
aggression Are often punished, which leads to
either repression or anxiety.
● To protect itself against anxiety, the ego
● Initiates various defense mechanisms, the most
basic of which is repression.
● CONCEPT OF HUMANITY:
1. Deterministic
2. Pessimistic
3. Causal
4. Unconscious
5. Biological
6. Similar and unique