USCP QUARTER 4 order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation

unconstitutional.
State and Non-State Power on the other hand is the capacity to
Institutions realize desired ends despite opposition from others.
The utilization of power is the business of
Module 1 government, which is defined as a formal
organization that directs the political life of a
STATE INSTITUTIONS society (Macionis, 2012) Therefore, governments
demand compliance on the part of a population.
Political and Leadership Structures
According to Macionis (2012) “No
According to Max Weber as cited by government, Weber explained, is likely to keep its
Santarita & Madrid, 2016, political structure or power for long if compliance comes only from the
institution is defined as the organized way in which threat of brute force. Even the most brutal dictator
power is allocated and decisions are made within must wonder if there can ever be enough police to
society. Below is the organizational chart of the watch everyone—and who would watch the
Philippine Government. police? Every government, therefore, tries to make
itself seem legitimate in the eyes of the people. This
fact brings us to Weber’s concept of authority, a
power that people perceive as legitimate rather than
coercive”.
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1) Traditional Authority - respect for a long-
standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize power.

The Executive branch is comprised of the 2) Rational-Legal Authority / Bureaucratic

President and the Vice President who are chosen by Authority - legally created rules and regulations
direct popular vote and fulfill a term of six years. are used to legitimize power.
The Constitution grants the President authority to 3) Charismatic Authority - extraordinary
appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy. are used to legitimize power.
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter,
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
and reverse them through the power bestowed in
the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided Human beings are driven to satisfy their
into the Senate and the House of Representatives. basic necessity which includes food, water and
shelter however human beings also aim for goods
The Judicial branch maintains the power to
and services which can be attained through help
resolve disputes concerning rights that are legally
from the many or known as collective effort
demandable and enforceable. This branch decides
(Santarita & Madrid, 2016) This make economic
whether there has been a serious abuse of judgment
activity essential in Human’s life because it can
amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part
influence the complexity of society and the
and instrumentality of the government. It is made
character of its cultural and social life.
up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Imagine if there is an alteration or change
The Constitution explicitly permits the
in the means of production as well as the
Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the
redistribution and exchanges of deliverables or
power to declare a treaty, international or executive
services, it can strongly affect the overall
agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation,
functioning of society. For instance, the continuous

Bermudo’s Creation 1
increase in price in a petrol can also have a massive
effect on the price of goods such as fruits and
vegetables for the supplier must also take into
consideration petrol and its market value because
they will be using petrol for transportation of fruits
and vegetables. This scenario might result in a
possible change of market value among the
abovementioned products.
Gilliard et al., (2000) argued that an
economic institution is being defined as an
enduring organization, practice, or relationship
created by individuals to handle and cope with
basic economic dilemmas.
Now that we established the definition and
importance of economic institutions, let us now
discuss the forms of redistribution and exchange of
products. Read and carefully analyze the table and
graphic organizer below because these might help
you to better understand the subject matter. NON STATE INSTITUTIONS
BANKS
is a financial institution that receives
deposits from the public and generates credit.
Commercial/Retail Banks
Manage withdrawals and deposits as well
as supplying short-term loans to a person and
small-scale businesses.
Investment Bank
A bank that purchases large holdings of
newly issued shares and resells them to investors.
Insurance and Companies
Offers insurance policies to the public
either by selling them directly to a person or
through an employer’s benefit plan.

CORPORATION
is a legal unit that is distinct from its owners.
Moreover, a corporation has the right to enter
contracts, loan and borrow money, hire employees,
own assets, and pay taxes.

COOPERATIVES
are jointly owned enterprises engaging in
the production or distribution of goods or services.

Bermudo’s Creation 2
Cooperatives are usually operated by farmers or
consumers for their mutual benefit.
Module 2
The footprints of the education system of the
TRADE UNIONS
Philippines can be traced from the countries that
or also known as labor unions are consist of colonized it, namely Spain, America, and Japan.
workforces who have come together to attain The education system was highly influenced by the
mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade, years the Philippines was under these occupations.
improving safety standards, achieving higher pay The most lasting and powerful change that occur in
and benefits like health care, and retirement. the area of education was in the period of American
occupation, where English was used as the primary
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY language of instruction and a system of public
GROUPS education was first established. (Education in
Philippines, n.d). When the education system was
Organizations that are devoted to
established in the Philippines, schools has provided
manipulating political, economic, social, and
the learner to interact in groups which allows them
institutional decisions across country borders.
to become aware of their individual differences,
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES gender roles, values, and capacities for growth and
survival.
These are independent organizations whose
goals are to help develop and support economic FORMAL EDUCATION - in the
growth especially for the poor and marginal portion Philippines
of the society. So, they may have opportunities for
income and decent employment. A formal education comprises an institution
(school) and trained teachers that will facilitate the
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS learning process.
Include both governmental and non Previously education in the Philippines
governmental organizations. International Non- usually spans 14 years, 6 years in the primary, 4
governmental organizations transcend borders in years in secondary, and 4 years in higher education
pursuit of a common cause. leading to a bachelor’s degree. But since the
implementation of the K12 program, the span of the
Examples of INGO’s
year students spend in secondary had increased to
International Red Cross and other two years. So the additional years had made the
humanitarian teams deployed in areas hit by natural span of 16 years, and plus the early entrance of 5
and man-made disasters. years old pupils to start the K 12 program.
International Governmental Organizations “The Foundation Policies of K 12 program
is found in President’s Campaign’s 10 point
refer to a grouping established by states and
Agenda for Education, Social Contract with the
are based on treatise, have formal structures, and
Filipino People, includes; making education the
meet at regular intervals (Santarita & Madrid,
central strategy for investing in people, reducing
2016).
poverty and building national competitiveness.
Example of IGO’S Becoming trilingual as a country: Learn English
well and connect to the world. Learn Filipino well
Peace-keeping forces sent by the United and connect to your country. Retain your dialect
Nations to warring states. and connect to your heritage” (Sarvi, 2015).
The very reason why, the medium of
instruction in our school systemnowadays is both
Function of Education in in English and in Filipino, and those who are in
Society
Bermudo’s Creation 3
provinces use their own dialect in teaching, values that will shape an individual. Together with
especially in the primary years. this, a curriculum designed by the state will have
an additional means of shaping the individual’s
NONFORMAL EDUCATION – in the intelligence. Furthermore, it is through education
Philippines that an individual is taught to have a positive view
towards liberty and democracy as well as the view
The Bureau of Continuing Education was
about government authority. With this, an
created from the Education Act of 1982 Section 24
individual would learn to do the value of doing
from the office of Nonformal Education. Under the
what is right to be a useful and concerned citizen of
Aquino government the Bureau of Nonformal
this country.
education was created under the Executive Order
No.117, in Article 14 sec 2(4) of 1987 Philippine 2. Promote self-actualization – In Maslow’s
Constitution; “The state shall encourage, formal, hierarchy of needs, the last to be achieved must be
indigenous learning system, as well as self-learning, self-actualization, where a person must realize the
independent and out of school study programs, sense of self-sacrifice, where the person no longer
particularly this that respond to community needs; thinks of himself/herself but what he /she can
and provide adult citizens, the disabled and out of contribute to the community. And education has
school youth training in civics, vocational the way to help this person achieved this. It is
efficiency and other skills” (“Philippines through education that an individual learns the
Nonformal Education”, 2019). value of self and the purpose of his/her existence.
In this regard, the educators must aim to help the
The creation of NFE leads to the
learners to discover personal meanings and develop
establishment of the Technical Education and
their own perception of themselves and their
Skills Development Authority known as TESDA.
environment. One common value the Filipinos
This agency is created to promote non-degree
have is the prestige of educational attainment
technical programs. Furthermore, it is also in
among family members. It is the pride of every
charge of the skill orientation, training, and
Filipino family to have children who have attained
development of out-of-school youth and
higher education.
unemployed adults.
Another non-formal school is ALS EDUCATION AS A BASIC HUMAN
(Alternative Learning System) it is parallel to an RIGHT
existing formal instruction only it is offered for
It is common knowledge that education is a
those students who were not given a chance to
basic human right for everyone. All nations would
complete their basic education due to many reasons.
agree that the answer to poverty is education.
“The Governance Act for Basic Education However there are those who opted to hold guns
otherwise known as the Republic Act 9155 than pencils due to exposure to wars and conflict,
stipulates the establishment of the Alternative so the idea of education as an answer to poverty and
Learning System (ALS) to provide out-of-school as a basic human right is set aside.
children, youth and adults population with basic
In the Philippines, education has become
education.” (About Alternative Learning System,
fairly important to many deprived families. Since
Deped, n.d.).
this is their only hope to uplift their condition
Primary Functions of Educations: economically. Unfortunately due to many reasons,
the quality of education is affected by cycles of
1. Develop a Productive Citizenry – A productive societal problems such as worsening of poverty
citizen is greatly influenced through his/her condition and deterioration of family values.
education. An individual learns to socialize in the
school, once the learner enters the school he or she All the same, the Education for All
would be involve in a community and that movement lead by UNESCO in 2015 endeavors
involvement would lead to lifelong learning of that all children, particularly in difficult

Bermudo’s Creation 4
circumstances, and those belonging to ethnic Max Weber, on the other hand,
minorities should have an access to a free and differentiates them into three: wealth, power, and
compulsory education of good quality. prestige. Individual’s social standing can be
measured, all at once, based on their relative access
to these three.
Characteristics and Forms Social Mobility refers to changes of
individuals, families, households, or other
of Stratification Systems categories of people within or between social class
Using Sociological in a society. It is a change in social status relative
to one's current social location within a given
Perspectives society.

Types of Social Mobility

Module 3
1. Horizontal Mobility
Meaning of Stratification
This happen when a person changes their
Social Stratification is the classification of occupation but their overall social standing remains
people into socioeconomic class, based upon their unchanged.
occupation and income, wealth and social status.
Stratification is the relative social position of 2. Vertical Mobility
people within a social group, category, geographic It is a change in the occupational, political,
region, or social unit. Social stratification is or religious status of a person that causes a change
distinguished as three social classes: the upper class, in their societal position. A person or social object
the middle class, and the lower class; in turn, each moves from one social class to another.
class can be subdivided into strata: the upper-
stratum, the middle-stratum, and the lower stratum. 3. Upward Mobility
Social stratum can be formed upon the bases of It is when a person moves from a lower
kinship or caste, or both. position in society to a higher one. It can also
Social Desirables are resources considered include people occupying higher positions in the
valuable by societies. These resources may be same societal group. However, upward mobility,
tangible or intangible. Sociologist may focus on while seen as a good thing, can also come at a cost
any of these resources as the basis of their for individuals.
theoretical perspective on social inequality. In short, 4. Downward Mobility
the recognition of the existence of these social
desirables is what brings together the sociological It takes place when a person moves from a
camps. higher position in society to a lower one. It happen
when someone is caught performing a wrongful act
Generally, prestige, power, and wealth are that can result in the loss of the position they
three important social desirables. It describes the currently hold.
social standing of individuals relative to others.
Social standing reflects persons’ worth and access 5. Inter-Generational Mobility
to social, political, and symbolic capital. This happen when the social position
Sociologists have different vies as to what changes from one generation to another. The
constitute social class. Karl Marx looked at it in change can be upward or downward.
terms of wealth produced in relation to the
ownership of the means of production. Wealth may 6. Intra-Generational Mobility
refer to money, properties, and similar tangible
Change in societal position occurs during
resources.
the lifespan of a single generation. It can also refer
to a change in position between siblings. One way
Bermudo’s Creation 5
is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in and ridicule by a society that considers them
their career. aberrations or forms of deviancy.

Some Issues Relative to Social People With Disability

Stratification These people are also discriminated and
Wealth and Income their physical impairments become basis of denial
and equal opportunity in employment. They do not
In the Philippines, there are 92.3 million enjoy the benefits that abled persons receive.
Filipinos lives below poverty line because of the
country’s economic and social inequality. Explain Government
According to the ASEAN Trade Union Council,
the Philippines has the highest rate of economic and Programs and Initiatives in
social inequality in Southeast Asia, and unless
action is taken, the gap will continue to widen. The
Addressing Social
4 major causes of income inequality in our country Inequalities
are:
1. the rising proportion of urban households Module 4
2. age distribution changes Equality is about making sure that everyone
has an equal opportunity to make the most of their
3. increasing number of highly educated household
desire to live. It is also the belief that no one should
4. wage rate inequality. have poorer life chances because of the way they
were born, where they come from, what they
Ethnicity believe, or whether they have a disability.
Ethnic groups are also facing Nonappearance of the said equality of man
discrimination. Aside from cultural leads to the inequality. Generation down to
marginalization that they suffer from the dominant generation’s human race aims for the total equality
cultural majorities, where their cultural practices among individual as well as to the group and
are subjects of ridicule and their physical society. Social inequality arises when they are
appearances and demeanor ear for them over forms imbalances among individual or group of people.
of discrimination through stereotypes and end up as
victims of development aggression. Their ancestral “Social inequality in education is an
land are either forcibly taken away from them in the enduring feature of the twentieth century. There
guise of development projects like government have been changes in which social groups are
infrastructures or dumping site for toxic waste. advantaged and disadvantaged, but groups that are
disadvantaged in the larger society are generally—
Gender and Sexual Orientation though not always—disadvantaged with respect to
Woman have always been coerce by educational achievement and attainment, if not
societies that have a structural bias because of with respect to educational opportunities. Many
cultural beliefs. Men are seen in many cultures as societies have implemented changes that make
natural leaders and conformed more social and access to education formally more open to
political rights.In some culture, women cannot own disadvantaged groups, but these changes and
property, and they cannot drive their own car. reforms have not succeeded in creating equality of
Woman also experienced harassment in the work educational outcomes. P. Barnhouse Walters, in
place and become victim of sexual harassment and International Encyclopedia of the Social &
violence. A similar situation is being experienced Behavioral Sciences, 2001
by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Living in an unequal society causes stress
people. They are often subjected to discrimination and status anxiety, which may damage your health.
In more equal societies people live longer, are less
Bermudo’s Creation 6
likely to be mentally ill or obese and there are lower the conflicts that emerge over ancestral lands and
rates of infant mortality. Social inequality refers to the use of natural resources.
relational processes in society that have the effect
The Equality of humanity is a long desire of
of limiting or harming a group's social status, social
man since the time of memorial. Human race
class, and social circle. The major examples of
wanted equal protection, equal rights, equality in
social inequality include gender inequality, health
wealth and equality of life. The factors that
care, social class. In health care, some individuals
contribute to social inequality consists of
receive better and more professional care compared
educational attainment, wealth and poverty, power,
to others. They are also expected to pay more for
and Gender Inequality which lead to social
these services.
inequality between individuals and groups of
Philippine government recognizes the people.
gender inequalities and trying to solve the problem.
The following are the factors that contribute to
And to address these issues there are some laws to
social inequality:
insure the gender equally must be properly
addressed. Here are the following proofs that 1. Educational Attainment
Philippine government trying to address the said
issues: Inequality and Educational Attainment is
evidence from many instances. The reality of Rich
1. Philippine Law can get better education in an easy way but poor
hardly get their diploma. Educational inequality is
R.A. 7610 or also known as Women and
the unequal distribution of academic resources and
Children rights or This Act shall be known as the
still needs policies that encourage educational
“Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,
attainment for men and women based on merit,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act.”
rather than gender.
The Philippines has finally enacted gender
2. Wealth and Poverty
equality legislation after years of lobbying from
female rights campaigners. President Gloria Social Inequality brought about by unequal
Macapagal-Arroyo signed the country's Magna distribution of wealth. The Covid19 pandemic
Carta of Women in Manila last week, helping to teaches us the advantages of the upper and the
define gender discrimination and outlining lower class. Evidently the struggles get by middle
approaches to eliminate it. August 18, 2009 and and lower class compare to the upper class. There’s
other related law passed by our legislature. a huge different between allocation of wealthy and
the poor in many ways.
2. Allowing Top Government Position to be
handle by women 3. Power
Women nowadays taking top position both Power in the context of Social inequality
in private and government posts, former President connotes economic, cultural and social positions.
Corazon Aquino and Former President Gloria Thus, there’s symbolic with is reputation and
Macapagal- Arroyo, not to Former Supreme Court certain position in society.
Justice Maria Lourdes Serreno.
4. Gender Inequality
Philippine government keeps on
encouraging more effective dialogue and Acknowledges that men and women are not
consultative process and strengthening access to equal and that gender affects an individual's living
justice remains a priority. This will help to bridge experience. These differences arise from
the cultural divide that gives rise to discrimination distinctions in biology, psychology, and cultural
and exclusion and will increase the voice of norms. Some of these distinctions are empirically
indigenous people’s decision-making at every level. grounded while others appear to be socially
It will also help to build fair and shared solutions to constructed. Studies show the different lived
experience of genders across many domains
Bermudo’s Creation 7
including education, life expectancy, personality, powerful states end up being controlled and
interests, family life, careers, and political influenced the richer and more powerful states.
affiliations. Gender inequality is experienced
differently across different cultures.

Social Issues in the 21st Century Suggest Ways to Address

A social issue in the contemporary times is Social Inequalities
essential topic when talking about social inequality.
Thus, government programs and initiatives in Module 5
addressing social inequalities e.g. local, national,
global to address these issues is continues process. One important dimension of social
stratification is inequality. Inequality is the unequal
Local Inequality access to scarce goods or resources. It is found in
Current state of the Indigenous Cultural most, if not all, societies. It is a question of how
communities. Ethnic group is involved in the local unequal a society is and what the bases of
inequality. Sometimes, they are less fortunate inequality are. Social ranking likewise involves
whose right are violated with rich people. An gender, ethnicity, and those underprivileged sectors
ascribed status, a form of organization, a focus of of society such as persons with disability. Minority
identity and a subculture are the characteristics of refers to any category of people distinguished by
an ethnic group. Institutional completeness is the physical or cultural difference that a society sets
development of a strong sense of solidarity, an apart and consider as subordinate members of
ethnic identity, and ethnic institutions by an ethnic society.
population. Gender Inequality
National Inequality Gender is an important dimension of social
Economic and Political current stratification. Gender is the meaning a culture
circumstances. Economic policy is a national attaches to being female or male. Gender
interest and it gives direction to the future. If stratification is the unequal distribution of wealth,
national government fail to do its job effectively power, and privilege between men and women.
and candid way ----- the equilibrium of the rich and We are all influenced by gender and
the poor arises much. Thus, if political policies fail everyone is affected by gender inequality. Gender
to give national interest for all with consideration norms (or rules) tell us what is appropriate for girls
of better futures, then discrimination also take and for boys, women and men to do in our society.
place. Gender roles and stereotypes impact individuals
Global Inequality International inequality throughout their lives. Gender inequality affects
refers to the idea of inequality between countries. everyone, including men. Stereotypes or ‘rules’
This can be compared to global inequality which is about how women and men, girls and boys should
inequality between people across countries. This begin in childhood and follow us through to
may refer to economic differences between adulthood. Gender stereotypes affect children's
countries. As well as medical care and education sense of self from a young age also gender
differences. stereotypes affect behaviour, study choices,
ambitions and attitudes about relationships.
Inequality does not exist only in societies
and states, but also among states. There are states Not everyone experiences inequality the
that are wealthier and more powerful than other same way. The situation is worse, and often
states, and the former end up being more influential different, for people who face more than one type
in the global community. This leads to a situation of discrimination. Boys and men suffer too. Ideas
of global inequality, where poorer and less about what it means to be a man force boys and
men to behave in very limited ways which can
Bermudo’s Creation 8
harm them. Negative masculinities encouraged in with your feet. Don’t support entertainment that is
boys serve to perpetuate the cycle of discrimination disrespectful to gender equality and doesn’t
and inequality. represent their true power, potential, talent and
diversity.
Denying people the freedom to choose their
path in life because of their gender prevents them 3. Support other campaigners
from fulfilling their full potential. There are lots we
A great way to make a big effect in the
can do to help build a more gender-equal world.
pursuit of gender equality is to join with others.
Understanding the deep roots of gender inequality
Seek out local campaign groups. Join or set up
and challenging gender inequality when we see it
school societies for gender equality. There is
are the first steps.
strength in numbers - more voices tackling a
How can I call out gender inequality particular issue means they are more likely to be
when I see it? heard. Helping to raise the profile of campaigns by
other marginalized groups is a vital part of ending
1. Speak out about your own experiences discrimination thereby promoting equality.
It’s important, if you feel comfortable, to 4. It’s OK to not challenge discrimination every
call out your own experiences of gender inequality. time you see it
This could be highlighting sexist remarks made by
your friends or peers or reporting harassment on As mentioned above, sometimes calling out
regardless of places. It’s important to note that discrimination can carry risks. It’s not your job
there are dangers associated with calling others out alone to fix the world. Just changing how we relate
on their behaviour. People may not like to have with others, and demanding that others do the same,
their viewpoints challenged; they may react in a will not end gender inequality. Lasting change will
negative or aggressive way, so if your instincts tells only happen if the institutions that affect our lives
you that a situation is too risky, your own safety is also change. Don’t feel defeated by these big
the priority. Often the best course of action when obstacles - each small achievement is an extra step
discrimination is experienced is to alert an towards our shared goal.
authority figure in a particular place such as a Social Stratification and Ethnicity
member of staff on public transport, or where
relevant your teacher or your boss. The more they Race is a social division that is based on
are made aware these issues are happening, the physical attributes. Ethnicity is a social division
more they’ll be encouraged to step in and be part of that is based on cultural aspects. Ethnicity is a
the solution. shared cultural heritage based on common ancestry,
language, or religion that gives a group people a
2. Call out discrimination in the media and distinctive social identity. However, people of a
advertising particular ethnicity can be a target of prejudice, just
Mass media is a primary agent of like those of a particular social class, sex, sexual
socialization, if you come across stories that orientation, age, political affiliation, or physical
portray gender inequalities, write to advertisers, disability.
marketers and media outlets. Prejudice is a rigid and unfair
Are there gender stereotypes in your textbooks at generalization about a category of people. A related
school? concept, discrimination, is the unequal treatment of
various categories of people. Prejudice refers to
Does an advert in your city objectify women? attitudes while discrimination involves actions.
Does a film you’ve watched promotes gender Both prejudice and discrimination can be either
inequalities? positive (favorable views, providing special
advantages) or negative (unfavorable views,
Find out who is responsible and write to creating obstacles). Also, these biases may be built
them to let them know your thoughts. Also - vote into the operation of society’s institutions such as
Bermudo’s Creation 9
schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace. with disabilities, and the literacy rate for adults
This is referred to as institutional prejudice and with disabilities is as low as 3%, and 1% for women
discrimination. with disabilities in some countries.
Meanwhile, racism, in general terms,
consists of conduct or words or practices which
advantage or disadvantage people because of their Human Responses to
color, culture or ethnic origin. Its more subtle forms
are as damaging as its overt form. Institutionalized Emerging Challenges in
racism can be defined as the collective failure of an Contemporary Society
organization to provide an appropriate and
professional service to people because of their
color, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or
Module 6
detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour Global Warming
which amount to discrimination through unwitting
prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist When carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
stereotyping which disadvantages people from pollutants and greenhouse gases build up in the
ethnic minorities. Racist incidents and harassment atmosphere, they absorb sunlight and solar energy
can take place in any institution, regardless of the that has bounced off the earth's surface, resulting in
numbers of pupils from different ethnic global warming. Normally, this radiation would
backgrounds within it. The fight against racism escape into space, but these pollutants, which may
begins with being informed. Identifying linger in the atmosphere for years to centuries, trap
manifestation of racism and how it can be the heat and cause the planet to become hotter. The
countered will impact on our present social greenhouse effect is the result of this.
stratification and bring change, especially on those
The term "global warming" refers to a
who are its victims. As learners we should be aware
gradual rise in the average temperature of the
of all avenues where Racism is to be found, in the
Earth's atmosphere and oceans, a phenomenon that
workplace, in education, in health care and in the
is thought to be irreversibly altering the Earth's
courts, in the media and the Internet.
climate. It has now become a major issue for the
Social Stratification and the Differently entire environment. It is mostly caused by the
able Person greenhouse effect. Effects of global warming:

Over 650 million people around the world • Temperature rises on average
live with disabilities. In every region of the world, • Seasonal changes
in every country, persons with disabilities often • Severity of harsh weather events.
live on the margins of society, deprived of some of • Water and food shortages,
life’s fundamental experiences. They have little • Increased health risks,
hope of going to school, getting a job, having their • Coastal inundation,
own home, creating a family and raising their • Increased frequency and intensity of cyclones
children, socializing or voting. Persons with and hurricanes are all factors to consider.
disabilities make up the world’s largest and most
As the earth's temperature rises, a huge
disadvantaged minority.
amount of ice melts, causing a large volume of
The numbers, according to the UN water to flow into the ocean, raising the sea level.
handbook “From Exclusion to Equality: Realizing Since ice caps and glaciers have begun to melt,
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, are species that reside in such habitats have begun to
damning: 20% of the world’s poorest people are relocate, potentially leading to extinction due to
with disabilities, 98% of children with disabilities habitat loss. Because of the vast volume of water
in developing countries do not attend school, evaporated into the air as the sea level rises, high
around a third of the world’s street children live levels of precipitation will occur, and the earth will
Bermudo’s Creation 10
suffer intense rains or storms. Carbonic acid is as well as the world community's charity in times
created when carbon dioxide dissolves in sea water, of need, regardless of political allegiances.
acidifying the ocean as indicated by a pH shift.
Yolanda was said to have been caused by
Furthermore, animals produce a lot of methane.
global warming and climate change. The issue is
Some fertilizers also produce nitrous oxide, a
that most of us are aware that climate change will
greenhouse gas that contributes to the rise in global
have a significant impact on our society, but we do
temperatures.
not fully comprehend the phenomenon.
The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon in
Climate change is characterized by
which radiation from the earth's atmosphere warms
irregular changes in the world's weather system, as
its surface to a temperature higher than it would be
evidenced by the following indicators: rising sea
without it. Greenhouse gases are to blame.
levels, habitat destruction, Ocean acidification,
Everything happens in a series of events. One effect
extreme weather.
can lead to the occurrence of another. A lot can
happen to our ecosystem if we use these. Human These occurrences in various parts of the
limitations can be pushed by a variety of factors. It globe have an impact on all people on the planet.
would put our health, surroundings, and physical All attempts to understanding and predicting the
capabilities to the test. possible implications of climate change are
dominated by uncertainty. Climate change, on the
Climate Change other hand, will have an impact on every area of
Climate change has arisen as a result of society, the environment, and the economy. Human
global warming. These terms are sometimes used behavior, livelihoods, infrastructure, laws and
interchangeably, but they are distinct. Changes in regulations, and institutions are all likely to be
weather patterns and growing seasons all around impacted.
the world are referred to as climate change. It also
Adaptation
refers to the rise in sea level caused by warmer
oceans expanding and melting ice sheets and Ways to adapt the situation of global warming.
glaciers. Climate change is a result of global
warming, and it poses a severe threat to human life Practice conservation of natural resources
on the planet in the form of widespread flooding Air, water, soil, minerals, plants, and animals are
and catastrophic weather. all natural resources on the planet. Conservation is
taking care of these resources so that all living
Typhoon Haiyan, also known as Super beings can benefit from them now and in the future.
Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, was one of the
most intense tropical storms ever recorded and was Reduce pollution and waste
caused in part by climate change. 1. For on-the-go refreshments, use a reusable
Haiyan wreaked havoc on Southeast Asia, bottle or cup.
notably the Philippines, when it made landfall. It is Bringing your own water with you reduces
the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history, with at the likelihood of buying more expensive beverages
least 6,300 people killed in the country alone. on the go. This will get rid of the single-use
Haiyan is tied with Meranti for the strongest containers that they come in.
landfalling tropical cyclone on record, according to
JTWC estimates of 1-minute sustained winds. 2. Reusable supermarket bags are useful for
more than simply groceries.
Bodies were still being discovered in
January 2014. The typhoon Yolanda phenomenon You may already have a reusable grocery
is one of the many difficult issues that threatened to bag, similar to a reusable water bottle, but it is
devastate Philippine civilization and the rest of the sometimes forgotten at home.
world. It had an impact on the Filipinos' 3. Make prudent purchases and recycle what
physiological, emotional, and mental well-being, you can.
Bermudo’s Creation 11
 You may limit the amount of garbage you The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
make by selecting products that have less wrapping Change (IPCC) stated that unavoidable climate
or come in recyclable packaging. change impacts exceed present coping capability,
necessitating the implementation of adaptation
4. It should be composted!
measures by societies and ecosystems.
Compost and use your fruit and vegetable
The IPCC defines adaptation as
waste, egg shells, coffee grounds, grass clippings,
"adjustment of natural or human systems to
and leaves in your plant.
existing or anticipated climatic stimuli or their
Reuse water effects that mitigates harm or leverages favourable
opportunities." Despite the fact that there are
Collecting part of the water you use in the apparent ties between disaster risk management
shower is the simplest way to start reusing water at and adaptation, the two approaches are supported
home. A simple bucket would suffice; simply place by separate institutions, methodologies, and policy
it beneath the stream while waiting for the water to frameworks.
warm up, then move it in front of you once you’ve
jumped in. The water can then be used to flush the Adaptation has a high price cost. According
toilet or irrigate your garden. to the UN Climate Change Secretariat, developing
nations will need between 28 and 67 billion dollars
Recycle products by 2030 to adapt to climate change. Global
Newspapers, magazines, mixed paper, adaptation funding is currently a fraction of what is
cardboard, tin cans, aluminum cans, glass jars, and required.
plastic containers are examples of products that can Adaptation isn't a one-off problem. It will
contain recycled material. have to be factored into all future growth plans. At
Conserve energy the international, national, regional, municipal, and
community levels, successful adaptation programs
The efforts to reduce energy consumption will include long-term thinking and consideration
by utilizing less of an energy service is known as of climate change implications.
energy conservation. This can be accomplished by
either using energy more efficiently (using less To deal with uncertainty, adaptation
energy for a consistent service) or lowering the methods must be robust against a variety of
amount of service provided (for example, by potential climatic outcomes. It will also necessitate
driving less). significant investment, notwithstanding the
necessity to address cost estimation challenges.
Global Responses Reducing poorer countries' vulnerability to climate
is a long-term process of making lasting change and ensuring that development assistance
changes in response to climate change, with strong does not lead to maladaptation.
policy connections to economic development, Citizen engagement and awareness are
poverty reduction, and disaster management required to maintain and prioritize climate change
measures. At the international, national, regional, actions. We change, grow, adapt, and possibly even
municipal, and community levels, successful learn and grow smarter as humans. As the
adaptation programs will include long-term international body in charge of developing policy
thinking and consideration of climate change frameworks to ensure a multifaceted approach to
implications. Climate change vulnerabilities, climate change, you, as a member of society, may
relevant technologies, capability, and local coping play a role.
strategies, as well as government policies and
actions, must all be considered in adaptation Transnational Migration and Overseas
planning. Filipino Worker

Bermudo’s Creation 12
 Transnational migration occurs when help them alleviate household financial restrictions,
people move from one country to another while send their children to school, and immigrate.
maintaining their social ties. It's a global
With these figures, OFW remittances are
phenomenon that's only becoming bigger in terms
hailed, since they provide the country with greater
of scope, complexity, and influence. Migration is a
economic benefits; nonetheless, there has been
source and result of larger development processes,
much conjecture about the costs of migration
as well as a fundamental component of our
within Philippine society.
globalizing world.
In an unusual turn of events, the Philippines
Trans-migrants are immigrants whose
has become so successful as a labor exporter that it
everyday lives are reliant on many and continuous
has neglected to establish and deepen development
interconnections across international borders, and
processes. The goal of sending a million workers
whose public identities are shaped by multiple
per year indicates that migration will play a
nation-states.
significant role in the country's long-term
• Factors of Transnational Migration development plans and prospects.
• Overpopulation
Labor migration from the Philippines is
• Poverty expected to continue even if the government does
• Underemployment, not intervene, given to the growth of social
• Unemployment, and networks, social capital, and social remittances.
• Low wage level
Filipino society has changed into a
People flee to neighboring nations as a migration-savvy society, capable of responding to
result of overpopulation. These people relocate to and adapting to the shifting demands of the global
other countries because they believe their current labor market. Although it is agreed that labor
home no longer has adequate space for them. migration has benefited migrants and their families,
Migrants seeking new homes are more likely to be the economic benefits beyond the family are less
found in countries with high population growth and visible. While remittances are considered to have
density. boosted the country's economy, their development
They leave their home nation for a variety effects have yet to be felt.
of reasons, including economic. They migrate to Filipinos' educational and professional
other nations in pursuit of better economic objectives were integrated into their perceptions of
opportunities for their families. These people are the international labor market. Individuals make
motivated by a desire to profit. They send the choices based on their ideas of what is best for them.
money to their relatives in their home country. However, these choices can have a long-term
impact on communities and the country.
Advantages of Transnational Migration
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), are a Disadvantages of Transnational
well-known example of transnational migration. Migration
According to the 2011 Philippine Overseas
• Include anxiety about destabilizing impacts of
Employment Agency (POEA) report, the
migrations and families.
Philippines has 10, 455, 788 million OFWs spread
• Delegation of responsibility to grandparents /
throughout 236 countries and territories, making it
nannies to care for their children.
one of the top three labor-sending countries in the
• Apprehensions about materialism, etc.
world, after India and China. Remittances made for
12.65 percent of the Philippines' gross domestic While the Philippines' governments cannot
product in 2012. (GDP). According to the National prevent individuals from leaving, they can play an
Statistics Office-Survey of Filipinos [NSO-SOF] important role in tackling the physical, social, and
(2011), OFWs transferred a large amount of these cultural issues that transnational migration brings.
remittances in cash to the family they left behind to Housing, social groups, and pre-departure
Bermudo’s Creation 13
orientation courses are all examples of how they
assist migrants in addressing their concerns and
resolving difficulties such as xenophobia and other
human rights violations. They'll have to figure out
how to use migration as a tool for development.
International talks and reflections on migration and
development going place in other nations might
teach the Philippines a lot.

Bermudo’s Creation 14