NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

AGENCIES INVOLVE IN
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
OF WILDLIFE
PRESENTED BY: ALI SHAN
BS: 8
ROLL NO: 32
 WHAT IS THE SHORT MEANING OF WILDLIFE?
LIVING THINGS AND ESPECIALLY MAMMALS, BIRDS,
AND FISHES THAT ARE NEITHER HUMAN NOR
DOMESTICATED

WHAT IS MEANT BY WILDLIFE CONSERVATION?

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IS THE

PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION OF ANIMALS,
PLANTS, AND THEIR HABITATS.
 INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

• WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF)

• INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
AND NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN)
• CONSERVATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON
ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)
 NATIONAL AGENCIES

• NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE

• ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT
• HIMALAYAN WILDLIFE FOUNDATION
WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF):
• ESTABLISHED IN 1961.
• IT IS THE WORLD LARGEST AND MORE EXPERIENCED
INDEPENDENT CONSERVATIVE FOUNDATION.
• GLOBAL NETWORK ACTIVE IN MORE THEN 100 COUNTRIES.
• 4M SUPPORTERS.
• 6200 STAFF MEMBERS.
 WWF MISSION

• STOP THE DEGRADATION OF THE PLANET'S

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• TO BUILD A FUTURE IN WHICH HUMANS LIVE IN
HARMONY WITH NATURE, CONSERVING THE WORLD'S
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.
• ENSURING THAT THE USE OF RENEWABLE NATURAL
RESOURCES IS SUSTAINABLE.
• PROMOTING THE REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AND
WASTEFUL CONSUMPTION.
• WHAT IS THE MISSION OF THE WWF PAKISTAN?
• PRESERVING GENETIC, SPECIES, AND ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY; ENSURING THAT THE USE OF RENEWABLE
NATURAL RESOURCES IS SUSTAINABLE, BOTH NOW
AND IN THE LONGER TERM; PROMOTING ACTION TO
REDUCE POLLUTION AND THE WASTEFUL
EXPLOITATION AND CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES
AND ENERGY.
 THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN)

• ESTABLISHED IN 1948
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION WORKING IN
THE FIELD OF NATURE CONVERSATION AND
SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
 IUCN MISSION

• THE MISSION IS TO INFLUENCE, ENCOURAGE AND

ASSIST SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TO
CONSERVE NATURE AND TO ENSURE THAT ANY
USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IS EQUITABLE AND
ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE.
CONSERVATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE
IN ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)

• ESTABLISHED IN 1973
• IT IS DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS DOESN’T
THREATEN THEIR SURVIVAL IN THE WILD
 CITES MISSION

• TRADE IN CERTAIN SPECIMEN OF SELECTED

SPECIE TO CERTAIN CONTROL
• THESE REQUIRE THAT ALL IMPORT EXPORT
AND RE EXPORT AND INTRODUCTION FROM
THE SEA OF SPECIE COVERED BY THE
CONSERVATION HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED
THROUGH A LICENSING SYSTEM
Important birds of Pakistan
•Purple sunbird
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Cinnyris asiaticus

Physical feature
. Male is blue and purple but female is olive above and yellow bellow.small
in size
. Body length 10 cm
Habitate Thin forest and Garden Land
Food
• Feed mainly on nector
• Take insect also when feeding young

• Life span
• 22 years
• Breading season
• Nesting started in November 2 .3 egg being laid in
December hatching occurs after 15 to 17 day of incubation
 Black bulbul
Scientific name
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Physical feature

. bulbul are slim ,long tailed

. Beak,legs and feet are all
orange and the head is black
Size
size from 14 to 28 cm
 Habitat:
Cultivated areas of all provine
except dessert of Balochistan
Hilley areas also found like
Himalyan
Life span

• Upto 11 years

• Breeding season
• Breed in February –june
• 2 to 5 eggs are laid in season
• FOOD
• Mainly seed and insect
Asian Green Bee -Eater
• Scientific Name.
• Merops orientalis
Physical feature
1 small in size about 9 inches
2 Green in colour
3 Black line from the base bill to eye region
HABITAT

• Wooded savannas ;sandy cliffs

• Summer visiter to Pakistan

• Food
• Eater mostly flying insect like honeybee;’ grasshopper’ant’ etc
• Life spane
• 4 to 6 years
• Breeding
• many species of monogamous
• Breeding living in large colonies about over 100 birds
• cooperative with each other
•
 Chakor partridge
• PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
• Sandy brown , vertical black bars on the side
• Have red bill
• National bird of pakistan which is announced in 1985
• Have ability to fly
• Even when disturbed.they prefer to run rather

than fly
Habitate

• Dry hillside of the Punjab and Sindh

• Cultivated areas

• Food
• ground foragers ‘ vegetarian as adult
• Feed also fruits and leaves
•
• BREADING SEASON
• April to May
• LIFE SPANE
• 3-4 YEARS
Blue peafowl
• Physical features
• it is considered one of the largest flying bird
• Weight in b/w 2.7 –6 kg
• Have spectacular tail feather
• Male peafowl known as peacock
• Female called pehen
Habitate

• Open forest near stream’cultivated areas

• In Pakistan is found in kalar kahar region
• Punjab and Sindh and kpk

• FOOD
• Small mammals, reptile, small snake,termite ,fruits
•
• BREADING SEASON
• B/W March and September
• Male are known to be polygamous that mate with numerous female
durin mating season
• Peafowl mature at 2 to 3 years of age

• LIFE SPANE
• 15 YEARS
 Common kingfisher
• Scientific name
• Alcedo atthis
• Physical features
• 1.Small in size its back is blue and breast is brown
• 2.Male have black beack while female have red base on its beack
3. Also known as river kingfisher
• 4.Most famous for hunting and eating fish
HABITATE
• 1.Found with rivers ,steams,lakes,and fonds
• F00D
Common kingfisher is a carnivores and mainly eat fish and
crustacean
It also catches insect in flight
During breading season pair of kingfisher may have to catch at least
100 small fish everyday for offspring feeding
BREADING SEASON
• Common kingfisher have 2-3 clutches yearly one april another by july
and final clutch in October
• LIFE SPAN
• 15 years
 IMPORTANT MAMMALIAN SPECIES
OF PAKISTAN
• 1. MONKEYS (PRIMATES)

 Rhesus Macaque (Macaca Mulatta)

• Local name: Bandar (Monkey) Description and Biolow:
• Appearance: Rhesus macaques are brown and adults have a red face and rump. The underparts are lighter
brown. The tail is medium lenght and the hair on the top of the head is short. The locomotion is
quadrupedal.
• Size: Rhesus monkeys weigh 5.6-10.9kg (males), 4-10.9kg (females), and the body length is 470-53 Imm for
females and 483-635mm for males.
Reproduction: The mating season is variable,.usually March-Jun.
• Social System: The Rhesus monkey has a multimale-multifemale social structure. They usually have a 2-
tiered class system.
• The Rhesus monkeyé are diurnal, mostly terrestrial, and partly arboreal. Rhesus monkeyS are quiet tolerant
of human disturbances and are found quiet close to cities.
• Diet: The main diet is fruits, seeds, leaves, gums, buds, grass, clover, roots, bark, resin, and small
invertebrates.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• This species of primate can live in a variety of habitats. This animal mostly inhabits mountainous regions of
the moist temperate forest and also found in dry temperate forest.
• Rhesus monkeys are mainly found in the northern hill regions of Murree, Swat, Khagan, Azad Kashmir and
Chitral.
• This animal occurs throughout the high hills of Hazara and Malakand civil divisions.
• It is also found in Sakra mountain range in Mardan civil division. They are also found in the Margalla Hills.
Status
• The Rhesus monkey is still common in Pakistan, but it is trapped by local people and sold to local gypsies or
Kalanders to entertain people in big cities. It also comes into conflict with farmers, due to its nature of
raiding crops.
  Hanuman or Grey Langur (Semnopithecus Entellus)
• Local name: Langur Description and
• Appearance: The Hanuman Langur's coloration varies across subspecies, from gray to
dark brown to golden, with varying amounts of black. The locomotion is
quadrupedal.
• Size: Langurs weigh 18.3kg (males), 11.2kg (females), and the body length is 406-
680mm for females and 510-780mm for males.
• Reproduction: The monkeys reach sexual maturity at 46.5-47 months the gestation
period is 168-200 days.
• Social System: Langurs have variable socail structure. 1 •male-multifemale,
multimale- multifemale. The Langurs are diurnal, terrestial s and arboreal. Hanuman
Langurs are the most terrestial of any colobine.
• Diet: The Hanuman Langur eats mature leaves, fruit; buds, flowers, young leaves,
animal prey, exudates, bark, soil, herbs. The Himalayan subspecies rely on pinecones,
bark and twigs during snowy winter months.
• Habitat and Distribution
• The Hanuman Langur prefers tropical, subtropical, pine, alpine forests and urban
areas. This animal is very adaptable species and is distributed in dry savannah
country and tropical rain forests in different parts of the sub-continent. In Pakistan, it
is confined to Azad Kashmir and Siran Valleys of Mansehra and Kohistan districts
Status
• This monkey is very rare in Pakistan. It has only been sighted in Azad Kashmir and in
Khagan, In Sharan forest reserve and in Shogaran.
 2.BEARS
 Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos)
• Local name: Bhora Reech, Bhora Bhalo (Urdu)
• Description and Appearance: The brown bear is a large animal. It is usually dark
brown in color. The long guard hairs over the shoulders and back are often
tipped with white. It forms a grizzled appearance. The brown bear is
characterized by a distinctive hump on the shoulders. It has a slightly dished
profile to the face, and long claws on the front paws.
• Size: There is considerable variability in the size of brown bears from different
populations, depending on the food available. Some bears can weigh twice as
much in the
• fall as they might weigh in spring. Adult males may weigh 135 to 390 kilograms
(300 to 860 pounds) compared with 95 to 205 kilograms (205 to 455 pounds) for
females.
• Reproduction: Female brown bears reach sexual maturity at four-and-a-half to
seven years of age. Males may become sexually mature at a similar age. Mating
takes place from early May to the middle of July but implantation does not
occur until about October or November. The young are born from about January
to March. The litter size ranges from one to four.
• Social System: Under most circumstances, brown bears live as lone individuals,
except for females accompanied by their cubs. During the breeding season, a
male may attend a female for up to two weeks for mating.
• Diet: Brown bears mainly eat vegetation such as grasses, sedges, bulbs,
and roots. They also eat insects such as ants, fish, and small mammals. In
some areas they have become significant predators of large hoofed
mammals such as Marcopole Sheep, Ibex and 'Bharal.
• Habitat and Distribution
• Their preferred habitat includes mountain forests, open meadows and
large river. This bear inhabits the remote -northern regions of Pakistan, It
is found in baltistan, Hunza, Gilgit, the slopes of Nanga Parbat, Khunjerab
National Park and Deosai Pleatue near 'Skardu. The Deosai Pleatue is a
declared National Park and is the last stronghold of the Brown Bear in
Pakistan.
• Status
• The Brown Bear in Pakistan is now very rare due to constant disturbance
by local villagers and by hunting. But the main threat to this bears survival
is from local gypsies or Kalandars. They earn their living from dancing
bears and bear baiting. These bears are caught after their mother is shot.
  Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus Thibetanus)

• Local name: Kala Reech, Kala Bhalom, Mum

• Description and Appearance: This medium-sized, black-colored bear has a lightish
muzzle and ears. Its ears appear large in proportion to the rest of its head. There is
a distinct white patch on the chest. It is sometimes in the shape of a V, and white
on the chin. A brown color phase also occurs.
• The Balochistan black bear is a sub-species of the Asiatic or Himalayan black bear.
It is smaller and possesses short, coarse, rufous brown fur in the specimens from
the south. The specimen from the north is much darker as compared to the
Himalayan black bear. It prefers eat starchy rhizomes and fruits of the dwarf palm,
insects and lizards.
• Size: The total length of adults is 130 to 190 centimeters (50 to 75 inches). Adult
males range from 100 to 200 kilograms (220 to 440 pounds) and adult females
from 50 to 125 kilogra ms (110 to 275 pounds).
• Reproduction: Sexual maturity of females occurs at three to four years of age. In
Pakistan, mating occurs in October, with young being born in February.
• Social System: Little information is available on social organization. The bears are
mainly nocturnal, sleeping in trees or caves during the day. The Baluchistan black
bear is sighted in the rainy season from August to November.
• Diet: Asiatic black bears feed on a wide range of foods, including fruits, 'bees' nests,
insects, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion.
Habitat and Distribution:
Asiatic black bears live predominantly in forested areas, especially in hills and
mountainous areas. In summer, they are found at altitudes over 3,000 meters (9,900 feet),
descending to lower elevations during winter. Apparently, they den for winter sleep in the
northern parts of their range.
In Pakistan the Himalayan Black Bear is found in the mountains of Azad Kashmir,
Khagan, Swat Kohistan and Southern Chitral, in Chitral Gol National Park. It is also tòund in
Ayubia National Park. The subspecie, Baluchistan Bear is found in the higher hill ranges of
Baluchistan.
• Status:
The Baluchistan Bear is one of the world's rarest mammal. It is listed in the IUCN's Red List
of threatened species. According to T.J. Roberts, this species has been reported in the
Sulaiman Range, Ziarat, Harnai, Khuzdar, Kharan and the Lasbela Hills. But now it is
considered extinct in most of the areas. The major stronghold of the species is now in the
Pub Range (Khuzdar Hills).
The black bear is threatened with extinction due to loss of habitat and from local Gypsies,
or Kalanders. Gypsies capture bear cubs for bear baiting and for dancing People also kill
the bears to sell its fur and to collect its fat for medicinal use.
 3.WILD CANDID OR DOGS
• Grey Wolf (Canis lupus)
• Local name: Bhaghyar (Urdu)
• Description and Biology
• Description: The largest wild canid. Fur is thick and usually grey. It can vary from nearly pure white,
red, or brown to black.
• Reproduction: Time of mating: January-April. Gestation: 61 to 63 days.
• Social Behavior: A pack-living animal with a complex social organization. Packs are primarily family
groups. Packs include up to 30 individuals, but smaller sizes (8-12) are more common.
• Diet: Extremely variable, but majority of the diet is large ungulates. Grey wolves will also eat
smaller prey items, livestock, carrion, and garbage.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• There are two subspecies of the Grey Wolf in Pakistan.
• 1)In the northern mountanious regions, the Tibetan Wolf (Canis Lupus Campestris) -is found. The
Tibetan Wolf inhabits the barren rocky mountanious valleys of Baltistan, Gilgit, Hunza, Chitral,
Upper Swat and Khunjerab National Park.
• 2)In the south of the country the Indian Wolf (Canis Lupus Pallipes) is found. Here the wolf inhabit§
the deserts of Cholistan and Thar. Further West the wolf inhabits the lower hills of the Baluchistan
pleatue where it is widespread.
• Status
• The wolf has declined greatly in numbers during the last few decades. Local people kill the wolf
because it is considered destructive to livestock. Its survival' in Baluchistan and the northern areas
is slightly better.
  Golden Jackal or Asiatic Jackal (Canis Aureus)

• Local name: Gheedhar (Urdu)

• Discription and Biology
• Description: Coat varies with season and region. It has a pale gold-brown,
or brown tipped yellow. Fur is coarse, and not very long. Dorsal area is
black and grey. Underside is frequently ginger or nearly white.
• Social Behaviour: Usually in mated pairs. In many areas, C. aureus is
nocturnal and diurnal. But it becomes strictly nocturnal in areas inhabited
by humans.
• Diet: It is omnivorous. Its diet is fruits, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibian,
birds and small mammals.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• The Golden Jackal is found in open country with trees and brush, grass and
copse. This is a very, common animal in Pakistan. It is usually seen around
human settlements. It is
• widespread and is found throughout much of the country, except the
northern most mountainous regions.
  Dhole (Cuon Alpinus)

• Local name: jungli-kuta

• Description: A fairly large, doglike canid. It has rounded ears and a long,
moderately bushy tail. Legs are short, pelage is evenly tawny or dark red
with a slightly darker tail and lighter underparts.
• Reproduction: Litter size: 8-9, but 3-4 common. Lactation: At least 8
weeks. Age at sexual maturity: 1 year. Longevity: 10 years, up to 16 years
in captivity.
• Social Behavior: Dholes live in packs. Packs are an family unit of usually 5-
12 animals aggregations of up to 25 animals. Packs are territorial.
• Diet: The primary component of the diet is other vertebrates, particularly
medium-sized ungulates.
• Habitat and Distribution
• There is no confirmed report of Dholes ocuuring in Pakistan, but it is
thought that they migrate from Chinese Turkestan to the Shimshal area in
Northern Pakistan. It has not been observed in Pakistan for 15 years.
  Red fox (Vulpes Vulpes)
• Local name: Loomari
• Description and Biology
• Description: A medium-sized canid, the largest fox in the genus Vulpes. Large bushy tail, often
tipped in white. Ranges in colour from greyish and rust red to a flame red. It is reddish-brown.
• Reproduction: Time of mating: variable with latitude and habitat, usually in late winter/early
spring. Gestation: 49-55 days, usually 51-52. Litter size: 3-12. Lactation: Age at sexual maturity: 9-10
months. Longevity: '10- 12 years in captivity.
• Social Behaviour: They are generally territorial with basic social unit the monogamous pair. Mainly
they are crepuscular/nocturnal. Pups are cared for by both parents. The breeding pair is often
associated with non-breeding family members.
• Diet: Diet includes invertebrates (particularly beetles and earthworms), small mammals (rodents
and lagomorphs), birds (including game species), and fruit along with garbage and carrion.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• The natural habitat of the Red Fox is dry, mixed landscape, with abundant 'edge' of scrub and
woodland. It is also found in uplands, mountains (crosses alpine passes), deserts, sand dunes, and
farmland.
• In Pakistan the Red Fox is widespread and common throughout most of the country. It is found in
hill ranges like Murree and Azad Kashmir. In the high mountanious regions such as the Karakoram
and Hindukush is found subspecie Tibetan Red Fox. The Status
• Red Fox is killed in enormous numbers each year for its valuable pelt. But it still survives in good
numbers where ever it is found.
  Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis)

• Local name: Loomari (Urdu) Description and Biology:

• Description: Sandy-orange coat with black-tipped tail. Skull typically fox like with
long sharply pointed canines. It has well-developed molar teeth.
• Reproduction: Gestation: 53 days, equivalent to average for vulpine foxes. Litter
size: 24. Lactation: unknown.
• Social Behavior: The Bengal fox live in long-term monogamous pairs: The fox hunts
solitarily. Usually crepuscular and nocturnal, in mild temperatures hunting may be
pursued during the day.
• Diet: The Bengal fox feeds on insects, ground nesting birds, and smaller mammals.
• When in season, melons, shoots, and pods of Cicer arietum are eaten.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• The Bengal Fox inhabits open country, thorny scrub or semi-desert. It has a very
local distribution in Pakistan. The Bengal Fox is found in Lahore district and
Cholistan deserts in Punjab. It is also found in Kasur. Futher south it is found in the
Thar desert in Sind and Dadu and Thatta districts. It has not been recorded in
Baluchistan or N.W.F.P.
 4. WILD CATS
 Common Leopard (Panthera Pardus)
• Local name: Guldar, Teendwa, Chita
• Description and biology:
• The leopard is most easily recognized by its rosette patterned coat and extremely long,
darker tail. The overall size of the leopard depends very much on the subspecies and location.
The largest animals grow to a length of nearly 5 feet with an additional tail length of some 3
feet. All black or melanistic leopards, sometimes commonly called Black Panthers. The
leopard is a versatile hunter and generally nocturnal in its pursuit of prey.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• The common leopard frequently found in Himalayan mountains upto the tree limit in the
forest of chir, kail, deodar and fir. It abo inhabits broken arid mountainous country in
association with scrub and thorn forest.
• The Leopards in Pakistan are mainly found in the highlands Of Baluchistan and Sind, and the
mountain forests of Punjab, N.W.F.P and Amd Kashmir. The leopard is found in the Kirthar
Mountain Range of Sind and Toba Kakar, the Mekran and the Sulaiman Range of
• Baluchistan. In the northern mountanious region it is found in the Murree Hills, Swat
  Snow Leopard or Ounce (Uncia Uncia)
• Local name: Barfani Chita (Urdu), Ikar (Balti: Baltistan)
• Description and Biology
• The snow leopard is strikingly different from the common leopard. It has similar rosettes and
broken-spot markings. But they appear less well defined and are spaced further apart. The
fur is long and woolly and helps protect the cat from the extreme cold of its generally
mountainous habitat. The general ground coloration of the cat is predominantly grey with
brownish/yellow tinges on its flanks and lighter, often white fur on its belly, chest and chin.
The head sports small ears and a distinctive heavy brow. It is rounded and comparatively
small for its body size. The long tail can measure as much as 900cm. The powerful limbs of
the snow leopard are relatively short for its body size and are supported by large, powerful
paws.
• Generally snow leopards are crepuscular in its hunting activities. Its main prey is •that of wild
sheep such as Bharal (Blue Sheep) and Argali, goats, including Markhor and Ibex. Other prey
taken includes Musk Deer, marmots, various species of hare and birds.
• Habitat and Distribution
• The snow leopard generally inhabits elevations between 2000-4000 meters. But sometimes,
it can occasionally be found at lower altitudes to the north of its range and as high as 5500
meters in Himalayan regions. The cat is generally associated with rocky terrain such as high
valley ridges, rocky outcrops and mountain passes.
• In summer it is found in alpine pastures upto 5100 m, evelation. But in winter it descends to
lower altitudes.
  Jungle Cat (Felis Chaus)

• Local name: Jangli Billi

• Description and Biology
• The jungle cat has long legs and a slender build. The fur is generally sandy brown, reddish or grey.
The fur is unpatterned except for stripes on the legs. The winter coat is darker and denser than in
summer. Jungle cats have black ear tufts. The tail is relatively short. Males are markedly larger than
females
• Jungle cats are frequently observed in the daytime. They feed primarily on rodents, including large
rodents. Jungle cats also take hares, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and the young of larger
mammals such as wild pig.
• Habitat and Distribution
• The jungle cat is not strongly associated with closed forest. It is rather with water and dense
vegetative cover, especially reed swamps, marsh, and littoral and riparian environments.
• Jungle cats have adapted well to irrigated cultivation. It has been observed in many different types
of agricultural and forest plantations. Jungle cats are often spotted amidst human settlement (and
are frequently reported to take chickens). Jungle cats have adapted well to irigated cultivation
• Jungle cat has been observed in many different types of agricultural and forest plantations in
Pakistan. This cat is found throughout the riverine fracts of the Indus and the cultivated and
irrigated lands of Punjab and Sind. This is the most common wild cat in Pakistan.
 5. HYENA

• Stripped Hyena (Hyaena Hyaena)

• Local name: Lhagar Bhagar, Charag (Urdu) Discription and Biolow Size:
• Body Length: I meter
• Shoulder Height: 65-80 cm Weight: 25 to 45 kg
• Description: Stripped Hyena are a long-haired hyena with large, pointed ears. They are gray to straw-
colored with a black muzzle and black stripes on their head, torso, and legs. Reproduction: Breeding is
non-seasonal, beginning at two to three years. One to six cubs are born per litter, after a 88-92 day
gestation..
• Social Behavior: The striped hyena is generally solitary. But it has some social organization. It forages
individually and is rarely seen in groups. It however, associate in small family groups at the den.
• Diet: The striped hyena is predominantly a scavenger. Its diet mainly consists of carrion and human refuse.
It scavenges large and medium-sized mammals like zebras, wildebeests. gazelles, and impalas. It
supplements its diet with fruit, insects, and occasionally by killing small animals like hare, rodents, reptiles,
and birds.
• Habitat and Distribution
• The Stripped Hyena lives in arid, mountainous regions with scrub woodland. It dens in rocky hills, ravines,
and crevices.
• In Pakistan the Stripped Hyena is mainly found in all the major hill ranges of Baluchistan and Sind Kohistan.
It is common in Baluchistan and rare in Sind. The Stripped Hyena definitely occurs in Kirthar mountain
range in Sind.
 6. WILD SHEEP AND GOATS

• Markhor (Capra Falconeri)

• Local name: Markhor
• 4 Subspecies
• Flared horned Markhor
• Kashmir markhor: C.f. cashmirensis
• Astor markhor: C.f. falconeri
• Straight horned Markhor
• Suleiman or straight-horned markhor: C.f. jerdoni
• Kabul or Kabal markhor: C.f. megaceros
• Description and Biology:
• Size:
• Body Length: 132-186 cm / 4.4-6,2 ft.
• Shoulder Height: 65-115 cm / 2.1-3.8 ft,
• Tail Length: 8-20 cm / 3.2-8 in,
• Description: Markhor is most distinctively-horned member of genus Capra. Markhor was officially described in
1839 by Wagner. In Pakistan 4 distinct subspecies are found. These are differentiated mainly by the shape of their
horns. The Kashmir and Astor Markhor have flared spiral horns. The Suleiman and Kabul Markhor have straight
spiral horns. The grizzled light brown to black coat is smooth and short in summer. It grows longer and thicker in
winter. Males have long hair on the chin, throat, chest, and shanks. But females have smaller fringes. The lower
legs have a black and white pattern. The tightly curled, corkscrew-like horns are present in both sexes. In males,
they can grow up to 160 cm /64 inches long, and up to 25 cm / 10 inches in.females.
• Reproduction: Gestation Period: 135-170 days. Young per Birth: 1 or 2, rarely 3. Mating occurs during
winter, with the subsequent births occurring from late April to early June. Sexual Maturity: At 18-30
months.
• Social Behavior: The markhor is mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. During the spring
and summer months it is a grazer. But in the winter it turns to browse for nourishment. Markhor often
stand on their hind legs in order to reach high vegetation.
• Diet: Grasses, leaves. The name markhor is derived from the Persian mar, a snake, and khor, eating. This is
a very peculiar name. They are vegetarians. But they have been known to kill snakes. Some people call
it.myth.
• Habitat and Distribution
• Markhor mainly inhabits the sparsely wooded mountainous regions in Northern and Western Pakistan.
The total world population is mainly found in Pakistan. Today, Markhor are present in around 20 of
Pakistan's protected areas.
• The Kashmir Markhor (C.f. cashmirensis) is mainly confined to Chitral Gol National Park. It is the biggest
population in Pakistan. The Kashmir Markhor is also found in areas of Gilgit and Azad Kashmir.
• The Astor Markhor (C.f. falconerö is mainly confined to higher hill ranges of Gilgit, Hunza and Nanga
Parbat.
• Kabul and Sulaiman Markhor-is found in south in the higher hill ranges of N.W.F.P and Baluchistan. Both
these subspecies have straight spiral horns. The Kabul Markhor is critically endangered. It is mainly
confined to some hills around Peshawar and the border with Afghanistan. The Sulaiman Markhor is
confined to the Sulaiman hill range in Baluchistan.
• The Markhor is a highly-valued trophy species. A single trophy license is sold for, as much as $18, 000.
Recently, the Pakistani Government has started issuing 2-3 licenses each year for trophy hunting.
  Himalayan or Siberian Ibex (Capra Ibex Sibirica)

• Local name: unknown

• Description and Biology:
• Size:
• Shoulder Height: 95cm-101.7cm Weight: 85-88 kg/ 188-193 lb.
• Description: The Ibex are somewhat heavy bodied and thick and have short sturdy legs. Mature males
have a much paler body colouring with predominantly white or creamy hairs on the flank and rump when
in winter coat. Females and young males are a reddishtan or almost a golden colour in summer coat with a
greyer-brown appearance in winter. Both sexes have a mid dorsal dark brown stripe running from the
shoulder to the tip of the tail. The Himalayan Ibex can be separated from the Alpine population by the
horn shape. In adult males, these horns grow much longer, curving round to form threequarters of a
complete arc and tapering to relatively slender points. The horns of an adult male are large.
• Reproduction: Gestation Period: 155 to 170 days..
• Social Behavior: The Himalayan Ibex is gregarious like all wild goats. Young males, females and their
followers associate .in small herds. Feeding activity confined to early rnórning and late afternoon even in
fairly remote regions.
• Diêt: Winter feeding conditions are harsh due to heavy rainfall and IbcK have to dig for grasses, bushes,
mosses.
• Habitat and Distribution:
• These are confined to the relatively arid mountain ranges of the inner-Himalayas. They live well •above
the tree line only in the higher more precipitous regions. They occur from about 3,660m to over 5,000m in
Pakistan. The Himalayan Ibex is •widespread in the higher mountain ranges of Baltistan in Karakoram
Range, Harmosh Range, and Deosai.
• They are considered plentiful in Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit, Yasin and Hunza. Status
• The survival of the Himalayan Ibex is not so threatened in Pakistan due to the inaccessibility of its habit.
  Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis Ammon Polil)

• Local name: Rusch

• Description and Biology
• Size:
• Shoulder Height: 1 10-122cm / 43.5-48in. Weight: 1 13.5-140kg / 250-3081b.
• Description: Within Pakistan territory only the Marcopolo subspecies of Argali
occurs. It is recognized by very long outward curving horns. These horns are
developed in the mature males.
• In summer the hair on the body is short and coarse and of a sandy-reddish colour.
The face and breast have a mixture of grey and white hairs. The legs and belly are
creamywhite without any darker pattern on the frontal part of the shin. In winter,
because of thicker under-wool, the animal looks bulkier and slightly greyer. The tail
is short and not bushy and in both sexes the legs appear relatively long and
slender when compared with the wild goats. There is more extensive white area in
the caudal region as compared to the Urial.
• Reproduction: Gestation Period: 5.5 months. Young per Birth: Single or occasional
twin lambs born in May and June.
• Social Behavior: This is a gregarious species. They congregate in herds of a dozen
up to over a hundred individuals. These herds consist of females with their sub-
adult young and immature males. Outside the rutting season mature rams live in
small bands of two or three, rarely up to five or six occurring together.
• Diet: They graze mainly on the scattered bunches of coarse grass. In the northern
part of Hunza in winter they feed on the scattered clumps of wild onions. Habitat
and Distribution
• Marco Polo sheep is an inhabitant of very high mountain plateau regions, Such
regions face severely cold winds and arid climatic conditions throughout the year.
Currently,
• • Marco Polo sheep has a very limited distribution in Pakistan. It is confined to at
most, three remnant populations in the northwestern part of Hunza district along
Chinese
• border. Here. between spring and autumn, it occupies two separate valleys in the
northwest section of Khunjerab National Park. It also inhabits the Kilik-Mintaka
border area, just west of the National Park.
• Status
• Marco Polo sheep is the most endangered of Pakistan's wild sheep and goats.
  Chinkara or Indian Gazelle (Gazella Bennettil)

• Local name: Hiran

• Description and Size:
• Shoulder Height: 65cm.
• Weight: 23kg.
• Description: Chinkara is a slightly smaller animal. In summer coat,
the Indian Gazelle is of warm biscuit, or reddish-buff colour, with
the fur smooth and highly glossy. Even in winter coat the white
belly and throat fur is smooth and short. The tail is medium long
and covered with a dorsal crest of black hairs. There are indistinct
horizontal and pyreal stripes bordering flanks and caudal areas in
summer coat. The sides of the face are also patterned with broad
dark chestnut stripes from the corner of the eye to the muzzle
bordered above and below by white stripes. The average horn
length of males is 25.5-30.5 cm (10-12 in) measured over the curve.
• Reproduction: Weaning: At about two months. Sexual Maturity: At two
years of age. Life span: Unknown. Gestation Period: About five to five and
a half months. Young per Birth: Generally 1, but twins have been reported
quite frequently.
• Social Behavior: They form small groups of two to three individuals and its
general alertness, the Chinkara is very similar to the Goitered Gazelle. The
Chinkara is almost wholly nocturnal in foraging activity.
• Diet: Chinkara are adapted to browsing. They browse on various bushes
and green twigs.
• They also take leaves of different plants and can go without water for
days. Habitat and Distribution
• It is a very adaptable animal. It exists in extensive sand-dune areas down
to sea level as well as in stony plateaus and low hilly regions up to 1,500m
elevation. The Chinkara is severely reduced in numbers. It is to the point of
extinction, in desert regions of all along the eastern border of Pakistan.
But it is not in danger of extinction in the country as a whole, because it is
so widespread and also lives in rocky escarpment areas.
  Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster)
• Local name: Musk Hiran
• Description and Size:
• Body Length: 86-100 cm / 2.8-3.3 ft
• Shoulder Height: 51-53 cm ( 20-21 inches
• Tail Length: 4-6 cm / 1.6-2.4 inches
• Weight: 1 1-18 kg / 24-40 1b
• Description: The general colour of the coat is a slightly grizzled
brown. It is composed of brittle hairs. As the name suggests, on the
chest is a wide vertical whitish-yellow stripe. It extends up the
throat to the chin. The ears are tipped with yellow hairs. The body
slopes forward, as the hind legs are almost one third longer than
the forelegs. The ears are large and rounded, generally lined with
whitish fur. Both sexes have well developed upper canines.
• Reproduction: Weaning: 3-4 months. Sexual Maturity: 18-24 months. Life span: 12-20 years.
Gestation Period: 6.5 months. Young per Birth: l, sometimes 2. Breeding occurs primarily in
November-December
• Social Behavior: Himalayan musk deer are most active between dusk and dawn. At night,
musk deer can be seen in the open areas of their habitat as they graze. But during the day,
they remain in dense cover. Himalayan musk deer are sedentary, remaining within a defined
home range throughout the year. Musk deer are normally found solitary. Diet: A wide variety
of vegetation, such as grass, moss and tender shoots. In winter, twigs, buds and lichens are
taken.
• Habitat and Distribution
• Himalayan Musk deer are found in alpine forest and scrub at elevations on the southern
slopes of the Himalayas. In Pakistan the Musk deer is found in the remote higher mountain
regions of Gilgit, Baltistan, Upper Swat and Hazara. The musk deer is also found in the Deosai
National Park. It is rare in all of these regions because of relatively unfavourable habitat.
• Status
• The male produces musk in a gland. It can be extracted from live animals. Most
muskgatherers kill the animals to remove the entire sac. This sac yields only about 25 grams
(1/40 of a kilogram) of the brown waxy substance. Because of the demand for this substance,
musk deer have been wiped out in parts of their range. Traps set for male musk deer often
kill females or young. This endangered deer is still not protected in Pakistan.
  Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor)

• Local name: Bhulan

• Description and Biology
• Description: Indus dolphin has smaller size. Until the 1970s, this species was
thought to be the same as the Ganges River Dolphin. The Indus River Dolphin has a
long beak which thickens toward the tip, revealing the large teeth. The mouthline
curves upward. The body is stocky with a rounded belly. The flippers are large and
and there is a low triangular hump in place of a 'truer dorsal. The forehead is steep
and the blowhole is on the left of the head, above the tiny, poorly-seeing eye. The
tail flukes are broad in relation to the body size. Indus River Dolphins are grey-
brown in colour, sometimes with a pinkish belly. It measures between 1.5 and
2.5m in length, weighing a maximum of 90kg.
• Social Behavior: Indus River Dolphins travel either as couples or individuals. These
dolphins do not have a crystalline eye lens. Hence they are effectively blind. They
detect only the direction and intensity of light. There navigation is entirely done by
a sophisticated echolocation system. This blindness is one of the reasons why
these dolphins swim on one side underwater, with one flipper trailing in the
muddy riverbed. The physical touch gives the dolphin important information about
their surroundings and helps them find food.
• Diet: These dolphins eat fish and crustaceans.
• Habitat and Distribution
• The Indus River Dolphin is the only cetacean to inhabit the Indus river. These dolphins favour the
silt-laden, turbid waters of the Indus river system, at temperatures• between CC and 33 0C.
• Status
• The Indus River Dolphin is one of the world's most endangered mammals. It has been listen in
IUCN's list of threatened species. This dolphin is endemic to Pakistan. The species inhabits the Indus
river in Pakistan from Kotri, Sind, to Jinnah, northwestern Punjab. The Indus River dolphin was
apparently formerly common and distributed throughout the Indus River system in Pakistan, from
the Himalayan foothills to the mouth of the Indus, and in the main tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi and Sutlej. Beginning in the 1930's, numerous dams and barrages were constructed in the
Indus. This split the dolphints population into small groups. It degraded its habitat and impeded
migration. As a result, by the 1970's abundance and distribution of the Indus River dolphin had
significantly declined.
• Conservation programme
• Most of the remaining population was concentrated between two of the barrages, Sukkur and
Guddu barrages in Sind Province. The government of Sind established this region as Indus River
Dolphin Reserve in 1974. The Reserve continues to harbor the majority of the remaining
population. Its population has apparently increased there. Besides Sind Province, the Indus River
dolphin also exists in Punjab Province, but it continues to decline.
• The Indus River Dolphins have suffered as a result of incidental and direct exploitation. They are
accidentally caught in fishing nets. These are also hunted for meat, oil and traditional medicines.