Chapter 2

Sectors of the Indian Economy

 Primary Sector
 Those activities wherein goods are produced by exploiting natural resources. It
provides the basic raw materials for all goods subsequently produced.
 E.g. Agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing, animal husbandry etc.
 Share in India’s GDP: 17%

Animal
Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining
Husbandry

 Secondary Sector
 It refers to the industrial activity that involves the manufacturing process. Goods are
produced in big factories using natural or synthetic products as raw material.
 E.g. Textile production, construction, automobile, manufacturing etc.
 Share in India’s GDP: 28%

Textile Automobile Construction Manufacturing

 Tertiary Sector
 This sector covers those activities that aid the primary and secondary sectors. It
provides services rather than goods and hence, it is also called the service sector.
 E.g. Transportation, education services, telephone, information technology,
banking, health services etc.
 Share in India’s GDP: 55%
 Commu
Transportation Education IT Sector
nication

 GDP
Gross Domestic Product
 It is the value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a year. It
includes the total production of all the three sectors of the economy.
 It is a measure of the size of a country’s economy.
 In India, primary sector was traditionally the biggest and most important sector.
 With the coming of industrialisation, secondary sector gained importance.
Manufacturing became a major industry of the Indian economy.
 In the past few decades, tertiary sector has assumed much importance in terms of
total production. Today, tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in India and
contributes the most to the country’s GDP.
 Reasons for the Growing Importance of Tertiary Sector
 With the development of the nation, services such as banking, education, health,
information technology, municipal corporation, transport etc. are increasingly
required.
 Development of agriculture and industry propelled the growth of service sector.
 Increase in the standard of living led to the introduction of new services such as
eating outlets, shopping arcades, professional training centres, tourism and hotels
etc.
 Growth of information technology-based services.
 Sectors in Terms of Employment & Share in GDP

Sectors Employment Share in GDP (%)

Primary 63% 17%
Secondary 14% 28%
Tertiary 23% 55%

 Primary sector is the largest employer yet its contribution to the GDP is the least.
 Underemployment
A situation wherein a person is apparently employed in an activity though is not working to
his/her full potential. It is also called disguised unemployment as the person seems to be
employed but in actuality, he/she is not adding anything to production. It is most
commonly observed in the Indian agricultural sector where all members of a family work
on a single field that produces the same output every year.
 Solutions for Reducing Underemployment
 Provision of bank loans to farmers so that they can buy HYV seeds for increasing the
yield.
 Irrigation facilities must be provided by constructing wells, canals and dams in order
to increase production and provide employment.
 Connecting villages to the nearby town through pukka roads so that farmers can sell
their produce. Also, the transportation of food crops to markets will generate
employment opportunities for many.
 Promotion of local and small-scale industries in rural areas for channelizing the
excessive work force of the agricultural sector into the secondary sector.
E.g. Flour mill, cold storage, etc.
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
 Passed by the Government of India in 2005.
 Initially implemented in 200 districts of India. Later extended to cover the entire
nation.
 Guaranteed 100 days of wage employment in a year is provided to each person able
and willing to do unskilled manual work.
 In case of failure to provide employment, the government shall give an
unemployment allowance.
 Organised Sector
 It refers to those work places where the terms of employment are fixed and the
rules established by the government are followed.
 Features
 Registered by the government
 Follow labour laws such as the Factories Act, the Minimum Wages Act and
the Payment of Gratuity Act etc.
 Job security
 Fixed working hours
 Fixed salary and leave policy
 Provision of provident fund and gratuity, medical benefits etc.
 Unorganised Sector
 It is characterized by small and scattered work units that are largely outside the
government’s control.
  Features
 Laws laid down by the government are not followed
 No job security
 Low paying jobs
 No leave policy
 No fixed working hours
 In rural areas, the workers are mostly landless farmers, sharecroppers and
artisans.
 In urban areas, it includes workers in small-scale industry, trade and
transport, construction etc.
 Public Sector
It refers to the business enterprises owned by the government that provide services for the
welfare of the people.
E.g. Railways, post offices, education etc.
 Private Sector
It refers to those enterprises that are owned by private individuals. The production is done
with a motive of earning profits.
E.g. TISCO, Reliance etc.
 Sectors of the Indian Economy
Basis of Classification
Primary
Secondary The nature of production process
Tertiary
Organized
The nature of employment
Unorganized
Public
On the basis of ownership
Private