WEEK 1 Logic = concern in reasoning and a treatise on

matter. ARISTOTLE was the first philosopher to

Etymologically, the word "philosophy" comes devise logic.
from two Greek words, philo meaning "love"
and sophia, meaning "wisdom". • Ethics = Branch of philosophy that explores the
nature of moral virtue and evaluates human
Philosophy originally meant "love of wisdom". action.

• Science- it is called science because the Aethetics = sensitive, beauty, arts

investigation is systematic.
PHILOSOPHERS
• Natural Light of Reason- philosophers uses his
natural capacity to think THALES = father of philosophy

• Study of All Things- sets the distinction ANAXIMENES = air is the fundamental elements
between philosophy from other sciences
ANAXIMANDER = universe was formed from
• First Cause or Highest Principle - principle is boundless
that from which something proceeds in any
manner whatsoever. The First Principles: HERACLITUS = no man cannot stem on the
same river twice
● Principle of Identity- everything is its
own being, and not being is not being PYTHAGORAS = numbers are important matter

● Principle of Non- Contradiction- it is XENOPHANES = did not subscribed to the idea

impossible for a thing to be and not be of anthropomorphic God
at the same time and at the same
respect.

● Principle of Excluded Middle- a thing is WEEK 2

either is or is not; everything must be
either be or not be; between being and • Doing Philosophy to ask questions, to reflects
not-being, there is no middle ground and to formulate and evaluate arguments. Doing
possible. philosophy involves asking the right questions.

● Principle of Sufficient Reason- nothing .Philosophical Reflection = It is the tool in doing

exist without a sufficient reasons for its philosophy which the act of giving time to think
being and existence. about meaning and purpose of life

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY There are two types of Philosophical reflection:

Metaphysics = The only extension of 1. Primary reflection (fragmented and

fundamental and necessary drive in every compartmentalizes thinking: instrumental
human being to know what is real thinking: means-end of thinking or selfish way of
thinking). OBJECTIVE type of reasoning
Epistemology origin of knowledge
2. Secondary Reflection (integrates the
fragmented and compartmentalizes experience
into coherent whole).
 THEORIES OF TRUTH
SUBJECTIVE type of reasoning
Correspondence theory is the view that truth is
•Partial point of view is one's perception is correspondence to, or with, a fact. Embracing
limited by other factors or based on a single the idea of truth that consist in a relation to
factor. reality.

• Holistic point of view is having a view where we Coherence theory-the truth conditions are based
understand both the whole and the parts of on facts or objective features of the world.
something, and, we understand how the parts,
when brought together, make up the whole. Pragmatic theory the truth of a statement can be
define in terms of the utility of accepting it. There
THE GREEK TRIUMVIRATE are things that are false that it may be useful to
accept, and conversely there are things that are
• SOCRATES = Socratic Method / Elenchus - true that it may be damaging to accept.
Means of examining a
WEEK 4
topic by devising a series of questions. Claimed
that, "the unexamined life is not worth living". FALLACY = is a defect in an argument other
than it's having false premises. To detect
• PLATO = Plato's lasting contribution to learning fallacies, it is required to examine the
was his founding of the Academy, One of his argument's content.
famous work is The Republic.
A. Appeal to pity (Argumentatum ad
• ARISTOTLE = His studies in logic led to the misericordiam) is a specific kind of appeal to
formulation of a formal process of analyzing emotion in which someone tries to win support
reasoning, Human beings philosophize because for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her
they wonder about the world. opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.

WEEK 3 B. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentatum ad

ignorantiam) whatever has not been proved
FACTS AND OPINIONS = false must be true and vice versa.

A fact is a provable statement. It can be shown C. Equivocation is a logical chain of reasoning of

to be true or false without any doubt. a term or a word several times, but giving the
particular word a different meaning each time.
An opinion, on the other hand, expresses a
personal belief, idea, or feeling that is not D. Composition infers that something is true of
provable. the whole from the fact that it is true some part
of the whole.
Truth is a state or quality of being true.
E. Division one reasons logically that something
OBJECTIVE INFORMATION= the analysis is true of a thing must also be true of all or some of
based from facts, measurable and observable. its parts.

SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION=Based on F. Against the person (Argumentatum ad

personal opinions, interpretations, points of view, hominem) attempts to link the validity of a
emotions and judgment. premise to a characteristic or belief of the
person advocating the premise. However, in
some instances, questions of personal conduct, SPATIAL-TEMPORAL BEINGS - As temporal
character, motives are legitimate if relevant to beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude
the issue. our finite quality or state.

G. Appeal to force (Argumentatum ad baculum) Spatial = space

is an argument where force, coercion or the
threat of force is given as a justification for a Temporal-time
conclusion.
THE BODY AS INTERMEDIARY - Intermediary
H. Appeal to the people (Argumentatum ad means acting as a mediator
populum) is an argument that appeals or
exploits people's vanities, desire for esteem and TRANSCENDENCE- is the ability to change, be
anchoring on popularity. dynamic, and continually redefining one's self
which works with our facticity to create change.
L. False Cause (post hoc) since that event
followed this one, that event must have been Polytheism a belief or worship of more than one
caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred god.
to as coincidental correlation or correlation not
causation. Monotheism a belief in or worship of one god.

J. Hasty generalization one commits errors if • Hinduism is one of the oldest Eastern
one reaches an inductive generalization based traditions, practiced by hundreds of millions of
on insufficient evidence. The fallacy is commonly people for about 5000 years, oldest religion in
based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics the world.
of a survey of a small group that fails to
sufficiently represent the whole population. • Brahman = ultimate reality. oneness of reality,
self-hood
K. Begging the question (petitio principii) is the
type of fallacy in which the proposition to be Atman absolute soul
proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in
thepremise. Samsara = endless series of birth (reincarnation)

WEEK 5 and 6 Karma = law of action, good or bad karma

HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT Dharma = right action or role

Embodied being materialized or incarnated Moksha liberation from samsara

Spirit = Immutable and Indestructible • Buddhism = tears to enlightenment

The union of soul and body is inseparable •Siddharta Gautama Buddha = founder

LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN PERSON • Dharma in Buddhism = law of salvation

FACTITY - refers to the things in our life that are •Nirvana = absolutely free from all forms of
already given. bondage and attachment Arhat one who entered
nirvana
• Boddhisattva = one who planned to enter Sustainable Development - Sustainable
nirvana development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the
•Four Noble of Truths = realizations of Buddha ability of future generations to meet their own
needs
•Eight Fold Path = ways to escape suffering to
achieve nirvana Prudence - the ability to govern and discipline
oneself by the use of reason. It is classically
WEEK 7 and 8 considered to be a virtue, and in particular one
of the four Cardinal virtues.
HUMAN PERSON IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Frugality- the quality of being frugal, sparing,
EGO-logical = humans over the environment thrifty, prudent or economical in the consumption
(Anthropocentric view) of consumable resources such as food, time or
money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or
ECO-logical = humans within the environment extravagance.
(Egocentric view)
Conservation - the act of protecting Earth's
ANTHROPOCENTRISM = Refers to a natural resources for current and future
human-centered, or "anthropocentric," point of generations.
view. Human are the only, or primary, holders of
moral standing. Preservation - The act of preserving: care to
preserve; act of keeping from destruction, decay
HUMANISM = Progressive philosophy of life or any ill.
that, without theism or other supernatural
beliefs, affirms our ability and responsibility to DEEP ECOLOGY = For this theory, ecological
lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism
aspire to greater good.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY = Ecological crisis results
PATHOCENTRISMA philosophical position from authoritarian social structures. Destroying
regarding the difference or similarities in the nature is a reflection wherein few people
reaction to pain in humans andbanimals. overpower others while exploiting the
environment for profit or self-interest.
BIOCENTRISM = A philosophical viewpoint that
all living organisms, not just humans, are ECOFEMINISM = This theory argues that
deserving of equal and moral andethical ecological crisis is a consequence of male
consideration. dominance.

ECOCENTRISM=This concept believes that Erich Fromm = envisioned a society to be a

ecology is the central and most significant part responsible human being towards the
of the earth and thus promotes nature-based environment
system of values.

HOLISM = Etymologically, holism comes from

the Greek word "holos" meaning "all" or "total".
Concisely summarized by Aristotle in
Metaphysics, "the whole is more than the sum of
its parts".