ARD STATIC
Types of Irrigation
Irrigation is the process of applying water to the
What is Irrigation?
crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements
Types of Irrigation
Surface Sub Surface Pressurized/
Flood, Basin, Border, Natural, Micro irrigation
Furrow and Surge Artificial Drip, Sprinkler
Surface Irrigation
Flood Irrigation
•Water is allowed from the channel into
the field without much control on either
side of the flow.
•The height of bunds around the field
should be 15 cm for effective use of
rainfall.
•Useful in uniform surface soils with good
water-holding capacity.
Basin Irrigation
•Basins are flat areas of land surrounded by low bunds.
•The bunds prevent the water from flowing to the adjacent fields.
•The basins are filled to desired depth and the water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil.
Water may be maintained for considerable periods of time.
Check Basin method
Ring Basin method
Advantages
•Uniformly water application
•Suitable for those field which are quite large and not easy to level the entire field.
Disadvantages
•More labour required for field layout and irrigation
•Wastage of field/ land is more under irrigations and bunds. Mostly 5 percent of land is waste for
bunding.
Border Irrigation
•The land is divided into number of long parallel strips called borders.
•These borders are separated by low ridges.
•The border strip has a uniform gentle slope in the direction of irrigation.
Furrow Irrigation
•Furrows are small channels, which carry water down the land slope
between the crop rows.
•The furrow method of irrigation is generally used to irrigate row crops
and vegetables and is suited to soils in which the infiltration rates are
between 0.5 and 2.5 cm/hr. It is ideal for slopes varying from 0.2 to 0.5
percent and a stream size of 1–2 liter/ second.
•Furrow spacing- As a rule, for sandy soils the spacing should be between
30 and 60 cm, i.e., 30 cm for coarse sand and 60 cm for fine sand. On clay
soils, the spacing between two adjacent furrows should be 75-150 cm.
Surge Irrigation
•Intermittent application of water to the field surface under
gravity flow which results in a series of ‘’ON and OFF’’ modes
of constant or variable time spans.
Practice Question
Q. Which of the following is not a type of surface irrigation method?
1. Basin
2. Furrow
3. Surge
A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. Only 3
D. All 1, 2 and 3
E. None of the above
Ans. None of the above
A. None of the above
Practice Question
Q. Which of the following irrigation systems have these features?
1. Used for lowland rice
2. It covers the entire field and moves almost unguided
A. Flood
B. Furrow
C. Surge
D. Border
E. Basin
Ans. Flood
A. None of the above
Practice Question
Q. The furrow method of irrigation is generally used to irrigate row crops and vegetables
and is suited to soils in which the infiltration rates are between ________. It is ideal for
slopes varying from _________ percent.
A. 0.1 and 1.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
B. 0.2 and 2.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
C. 0.3 and 4.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
D. 0.4 and 3.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
E. 0.5 and 2.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
Ans. 0.5 and 2.5 cm/hr, 0.2 to 0.5
A. None of the above
Practice Question
Q. Which of the following irrigation systems is also known as an ON and OFF irrigation
system?
A. Flood
B. Furrow
C. Surge
D. Border
E. Basin
Ans. Surge
A. None of the above
Sub-Surface Irrigation
•The application of water to fields in this type of irrigation system is below the ground
surface so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of the plants.
•In sub-surface or sub-irrigation water is applied beneath the ground by creating and
maintaining an artificial water table at some depth, usually 30 to 75 cm, below the
ground surface.
1.Natural sub-surface irrigation method
2.Artificial sub-surface irrigation method
Natural Sub-Surface Irrigation method
▪ The water moves through the subsoil and may irrigate the
crops nearby.
▪ This way, when underground irrigation is achieved without any
additional effort, it is defined as natural sub-surface irrigation.
Artificial sub-surface irrigation method
The concept of maintaining a suitable water table just below the root zone is obtained
by providing perforated pipes laid in a network pattern below the soil surface at a
desired depth.
What is Micro irrigation?
Micro irrigation is a low-
pressure, low-flow-rate type
of irrigation that can reduce
the overwatering of land
Why Micro Irrigation?
Delivers water directly to
where it is needed most- the
root zone of plants
Micro irrigation systems use
20% to 50% less water than
conventional system
Drip Irrigation
System
Types of Micro
Irrigation
Sprinkler
Irrigation System
Drip Irrigation System
Introduced from Israel
Developed by Simcha Blass
This irrigation is defined as the precise but
slow application of water through
mechanical device
This system involves the slow application of
water, drop by drop to the root zone of a
crop
In this method water is used very
economically, since losses due to deep
percolation and surface evaporation are
reduced to the minimum
Drip irrigation is best suited in-
✓ Water scarcity area
✓ Salt Affected areas
✓ Labour is expensive
Sprinkler Irrigation
Water is applied with pressure to the surface
of any crop or soil in the form of a thin spray,
somewhat resembling rainfall
The rate of spray of water can be regulated
Sprinkler irrigation can be used for all crops
(except rice and jute) and on most soils
(except heavy clay soils)
Water saving is 25-50% compared to surface
irrigation.
Normally the area wetted is circular and the
heaviest wetting is close to the sprinkler
The wetting pattern from a single rotary
sprinkler is not very uniform
For good uniformity several sprinklers must
be operated close together so that their
patterns overlap
Practice Question
Q. In which of the following irrigation system, water is applied with pressure to the surface
of any crop or soil in the form of a thin spray?
A. Sprinkler Irrigation
B. Drip Irrigation
C. Flood Irrigation
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Ans. Sprinkler Irrigation
A. None of the above
Practice Question
Q. In sprinkler irrigation, water saving is __ percentage compared to surface irrigation?
A. 80%
B. 60%
C. 25-50%
D. 70%
E. None of the above
Ans. 25-50% None of the above
Previous Year Question
Q. Which of the following is the method of irrigation where water is applied near root zone?
A. Sprinkle Irrigation
B. Drip Irrigation
C. Rain Gun
D. Ring Basin Irrigation
E. None of the above
Ans. Drip Irrigation
A. None of the above
