School of Distance Education

University of Calicut
School of Distance Education

IV Semester MA Economics

Health Economics (ECO4E08)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which agency defined health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well being
and not merely the absence of illness or disease”:
a. UNICEF
b. WHO
c. WTO
d. ADB
2. Health paradox refers to :
a. high income with high human development
b. low income with high human development
c. low mortality with high morbidity
d. none of these
3. QUALY stands for:
a. Quality Adjusted Life Year
b. Quantity Adjusted Life Year
c. Quality Adjusted Long Youth
d. none of these
4. The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) combines three indicators. They are
a. infant mortality, life expectancy and adult literacy rate
b. crime rate, clean environment and quality of housing
c. air pollution rate, water pollution rate and sanitation
d. health, education and environment.
5. AYUSH stands for:
a. all youth and usual status health status
b. ayurveda, yoga& naturopathy, unani, siddha and homeopathy
c. accredited youth and usual special health care
d. none of these
6. It is the statistical study of human population.
a. health economics
b. gender economics
c. demography

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d. none of these
7. Child nutritional status measured in terms of three anthropometric indicators. They are:
a. stunting, wasting and underweight
b. mortality, morbidity and underweight
c. body mass index, morbidity rate, dependency ratio
d. none of these
8. Example of life style diseases:
a. cancer
b. malaria
c. chikungunia
d. fever
9. Palliative care policy in Kerala implemented in which year:
a. 2009
b. 2013
c. 2003
d. 2008
10. Which index adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and
women?
a. HPI
b. GEM
c. HDI
d. GDI
11. APGAR family assessment is interpreted by means of
a. scoring
b. Comparing with a standard table
c. Using a scale of wellness
d. Consultation with a family psychologist
12. What factor below encourages an over allocation of resources to health care?
a. Physician sovereignty.
b. Third-party payment.
c. Rapidly changing technology.
d. All of the above.
13. Defensive medicine:
a. increases the supply of health care.
b. is the same as preventive medicine.
c. increases the demand for health care.
d. occurs because patients are very defensive about their health.
14. A method of comparing the monetary value of all benefits of a project with all cost of that
project is known as,
a. Cost benefit analysis

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b. Cost effective analysis

c. Cost utility analysis
d. Cost effective analysis
15. In health care market if supply increases, demand…..
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. First increases than decreases
d. Remains same
16. The first national public health programme in the country?
a. Malarial eradication programme
b. Leprosy control project
c. TB control project
d. None of the above
17. Overall sex ratio in Kerala continues to be favourable to :
a. women
b. men
c. total population
d. male and female
18.The benefits associated with the best alternative use of resources is called
a. Health economics
b. health resources
c. opportunity cost
d. alternative activities
19. Example of communicable diseases:
a. heart attack
b. diabetes
c. blood pressure
d. dengue
20.Children with no insurance receive health care through a program called …..
a. Medicare
b. Social security program
c. Maternal and Child health bureau
d.State childrens Health Insurance Program
21. An increase in demand within the National Health Service i.e. for healthcare which remains
free at the point of use but where medical resources are limited will result in:
a. Reduction in price of healthcare
b. Longer waiting lists
c. Rises in price of healthcare
d. Unemployment in healthcare service

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22. Which of the following occupations accounts for the highest percentage of workers in the
National Health Service?
a. Nurses
b.Doctors
c.Ambulance staff
d. Scientific and technical staff
23. Which of the following is not a reason for increased health spending?
a. People spend more on their health as their income increases
b. People are living longer
c. The average age of the population is rising
d. People are dying earlier
24.The number of people who die per 100,000 population in a given year is called the:
a. Rectangularisation of life curve
b. Life expectancy
c. Mortality rate
d. Morbidity rate
25. Doctors earn more than nurses because:
a. There is an excess supply of doctors
b. There is an excess demand for doctors
c. There is a National Minimum Wage
d. There is an excess demand for nurses
26. The purpose of the SCHIP program is to:
a. provide health coverage for the children of low-income families.
b. provide health insurance for disabled workers.
c. allow workers who lose their jobs to keep their health insurance by paying for it
themselves.
d. compensate hospitals for costs not covered by Medicaid or Medicare.
27. The function of any health care system include the following
a. Production of resources
b. Management and Arrangement of resources into health programs
c. Provision of health services
d. All the above
28. The ----------- is the first contact with individuals in any health care system.
a.Secondary level of care
b.primary level of care
c.tertiary level of care.
d.None
29. Elements of primary health care include all of the following except:
a. An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
b. Providing essential drugs

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c. Sound referral system

d. Health Education
30. Which of the following is a new concept in Primary Health Care?
a. Equitable distribution
b. Community participation
c. Qualitative inquiry
d.Primary Health Care
31. Highest level of integration in health service is:
a. PHC
b. Sub center
c. CHC
d. District hospital
32. Planning cycle includes:
a. Analysis of the situation
b. Evaluation
c. Resource assessment
d. All
33. A 3-year graduate MBBS program was suggested by which committee?
a. Sundar Committee
b. Srivastava Committee
c. Expert Level Committee on Universal Health Coverage
d. Krishnan Committee
34. What is the FDI allowed in the greenfield projets of Health sector?
a.100
b. 49
c. 51
d. 0
35. What is the total value of Indian healthcare Information technology as of 2020?
a. US$0.8 billion
b. US$ 2billion
c. US$0.9 billion
d. US$ 1 billion
36. CDM stands for-
a. clean development mechanism
b. community development mechanism
c. clear development model
d. none
37. Burden of disease is measured by:
a. Disability Adjusted life years(DALY)

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b. Physical Quality of life years (PQLY)

c. Health Adjusted Life Years (HALE)
d. All of the above
38.Which of the following is determined by calculating deaths after 24 hours of hospital
admission?
a. Gross death rate
b. Random death rate
c.On-the-spot death rate
d. Net death rate
39. There are various operational research models used in the areas of hospital and healthcare
management. Which of the following models is used in the capital rationing of resources like
budget allocation, transfer pricing, etc.?
a. Assignment model
b. Transportation model
c. Dynamic programming model
d. Linear programming model.
40. Planning a new hospital starts with setting goals for the hospital, without which the
organization cannot have a definite direction or focus. Which of the following areas is not
considered by an organization while studying existing hospital facilities in an area?
a. Bed ratio
b. Hospital occupancy
c. Physical condition of facilities
d. Perception of patients
41. Harrison suggested different methods of monitoring of medical audit. Which of the following
method of monitoring is based on the primary idea of learning from mistakes?
a. Peer review
b. Sentinel cases
c. Criterion-based audit
d. Surveys
42. This approach to health promotion is based on the assumption that humans are rational
decision-makers, this approach relies heavily upon the provision of information about risks and
benefits of certain behaviours.
a. behaviour change approach
b. community development approach
c. biomedical approach
d.none of these
43. Cost benefit analysis is used to measure allocative efficiency. It can be measured either
within the ________ or across other sectors of the economy.
a. technical sector
b. health care sector

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c.. insurance sector

d.. socioeconomic sector
44. Any economic evaluation where costs and benefits occur over a number of years should
consider ____________.
a. discounting
b. hypothesizing
c. alternatives
d. surgery
45. The aim of economic evaluation is to ensure that the benefits from health care programs
implemented are greater than the opportunity cost of such programs by addressing questions of
______ or _____.
a. Interpretive efficiency or Inclusive efficiency
b. Economic efficiency or Evaluative efficiency
c. Allocative efficiency or Technical efficiency
d. Informational efficiency or Requirements efficiency
46. This variability in the quality of published health economic evaluation studies has _____
implications for the identification and subsequent utilization of information on _____ in the
health care decision-making process.
a. insignificant | economics
b. significant | systematic reviews
c. no significant | retrieval
d. significant | efficiency
47. The following is a list of disciplines, some of which relate to health economics. Which
discipline does not belong in this list?
a. Health Education
b. Anthropology
c. Health Services Research
d. Statistical Methods
48. Medical care is only one factor of many that directly determines health. Which item in the
list is not a direct factor?
a. diet
b. exercise
c. information technology
d. age
49. The National Health Accounts are associated with which agency?
a. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
b. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
c. NICHSR
d. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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50. The rectangularisation of life curve refers to:

a. Fewer deaths at every age
b.A lower life expectancy
c.More deaths at every age
d. A higher birth rate
51. Which slogan is popular in health care in Kerala:
a. healthy youth and wealthy youth
b. good health at low cost
c. health care
d. none of these
52. NRHM stands for:
a. national rural health mission
b. national remote health mission
c. national and regional health management
d. none of these
53. Which refers to the work of health care professionals who act as a first point of consultation
for all patients within the health care system:
a. primary care
b. secondary care
c. urgent care
d. none of these
54. which is a specialized consultative health care:
a. primary care
b. secondary care
c. urgent care
d. tertiary care
55. The number of live births per thousand of population per year means:
a. birth rate
b. IMR
c. death rate
d. none of these

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56. Current total fertility rate in India:

a. 2.4
b. 2.7
c. 1.7
d. 3.5
57. Maternal mortality rate in Kerala:
a. 66
b. 90
c. 103
d. 178
58. The state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population means:
a. mortality
b. morbidity
c. fertility
d. none of these
59. As per Census 2011, Sex ratio in Kerala:
a. 1084
b. 1058
c. 933
d. 940
60. As per Census 2011, dependency ratio in India:
a. 652
b. 715
c. 819
d. 635
61. RCH stands for:
a. reproductive and child health
b. reproductive child health
c. researching child households
d. none of these
62. The top priority of Janani Suraksha Yojana is:
a. decrease the fertility rate
b. reduce the birth rate

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c. reduction of MMR
d. none of these
63. Which factors contributed to the model of health in Kerala:
a. land reforms and effective PDS
b. high female literacy rate
c. strong public health system
d. all the above
64. In which state accounted for highest child sex ratio:
a. mizoram
b. meghalaya
c. kerala
d. haryana
65. Child nutritional status measured in terms of three anthropometric indicators. They are:
a. stunting, wasting and underweight
b. mortality, morbidity and underweight
c. body mass index, morbidity rate, dependency ratio
d. none of these
66. In Kerala, Tertiary care in government service is provided through which institutions:
a. medical college hospitals
b. district hospital
c. primary health centres
d. taluk hospitals
67. Dimensions of public health:
a. health promotion
b. disease prevention
c. rehabilitation
d. all the above
68. People from which state have the highest cholesterol level in India :
a. kerala
b. punjab
c. tamilnadu

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d. bihar
69. Which variable is not a component of HDI:
a. life expectancy
b. access to knowledge
c. IMR
d. decent standard of living
70. As per Census 2011, birth rate in India:
a. 15.2
b. 21.8
c. 15.9
d. 16.2
71. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram is a new initiative launched inwhich year:
a. 2011
b. 2012
c. 2013
d. 2010
72. ______________________ is a disorder or bad functioning (malfunction of mind or
body) which leads to departure of good health
a. Disease
b. Physical disease
c. Health
d. Infectious disease
73. Moral hazard by health insurance companies can result in _________.
a. Community rating
b. Adverse selection
c. Abuse of health insurance
d. Risk pooling
74. Primary care can be described as _________.
a. Care provided to patient in an acute setting
b. Care provided in hospitals
c. First point of contact for people seeking healthcare
d. Care provided by Doctors

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75. _________ is an insured who undergoes treatment after getting admitted in a hospital.
a. Inpatient
b. Outpatient
c. Day patient
d. House patient
76. _________ refers to a hospital/health care provider enlisted by an insurer to provide medical
services to an insured on payment by a cashless facility
a. Day care centre
b. Network provider
c. Third Party Administrator
d. Domiciliary
77. What does ‘S’ stand for in SATH, an initiative by government of India to initiate
transformation in Health and Education Sectors by associating with states?
a. Sustainable
b. Social
c. Societal
d. Supervisor
78. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Health promotion can refer to any event, process or activity that facilitates the
protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or
populations.
b. The objective of health promotion is to prolong life and to improve quality of life.
c. Health promotion practice is often shaped by how health is conceptualized.
d. all of these
79. Which of the following charters defined health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people
to increase control over, and to improve, their health’.
a.Charter of the United Nations (1945)
b.Tokyo Charter (1946)
c.Ottawa Charter (1986)
d.none of these

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80. ______ refers to the application of consumer-oriented marketing techniques in the design,
implementation and evaluation of programmes aimed towards influencing behaviour change.
a. Health education
b. Social marketing
c. Consumer health
d. none of these
81. Which of the following is a general term used to refer to the application of digital
information and communication technology to health care?
a. digi-health
b. e-health
c. i-health
d. tech-health
82. The use of mobile and wireless applications (e.g., SMS, apps, wearable devices, remote
sensing and use of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram) to health-related
purposes describes ______.
a. E-health
b. I-health
c. S-health
d. M-health
83. Which of the following refers to a programme that aims to enable patients to make better use
of information and communication technology for health and health care?
a. patient informatics
b. ICT health
c. health-tech
d. none of these
84. Which of the following refers to the capacity to access, understand, appraise and apply health
information and services, and to make appropriate health decisions to promote and maintain
health?
a. health accessibility
b. health appraisal
c. health literacy

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d. health promotion
85. Externalities refers to
a.Third party effect
b. Inclusive growth
c.Social exclusion
d.None of these
86. Medical care is only one factor of many that directly determines health. Which item in the
list is not a direct factor?
a. diet
b. exercise
c. information technology
d. age
87. The nation's health care dollar comes from four main sources. Which source does not belong
here?
a. insurance premiums
b. health care reform
c. co-payments
d. out-of-pocket expenditures
88. Medicare covers what percentage of which population?
a. 95% of the elderly
b. 20% of mothers and children
c. 87% of adolescents
d. 55% of the elderly
89. The National Health Accounts are associated with which agency?
a. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
b. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
c. NICHSR
d. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
90. The site with substantial content on cost-QALY ratios is called
a. The CEA Registry
b. The Health Economic Evaluations Database (HEED)

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c. Evidence Based Health Care

d. The NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED)
91. The following is a list of the types of statistical data most often required in health economics.
Which letter listed below does not belong in the list?
a. financing health care
b. epidemiological
c. cost of care
d. nutrition data
92. Costs relate to resources associated with community, ambulance and voluntary services, As
with health care resources they may be categorized as staffing, ______, overheads, and capital.
a. research
b. consumables
c. buildings
d. heating
93. Two patients have different treatments for the same condition. In Year 1 person A has
surgery costing $3000. Patient B begins drug treatment with drugs costing $1000. Over three
years, and despite an inflation rate of 5%, by adjusting costs for the rate of inflation the two
treatments are shown to be _________ in terms of resources used.
a. much less efficient
b. not as efficient
c. more efficient
d. equally efficient
94. Economic evaluations are ______ which attempt to capture and summarize reality
a. organisms
b. facts
c. graphics
d. models
95. Example of tertiary health care:
a. cardiac surgery
b. plastic surgery
c. cancer management

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d. all the above

96. Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of ageexpressed per 1,000 live
births :
a. birth rate
b. under five mortality rate
c. death rate
d. none of these
97. Measure of overall disease burden:
a. acute morbidity
b. chronic morbidity
c. mortality
d. daly
98. Reproductive and child health was launched in which year:
a. 1992-93
b. 1997-98
c. 2005-06
d. 2012-13
99. Who praised the famous Kerala model of health:
a. Amartya Sen
b. Michael Grossman
c. Harrod-Domer
d. Richard Nelson
100. High social sector development measured in terms of:
a. health and nutrition
b. education and health
c. education, health and quality of life of the people
. none of these

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Answers

1. b
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. c
7. a
8. a
9. d
10. d
11. a
12. d
13. c
14. a
15. b
16. d
17. a
18. c
19. c
20. b
21. b
22. a
23. d
24. c
25. b
26. a
27. d
28. b
29. c
30. c
31. d
32. d
33. c
34. a
35. d
36. a
37. a

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38. d
39. d
40. d
41. a
42. a
43. b
44. a
45. c
46. d
47. b
48. c
49. b
50. a
51. b
52. a
53. a
54. d
55. a
56. a
57. a
58. b
59. a
60. a
61. a
62. c
63. d
64. a
65. a
66. a
67. d
68. a
69. c
70. b
71. a
72. a
73. b
74. c
75. a
76. b
77. a

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78. d
79. c
80. b
81. b
82. d
83. a
84. c
85. a
86. c
87. b
88. a
89. b
90. a
91. d
92. b
93. d
94. d
95. d
96. b
97. d
98. b
99. a
100.c

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