Ged 108: ART APPRECIATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS, ECONOMIC, INTERNATIONAL AND HOPITALITY MANAGEMENT

1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
(HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS) • proportions It represents a cornerstone
of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to
nature. "Leonardo envisaged the great
• This unit shall give you a run through an picture chart of the human body he had
overview of the Humanities and the produced through his anatomical
significance of the Arts as an important drawings and Vitruvian Man as a
aspect of being human. Here, the basics cosmografia del minor mondo
of art appreciation shall be discussed (cosmography of the microcosm). He
which will further enhance the learner’s believed the workings of the human
orientation on the significant role of body to be an analogy for the workings
humanities and the arts in one’s culture of the universe." Encyclopedia
and the society in general. Britannica

HUMANITIES and THE ARTS WHY STUDY HUMANITIES ?

Learning Objectives:
• As the word humanities came from the
1.Define Humanities and the Arts Latin “humanus” which means human,
2. Reflect on the contributions of humanities and cultured and refined, man is taught to be
the arts to people, culture and society as what the term exactly means: being
3. Relate Arts and Humanities to Philosophy cultured and refined;
4. Identify and give meaning to the different art
forms • Humans have the characteristics of
5. Review on the importance of the study of the rationality, benevolence and care, he is
Arts and art appreciation cultured and refined as shown by good
6. Appreciate the contributions of the Arts to tastes and manner indicative of good
oneself and proper Education.

• Humanities contains the records of

Lesson 1 man’s quest for answers to the
HUMANITIES AND THE ARTSWHAT IS fundamental questions he asks himself
HUMANITIES ? and about the world we live in
• are academic disciplines that study Humanities studies man and the manner
aspects of human society and culture. in which he conducts himself from the
• the study of ancient and modern time of his existence to the present
languages, literature, philosophy, (Martin & Jacobus, 2004
history, archeology, anthropology,
human geography, law, politics, religion WHY STUDY HUMANITIES ?
and art Humanists (or humanity
scholars) scholars in the humanities • Humanities is composed of academic
• describes the philosophical position of disciplines that make it distinctive in both
humanism, which some "anti-humanist“ content and method from the physical
scholars in the humanities reject. and biological sciences and from the
• The study of humanities may also be social Sciences
attributed to the symmetry and balance
discussed by the art piece known as the • The study of Humanities is devoted to
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. understanding the different phenomena
within the human cultural contexts
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci
• Demonstrates blend of mathematics and • Humanities studies how people process
art during the Renaissance, and and document the human experience
Leonardo's deep understanding of using philosophy, religion, literature, art

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 Ged 108: ART APPRECIATION

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and history as their way of are included in a broader definition of

understanding and recording the world. the arts. Until the 17th century, art
referred to any skill or mastery and was
• Humanities studies how individuals’ not differentiated from crafts or
manner of expression varies as they sciences.
record human experiences and how the
way of documenting these forms a NATURE OF ART
connection between and among humans
of the past, present and future. 1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar”which
means to join or put together and has its
FUNDAMENTALS PRINCIPLE OF Latin term being “sars” or “artis” which
HUMANITIES means everything that is artificially made
or composed by man (wikipedia)
The following are identified fundamental
principles of Humanities which are used as 2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and
guides for a better understanding of life and most important means of expression
man’s existence: developed by man.
1. Human nature is inherently good.
2. Individuals are free and are capable of 3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or
making choices. composition of some common but
3. Human potential for growth and significant qualities of nature such as
development is virtually unlimited. sounds, colors, lines, movements,
4. Self-concept plays an important role in words, stone and wood to express
growth and development. feelings, thoughts, imaginations and
5. Individuals have an urge for self dreams in an amazing, meaningful and
actualization. enjoyable way. (Adams, 2002)
6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both 4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of
themselves and to others. perception, insights, feelings and
intuition
Art Explained
NATURE OF ART
• Art is a diverse range of human activities
in creating visual, auditory or performing 5. It is the heightened expression of human
artifacts (artworks), expressing the dignity and weaknesses felt and shared
author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, so powerfully in a world increasingly
or technical skill, intended to be aware of its successes and failures.
appreciated for their beauty or emotional 6. It is man’s expression of himself as an
power. Other activities related to the individual and how he views his
production of works of art include the existence, and
criticism of art, the study of the history of 7. Art also provides enjoyment and
art, and the aesthetic stimulation specially when people
dissemination[clarification needed of art. understand them

1. Express freely oneself;

THE THREE CLASSICAL OF 2. Socially express his need for display,
ARTS:PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND celebration and communication; and
ARCHITECTURE 3. Physically express the need for utility of
functional objects.
• Music, theater, film, dance and other
performing arts as well as literature and FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS
other media such as interactive media,

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• may benefit the cause of man’s • examines subjective and sensori-

existence emotional values, or sometimes called
• give people sustenance as to need for judgments of sentiment and taste
life to be better • Philosophy of art is the study of the
• benefit is mostly financial in nature nature of art, including concepts such as
• generally applied art (- art created for interpretation, representation and
use, not necessarily everyday use, but expression, and form. It is closely
designed to serve a purpose and with an related to aesthetics, the philosophical
aesthetic in mind) study of beauty and taste. In short, one
• serves a function, but is designed cannot do away with philosophy when
artistically for the purpose of beauty. explaining an art work. Also, one cannot
produce an artwork without considering
NON-FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS the importance of the philosophy behind
its production.
• art that serves no utilitarian purpose
• in direct contrast with functional art, The Artistic Philosophers Philosophers
which has both an aesthetic value and a whose advocacies not only focused on the
utilitarian purpose philosophic ideas but also shared a few of
• encompasses paintings, sculptures and their conceptions about the Arts.
all manner of fine art
• usually seek to engage with the viewer 1. Plato ( 428 – 347 BC)
on an intellectual, emotional or aesthetic • is a philosopher of Ancient Greece who
level is known for his Dialogues together with
Socrates. He loved and hated the arts
Lesson 2 at the same time which makes his
ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY philosophical views on art
unexplainably complicated. With the
Republic being his work, Plato was
Philosophy and Arts Related seen as a good literary stylist and great
story teller and considered the arts as
PHILOSOPHY threatening. He believed that “ though
arts can be used to train citizens to
• field of discipline which has attempted to have an ideal society, using arts to
accomplish this should be strictly
explain almost all aspects of human
controlled”. He also explained that the
existence.
physical world is a copy of a perfect,
• study of general and fundamental questions rational, eternal and changeless original
about existence, knowledge, values, reason, which he called FORM
mind, and language.
• term was probably coined by Pythagoras
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be
ART OR AESTHETICS summed up by the truths according
to him that:
• study of beauty and taste, concerned
with the nature of art and used as a • Art is imitation
basis for interpreting and evaluating • Art is dangerous.
individual works of art
Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples
• branch of philosophy that deals with the of what Plato called Forms or Ideas. Other
nature of beauty and taste, as well as philosophers have called them Universals For
the philosophy of art Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but they
are also more real

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than physical objects. He called them "the 3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804)
Really Real". The world of the Forms is rational • was a German, Enlightenment
and unchanging; the world of physical philosopher who wrote a treatise on
appearances is Aesthetics: Observations on the
changeable and irrational, and only has reality to Feelings of the Beautiful and the
the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Sublime. His main interest was not on
Forms. The art but on BEAUTY that it is a matter of
mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE can
and its passions are stuck in the muck of the be both SUBJECTIVE and
physical world. So the best human life is one UNIVERSAL. For KANT, beauty is a
that strives to understand and to imitate the question of form and color is NOT
Forms as closely as IMPORTANT.
possible. That life is the life of the mind, the life
of the Philosopher (literally, the lover of wisdom). The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according
Self control, especially control of the passions, is to Kant are:
essential to the soul that wants to avoid the
temptations of 1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order,
sensuality, greed, and ambition, and move on to harmony and symmetry; and
the Ideal World in the next life. 2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that
overwhelms the viewers of the art.
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up
by the truths according to him that: Lesson 3
ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
1. Art is imitation
2. Art is dangerous. ARTIST

• person engaged in an activity related to

2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC) creating art, practicing the arts, or
• was a student of Plato who first demonstrating an art. The common
distinguished between “what is good usage in both everyday speech and
and what is beautiful''. For him, the academic discourse is a practitioner in
universal elements of beauty are the visual arts only
manifested by order, symmetry and
definiteness. As exemplified in his • term is often used in the entertainment
Poetics, he stated that physical business, especially in a business
manifestation of beauty is affected by context, for musicians and other
SIZE. He considered art as imitation or a performers (less often for actors.
representation of nature and his
emphasis of the art is on POETRY "Artiste“
which for him is more philosophical than
Philosophy itself. • French for artist
• used in English only in this context; this
Poets imitated the following according to use is becoming rare
Aristotle: • Use of the term to describe writers, for
example, is valid, but less common, and
1. Things and events which have been mostly restricted to contexts like
or still are; criticism.
2. Things which are said to be seen and
are probable, and Artisan (French: artisan, Italian: artigiano)
3. Things which essentially are
• An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian:
artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who

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makes or creates things by hand that churches and temples considered as the
may be functional or strictly decorative, most functional of all the art forms
for example furniture, decorative arts,
sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food
items, household items and tools or 2. SCULPTURE
even mechanisms such as the
handmade clockwork movement of a • hard or plastic materials are worked into
watchmaker three-dimensional art objects
• practice a craft and may through designs may be embodied in
experience and aptitude reach the freestanding objects,in reliefs on
expressive levels of an artist surfaces, or in environments ranging
from tableaux to contexts that envelop
"artisanal“ the spectator
• used in describing hand processing in
what is usually viewed as an industrial • An enormous variety of media may be
process, such as in the phrase artisanal used, including clay, wax,stone, metal,
mining fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and
random “found” objects. Materials may
• sometimes used in marketing and be carved, modeled, molded, cast,
advertising as a buzz word to describe wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or
or imply some relation with the crafting otherwise shaped and combined.
of handmade food products, such as
bread, beverages or cheese.
3. PAINTING
Artisan
• Application of pigments to a support
surface that establishes an image,
• dominant producers of consumer
design or decoration
products before the Industrial Revolution
• describes both the act and the result
• In ancient Greece, artisans were drawn
to agoras and often built workshops
nearby • two-dimensional art form Supports -
different surfaces where painting can be
applied wood, canvas, plaster, clay,
Lesson 4 - lacquer, and concrete
ART APPRECIATION

1. ARCHITECTURE 4. DANCE

• art form that reflects how we present • movement of the body in a rhythmic
ourselves across the earth’s landscape, way, usually to music and within a given
and, like other expressive mediums, it space, for the purpose of expressing an
changes with styles, technologies and idea or emotion, releasing energy, or
cultural adaptations simply taking delight in the movement
itself
• not only provides worldly needs of
shelter, workspace and storage but also 5. MUSIC
represents human ideals in buildings like
courthouses and government buildings • also a cultural activity whose medium is
and manifestations of the spirit in sound

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A. Visual Arts - those which are felt by the

performed with a vast range of senses which includes sculpture, painting and
instruments and/or vocal techniques architecture.
ranging from singing to rapping
B. Performing Arts – those performed like
Music, Dance and Theater
6. THEATER
C. Digital Arts - arts which includes
• collaborative form of performing art that photography and installation arts
uses live performers, typically actors
or actresses, to present the experience
of a real or imagined event before a live Lesson 5
audience in a specific place, often a ART APPRECIATION
stage may also mean specific place of
the performance as derived from the
Ancient Greek théatron, "a place for How art appreciation may be applied by a
viewing", itself from theáomai, "to see", learner of the course:
"to watch", "to observe".
1. Give a good physical description of the
• includes performances of plays and artwork based on their knowledge of art
musical theater elements and materials;

• art forms of ballet and opera are also 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist
theater and use many conventions such wants his work to represent and the learner’s
as acting, costumes and staging subjective reaction to the works which includes
their thoughts and feelings;

7. LITERATURE 3. Perceive the art work in the context of its

history. This would enlighten the learners of the
• any body or collection of written work artist’s intention in doing the work and add to the
understanding of the meaning the work is
• refers to writing considered to be an art supposed to convey;
form or any single writing deemed to
have artistic or intellectual value, and 4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its
sometimes deploys language in ways description, analysis and context; and . Judge
that differ from ordinary usage. the artwork as to whether it is good or bad based
on the learner’s perception
of it and its aesthetic and cultural value.
• may be in any form such as poetry,
novel, short story, essay, epic and
legends among others
Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it
is. It is meant to stimulate thought
• may be oral or written Classifications:
because it allows viewers to draw their own
emotions and pull from their personal
A. Fiction experiences when viewed.
B. Non-Fiction
C. Prose Art also teaches many important qualities
D. Poetry such as listening, observing and responding to
multiple perspectives. Having an appreciation for
Classification of Art Forms: art also helps us to develop an appreciation for
each other and how we are all unique in

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our own way. trying to convey a specific idea. Other

times one doesn't have a fixed idea
Art is here to stay. It is a person’s history and when creating. Sometimes if I don't have
legacy which is an ultimate proof that his a particular subject I just start to paint
personal experiences can be articulated and his with no plan. It is a bit like meditation
immortality can be defined. because through that process I am
outside myself viewing the process
remotely...or that is how I can best
describe the experience anyway. I just
let my subconscious work away starting
CHAPTER II: SUBJECT AND CONTENT with patterns and letting the colors and
shapes suggest forms to me as I go and
LESSON 1 then the panting reveals itself to me. It is
THE SUBJECT OF AN ARTWORK fun because it is a surprise to me also.

• The term subject in arts refers to the

main idea that is represented in the • Some artworks have subjects and some
artwork. do not.

• The subject in art is basically the • The art pieces which use a specific
essence of the piece. To determine subject is called representational art or
subject matter in a particular piece of objective art; while those that have no
art, one may be guided by the subjects are called non-representational
questions: What is actually depicted in or non-objective art.
this artwork? What is the artist trying to
express to the world... What is his or her • Representational art refers to art which
message? And how are they conveying represents something, whether that be a
that message? tree in a landscape, apple in a still life,
or figure in a portrait. Or in other words,
• In artwork, the subject matter would be it is art which is clearly identifiable as
what the artist has chosen to paint, draw something which already exists in life.
or sculpt. The subject matter or topic is Representational art does not need to
entirely up to the artist. Art is really be a completely realistic depiction of the
liberating in that sense. It allows you to subject; there will often be varying levels
say whatever you want to say. Whether of abstraction.
the message is understood by others is
another story, and whether the artist • Representational Art is a term that
discloses the meaning of it or generally refers to a painting or
not is also a personal choice. Some sculpture that is clearly recognizable for
artists don't like to assign a strict what it claims to be. It references
explanation of their art so that they are images such as a human form or a tree,
not imposing on the viewers own and although these images may not
narrative and concept of the work. always be portrayed as true to life in
color or position, they are still
• That allows it to be more reflective or recognizable to the viewer.
interactive if you like. It is nice to Representational Art depicts any
contemplate something without being identifiable object or series of objects
told what it is. Of course there are some and their physical appearance in reality.
symbols that are archetypal and It is also referred to as Figurative Art,
commonly understood/interpreted by being that it is derived from real object
humanity in the same way. Therefore sources.
symbols can be very powerful when

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Oftentimes, representational artists act

as observers, and interpret what they
see in their own way through their work. NATURE

• Non-representational or non-objective • Nature, in the broadest sense, is

art, on the other hand, refers to equivalent to the natural world, physical
compositions which do not rely on universe, material world or material
representation or mimesis to any extent. universe. “Nature” refers to the
Abstract art, non figurative art, phenomena of the physical world, and
nonobjective art, and also to life in general.
nonrepresentational art are related
terms that indicate a departure from
reality in the depiction of imagery in art. PEOPLE
Meaning in nonrepresentational art is
highly subjective and can be difficult to • They are considered the most
define. We can focus on the elements of interesting subject of an artwork which
the artwork (form, shape, line, color, may be real or imagined. An artist’s
space, and texture) in terms of the thoughts, moods and even the genre of
aesthetic value of the work, but the a certain art work may be depicted by
meaning will always be personal to the people by means of clues as takeaways.
viewer unless the artist has made a People as subjects may be presented as
statement about his or her intentions. individuals or groups and may perform
tasks as how they do in their everyday
• Generally, we can look at non- life. Below are a few examples.
representational art as the personal
expression of an artist's subjective HISTORY
experience. Certain movements have
described their intentions as an aim to • It is the depiction of factual events that
evoke moods or emotions in the viewer. occured in the past whose purpose is
(boundless.com) Below are a few either to remember important events of
examples of non-representational art long ago or to teach the learners about
works: the lessons of the past. Some of the
examples of art works with history as
source of inspiration are as follows
LESSON 2:
THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT LEGENDS

• A learner, most of the time, may imagine • Artworks based on legends present to
as to where an artist gets his inspiration viewers of the art something tangible
from with regard to how he produces a even when unverified. Art brings life to
certain masterpiece. It is noteworthy to these stories.
remember that artists are unique both in
personal experiences and human RELIGION
attributes hence their differences in the
manner of creating art pieces or in • Religion has played an enormous role in
producing art works. As art is a way of inspiring works of visual arts, music,
man in expressing himself, an artist’s architecture and literature through ages.
choice of subject or the source of his Artists used as inspiration the religious
inspiration only explains his inner world texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in
and his personality in general. With this, conveying their ideas and beliefs
it is noteworthy to present the sources of through their art works. It was also
artists’ inspiration in doing their works.

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established that art is considered the

handmaid of religion. NATURALISM

MYTHOLOGY • Naturalism in art refers to the depiction

of realistic objects in a natural setting.
• These are sources of subjects that come The Realist movement of the 19th
from the stories of gods and goddesses century advocated naturalism in
of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and reaction to the stylized and idealized
Egyptians. These so called deities of the depictions of subjects in Romanticism,
mythological world depict present but many painters have used a similar
humanlike behaviors. approach over the centuries. Naturalism
began in the early Renaissance, and
DREAMS AND FANTACY developed itself further throughout the
Renaissance, such as with the
• The wonder of the unconscious is what Florentine School. Naturalism is a type
is being expressed by art works under of art that pays attention to very
this subject source. These works of art accurate and precise details, and
somehow explain to the viewers the portrays things as they are.
content of the art piece including the
hidden meaning behind each work. The • Artworks in naturalism always depict
unconscious is being made to be pieces showing the idealized human
understood by this source of subject. form. One would immediately recognize
that these images were imitated from
TECHNOLOGY the human form. Similar to the
superheroes of today’s comic books and
• The modernity of the present is also an films, these figures were made almost
inspiration being used by artists as a perfect to imbue them with a greater
source of subject. The wondrous use of degree of stature and significance
machines, the towering skyscrapers, worthy of superbeings. In this way, the
state of the art robotics technology, top imagery did not focus on the specific
of the line transportation machineries as attributes of an individual but on the
cars, ships and motorcycles to name a more universal characteristics of the
few are sources of subjects of interest human form as is accepted by the
under technology. culture of the day. (Kissick, 1996

REALISM
Lesson 3:
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT • Realism in the arts is generally the
attempt to represent subject matter
truthfully, without artificiality and
After the artist has decided on the source of avoiding speculative fiction and
the subject of his artwork, he is now ready to supernatural elements. Realism has
identify the method of how he wants his art been prevalent in the arts at many
work to be presented to his viewers. Their periods, and can be in large part a
choice of a method may depend upon his matter of technique and training, and the
expertise, exposure to certain art pieces or avoidance of stylization. In the visual
simply of his personal preferences. The arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate
following are some of the methods or ways depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and
on how an artist presents his subject to his the details of light and color. But realist
audience. or naturalist works of art may, as well or
instead of illusionist realism, be "realist"

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in their subject matter, and emphasize c. Mangling. Artists show the

the mundane, ugly or sordid. subject as cut, lacerated,
mutilated or hacked with
• Realism is the most popular way of repeated blows.
presenting art subjects.
d. Cubism. This is the
ABSTRACTION presentation of abstract figures
through the use of a cone,
• Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of cylinder, sphere, triangle,
the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as square, cube and circle in place
well as for the viewer). It is the capability of real pictorial elements.
of the artist to use their imagination to
look beyond what we can physically see
and translate intangible emotions onto SYMBOLISM
the canvas. It is also the ability of the
audience to then try to connect to the • This is the use of a visible sign of an
artist’s intention and free their own mind idea to convey to the viewers, readers or
of visual restrictions. Historically, the audiences the message of his work. In
abstract art movement emerged in the this way, mystery is advocated by an art
nineteenth century as a reaction to work making it more interesting to the
academic painting or realism. In fact, a viewers. The key to eliciting symbolic art
very simple way to understand the involves studying the background and
essence of abstract art is to think of it as personality of the artist and his
a visual opposite of realistic art. While inspiration in producing the said piece of
realism pays attention to every tiny fold work.
or wrinkle, abstraction gives the artist
the freedom to trust their intuition to FAUVISM
create art that is equally worthy of an
audience. This is a method of presenting • Fauvism is the name applied to the work
the subject where the artist moves away produced by a group of artists (which
from reality. The artist usually alters the included Henri Matisse and André
shapes and colors in rendering a Derain) from around 1905 to 1910,
particular art piece. which is characterised by strong colours
and fierce brushwork. The name les
• Abstraction may be in these forms: fauves (‘the wild beasts’) was coined
by the critic Louis Vauxcelles when he
a. Distortion. Distortion is the saw the work of Henri Matisse and
alteration of the original shape André Derain in an exhibition, the salon
(or other characteristic) of d’automne in Paris, in 1905. The
something. In the art world, a paintings Derain and Matisse exhibited
distortion is any change made were the result of a summer spent
by an artist to the size, shape or working together in Collioure in the
visual character of a form to South of France and were made using
express an idea, convey a bold, non-naturalistic colours (often
feeling or enhance visual applied directly from the tube), and wild
impact. loose dabs of paint. The forms of the
subjects were also simplified making
b. Elongation. Elongation is when their work appear quite abstract.
the art subject is lengthened,
protracted or extended. DADAISM

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• Dadaism is a protest movement in the materials and equipment needed, the

art that is playful and experimental. techniques applied as well as how to
“Dada” means a “hobby horse”. preserve so that it can be appreciated
Dadaism is most often nonsensical. and utilized for a long period of time.
Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter
using this method. It is considered a Lesson 1
revolt against tradition because it does THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
not follow the principles in art and shows
the wickedness of society in its • Production is at the heart of making art.
presentation. The aim of this method is Artists and theorists have long
to shock and provoke its viewers. acknowledged its importance as both an
artistic action and an idea to be
FUTURISM explored. And as the role of production
has shifted in our lives, so have the
• This was developed in Italy about the ways in which artists have responded to
same time as cubism appeared in it. While some contemporary artists
France. Futurist painters wanted their foreground production as a tool,
works to capture the mechanical energy
of modern life. • others use their work to explore ideas
around production we might otherwise
SURREALISM overlook. It can refer to the making of
something, or to a final product, like a
• This method mirrors the evils of the theatrical performance. It can be the
present society. Surrealism means process of bringing a song or musical to
super realism, influenced by Freudian life or honing that work to perfection.
psychology which emphasizes the Production might bring out images of
activities of the subconscious state of factory production lines, or even the
the mind. The art movement began in theories of scientists and philosophers
Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre after the mind has conceived it through
Breton. It emphasized the activities of a certain process.
the subconscious mind mostly
exemplifying violence and cruelty. The MEDIUM
surrealist’s aim is to reveal the deep and
ugly part of human nature. • When an artist is ready to express
himself in art and to give shape to his
EXPRESSIONISM vision, his first thought would be on what
medium to use.
• This features art works describing
pathos, morbidity, chaos or even THE TECHNIQUE
defeat and was introduced in Germany
from 1900 – 1910. Expressionists • The technique of the artwork shows the
believe that man needs spiritual rebirth level of familiarity with the medium being
for him to correct defects that ruin the manipulated.
society.
CURATION

CHAPTER III: THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM • Derived from the word “curare” which
means to take care. It is a process that
• This part of Art Appreciation focuses involves managing, overseeing and
more on the technical aspect of the assembling or putting together a
course which refers more on the presentation or exhibit for some type of
process of creating the art work, the artistic collection.

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• Soft Pastel
Lesson 2 • Hard Pastel
THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL • Oil Pastel
ARTS
PASTEL TECHNIQUES
1. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts
• Stippling
A. Drawing - pastel of different colors to
The fundamental skill needed in the visual produce small marks, thus,
arts. creating a pattern.

PENCILS
• Feathering
- Using the point of the pastel to
• Made of graphite which comes in make parallel strokes creating a
different hardness from soft to hard or feather-like effect.
thickness from thick to needle-like.
• Scumbling
SHADING TECHNIQUES:
- It is like layering but using
pastel. The side of the pastel is
• Hatching lightly drawn on top of an
- A series of thin parallel lines that run in existing color but still making the
the same direction. color of the first layer visible.

• Cross-hatching • Impasto
- A series of thin parallel lines and - The technique of thickly
crisscrossing it with another set of tin applying the pastel by pressing
parallel lines. it hard on the paper creating an
opaque effect.
• Stippling
- Uses the sharp point of the pencil to make • Sgraffito
dot patterns in some parts of the drawing. - Technique that applies a thick
deposit of pastel on the support
then using a blunt pen, scrapes
• Blending
it off to reveal the underlying
- May be accomplished by using the finger color.
or a paper stump to gradually change the
tone from dark to light. 4. Charcoal- An organic medium that
comes from burnt wood.

2. Ink- It is one of the oldest materials 2Kinds of Charcoal:

for drawing that is still in use. It
allows for a great variety of qualities, • Compressed Charcoal
depending on the tools and - The vine charcoal which comes
technique used in the application. in thin sticks that is easy to
blend and erase.
3. Pastel- This is composed of dry
pigment held together by a gum
• Manufactured Charcoal
binder and compressed into sticks.
- from loose charcoal mixed with
a binder and pressed into sticks.
THREE KINDS OF PASTEL:

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Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a

5.Paper- The most common surface portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for
used in two-dimensional art. mural paintings.

3 Types of Paper ACRYLIC

• Modern medium with synthetic paint using
• Hot pressed Paper acrylic emulsion as binder.
- Smooth
C.Mosaic
• Cold-pressed Paper Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles
- moderate texture. or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or
glass called tesserae.
• Rough Paper
- Has the most texture (tooth). D.Collage
Derived from a French word “coller” which
means to stick. This is a technique of making
B. Painting art by gluing or pasting on firm support
It is the process of applying paint onto a materials or found objects
smooth surface (ground/support) like paper,
cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. E. Printmaking
Process used for making reproductions of
graphic works. Allows for the repeated
• Pigment transfer of a master image from a printing
- Part of the paint that gives color. plate (matrix) onto a surface.

• Different Media for Painting

Printmaking Techniques:
WATERCOLOR
1. Relief Painting (Raised)
• Pigments are mixed with water and
applied to paper. a. The oldest method of printmaking.
The technique involves cutting away
GOUACHE certain parts of the surface and
leaving the ‘raised’ part to produce
• The pigment has been mixed with water the image.
and added with a chalk-like material to give
it an opaque effect. 2. Printing (Depressed)

OIL PAINTS b. Instead of the surface of the plate for

the image, the lines of the image are
• Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is cut or incised to a metal plate.
a dense painting medium and gives rich,
beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish 3. Surface Printing (Flat)
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.
c. Includes all processes in which
TEMPERA printing is done from a flat surface.

• Pigment is mixed with egg yolk II. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts

(sometimes with the white) as binder.
A. SCULPTURE
FRESCO

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- Originated from the Latin word “sculpere” which a. Stone

means to carve . It is defined as the art or practice of • A natural medium.Hard and relatively
creating three-dimensional forms or figures. permanent.

a. 3 Kinds of Sculptures: b. Wood

• Also a natural medium. It varies in
1. Freestanding hardness and durability depending on
the kind of tree it came from.
- Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides.
c. Metal
2. Relief • three unique qualities: tensile strength,
ductility and malleability.
Sculptures in which the figures project from a
background.
d. Plaster
Two Variations of Relief Sculpture: • is finely ground gypsum mixed with
water and poured into mold.
• Low Relief (bas relief)
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)
- Figures are slightly
raised/projected from its • Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a
background. relatively high temperature.

f. Glass
• High Relief
• Made by heating and cooling a
- Almost half of the figures project
combination of sand and soda lime.
from its background, more
shadows are created.
g. Plastic
• Synthetic medium made from organic
4. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is
polymers.
capable of movement by wind, water
or other forms of energy.
Lesson 4
ARCHITECTURE
ART OF DESIGNING BUILDINGS AND OTHER
Lesson 3
STRUCTURES WHICH WILL SERVE A
THE PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURES
DEFINITE FUNCTION.

A. SUBTRACTIVE PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
- Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the
material to form the figure.
A. Post and Lintel
- Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and
B. ADDITIVE PROCESS
spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was
- The process involves the construction of a
invented by the Greeks.
figure by putting together bits of the material
or by welding together metal parts to create
B. Arch
figures.
- A Roman invention that consists of separate
pieces of wedge-shaped
C. PROCESS OF SUBSTITUTION
blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-
- This process is also known as casting. This
circle.
method involves using a mold to produce a
3D figure in another material.
i. Structures that can be Built from the
Principle of Arch:
D. DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE:

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• Barrel Vault d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water,

- A succession of arches. with aggregates of sand and gravel.

• Groin Vault
- A structure that is formed by intersecting Lesson 6
arches resulting in four LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS
openings.

• Dome LITERATURE
- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup.
• Art of combining spoken or written
C. Truss words and their meanings into forms
- System of triangular forms assembled to form a which have artistic and emotional
rigid framework. appeal.

D. Cantilever TYPES OF LITERATURE

- A structure that makes use of a beam or slab
that extends horizontally a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s
into space beyond its supporting post. to the number and length of lines and
stanzas but in recent years they have
E. Buttress become more free-flowing
- A structure that is built as a support for the
wall. b. Fiction- Written work that is not real
and which uses elaborate figurative
language.
Lesson 5
MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes
from real life.
A. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
- Refers to those materials that can support
heavy weights d. Drama- Includes all plays or any
without crumbling or breaking down. written works that are meant to be
performed.
B. MATERIALS THAT ARE USED FOR
CREATING BUILDING AND
INFRASTRUCTURES: Lesson 7
MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME GENRES OF
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored MUSIC
over other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and
its use for building simple structures in MUSIC
its natural state.
• Defined as the art of combining and
b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building regulating sounds of varying pitch to
can be constructed using wood except produce compositions that express
the foundations. various ideas and feelings.

c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and MEDIA IN MUSIC

taller structures with less use of material
when compared to stone or wood. a. Vocal Medium- The oldest and most
popular medium for music is the human
voice.

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i. of Human Voice (Komien,2008): f. Rock Music- Form of popular music

that evolved from rock and roll and pop
Soprano- Highest female singing voice. music.
Contralto- Female singing voice that is low and rich g. Alternative Music- A style of rock
in quality. music that emerged from the
Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice. independent music of the 1980s and
Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich in gained popularity in the 1990s.
quality.
Baritone- Male singing voice that is between tenor
and bass. Lesson 8
DANCE, TYPES OF DANCE
b.Instrumental Medium- Materials that
DANCE
produce/create sound
• Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is
i. Traditional Instruments of Music: the man’s gestures that express
emotions through rhythmic movements.
String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral sounds.
Two kinds are: Bowed strings that produce tones by TYPEA OF DANCE
means of a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings
that produce tones by plucking the strings with a a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk
finger or with a plectrum held in one’s hand. dances associated with national and/or
Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by blowing cultural groups.
into them. b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing
Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces that are generally performed in pairs.
and expands into a bell-shaped end. c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of
Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by hitting the Medieval era.
them. d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called
Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by means of a contemporary or interpretative dances.
They represent rebellion against the
keyboard which consist of a series of black and white
classical formalism of ballet.
keys.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to
those dances performed by one dancer
SOME GENRES OF MUSIC or a group of dancers.

Lesson 9
a. Classical Music- European tradition THEATRE AND GENRES OF DRAMA
that covered the years of 1750 to 1830.
Forms such as the symphony, concerto,
and sonata were standardized. DRAMA
b. Music- Originated in the traditional
popular culture or is written in such a • Genre of literature that is intended to be
style. acted-out or performed on stage in front of
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is an audience.
inspired in the tradition of rock and roll.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American
THEATRE
communities in the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
• Combined art that includes music, dance,
e. Blues- Originated from the African painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Americans in the deep South of the
United States in the late 19th Century. GENRES OF DRAMA

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a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest written pieces of work as motion

dramatic genre. pictures.
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the d. Director- Studies the script,
never ending battle between plans and visualizes how the
good and evil wherein good film should be portrayed and
always wins. guides the actors and the
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of production crew as they carry
tragedy. out the project.
d. Satire- Portrays human
weakness and criticized human
behavior to pave the path to
some form of salvation for CHAPTER IV: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES
human actions. OF ART
e. Farce- Light humorous play in
which the emphasis is on the Lesson 1
jokes, humorous physical LINE AND KINDS OF LINE
action, exaggerated situations
and improbable characters.
• A line can be defined in several ways: It is a
Lesson 10 path made by a moving point; a series of
CINEMA, GENRES OF MOTION PICTURES dots; a prolongation of points or according
AND PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION PICTURE to Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk.
One definition of a line, however, that
CINEMA captures its essence in the visual arts is it
being an intended mark made by the artist
• Series of images that are projected onto to convey meaning beyond its physical
a screen to create the illusion of motion. description.
GENRE OF MOTION PICTURES
KINDS OF LINES
a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in
• Combined art that includes music, dance,
movie theaters. painting, sculpture, and architecture.
b. Animated movies- Use images created
by artists/ animators. STRAIGHT LINES
c. Documentary movies- deal primarily
with facts, not fiction.
d. Experimental films- Sequence of • geometric, impersonal and differ in the
images, literal or abstract, which do not direction that they take. The straight
necessarily form a narrative. lines may move from left to right, start
e. Educational Films- Specifically from the top going down, slant or move
intended to facilitate learning at home or up and down forming angles. Whatever
classrooms. is the direction, each kind indicates a
specific type of emotion.
PEOPLE BEHIND A MOTION PICTURE
HORIZONTAL LINES
a. Actors- Play the roles of the
characters. • move from left to right or vice versa. It is
b. Producer- handles finances. a line that appears to be laying down
c. Screenwriter- develops stories
and ideas for the screen or VERTICAL LINE
adapts interesting

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• start from bottom to top or vice versa. It Lesson 2

is a line that appears to be standing. PROPERTIES OF COLOR AND HOW
COLORS RELATE AND LIGHT AND SHADOW
DIAGONAL LINES

• are slanting lines. In the visual art, COLOR

diagonals suggest two meanings, a
positive and a negative one. On the • The significance of color as an element of
positive diagonals indicate action and the visual arts cannot be over emphasized.
movement i.e. to move forward and act. People see and perceive the world as a
On the negative, it conveys a feeling of multitude of colors. Also the materials used
by the artists possess characteristics of
uncertainty, stress and
color. Color adds beauty and meaning to all
forms of art. The world would be a gloomy
ZIGZAG LINES place if it is devoid of color.

• Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt • Color is the property of light. So when light
change in the direction of a straight line goes out, color goes with it. Color is
thus forming angles. The lines are composed of a series of wavelengths which
unpleasant and harsh which portrays strike the retina of the eyes. A ray of light
tension, conflict, chaos, or violence. contains all the colors of the visible
spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). The visible
CURVED LINES spectrum was discovered by sir Isaac
Newton when light was allowed to pass
• are technically curvilinear lines. Curve through a glass prism. Passing white light
lines suggest grace, movement and through a prism breaks it into a band of the
flexibility indicative of life and energy. visible colors (just like a rainbow).
When a curve line moves continuously
in opposite directions, it forms a wavy PROPERTIES OF COLOR
line which shows fluidity because of the
gradual change in direction. • Hue - It is the name given to the color,
for example; red, green, violet and blue.

Lines can possess a variety of characteristics, For pigments, RED, YELLOW and
depending on shape, density, rhythm, angularity, BLUE are called primary hues. They are
and the material that have produced them. Lines considered primary because these hues
may be short or long, fine or thick, heavy or light, cannot be produced from combining any
wavy or jagged, straight or curved. As shown in hues.
the diagram below (alphabet of lines). No matter
what type of line it is, it always has
When two primary hues are mixed in
direction.
equal amounts, secondary hues are
produced. These are ORANGE, GREEN
and VIOLET.

Mixing equal amounts of the primary

and secondary hues produces
intermediate hues which are RED
ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE
VIOLET.

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Combining in equal mixture any two the color wheel are placed
secondary hues produces the tertiary side by side.
hues.
• Analogous harmony - results when
Value - refers to the lightness or hues that are adjacent or beside each
darkness of a color. The value of any other in the color wheel is used in a
hues can be changed by adding a composition.
neutral such as black or white. This
results in changing the quantity of light • Color temperature - refers to the
the hue reflects. relative warmth or coolness of a color.
Warm colors are colors that have
Shade - When black is combined with YELLOW as its dominant component
hue. white cool colors have blue as their
dominant component.
Tint - When white is added with hue.
LIGHT AND SHADOW (VALUE)

Intensity - denotes the brightness or • Light and shadow focuses on what is

dullness of a color. It gives color its known as achromatic value. This refers
strength. Colors differ in intensity or to the changes in the amount of
vividness. reflected light which ranges from black
to gray to white and vice versa. An artist
• Hues become less intense (dull) when who has mastered the manipulation of
white is added because color becomes achromatic value in a composition gives
lighter in value. his work the illusion of depth and form.
• The hues’ intensity diminishes when
black is added and as the value CHIAROSCURO
darkens.
• If gray is added, the result will be a • is the technique of manipulating light
variation in intensity without any change and shadow in painting. Masters who
in value. have perfected the use of this technique
are Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt,
HOW COLORS RELATE and Caravaggio. Rembrandt and
Caravaggio went a step further and
COLOR HARMONY exaggerated the use of shadows to an
extreme called tenebrism or “dark
• is one method of establishing color manner”. In the local scene, Fernando
quality in a composition. There are Amorsolo, also mastered chiaroscuro,
several ways of creating harmony that but his focus was more on the
an artist can use. The most common are manipulation of light rather than shadow.
the following:
Lesson 3
• Monochromatic harmony SHAPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
- When a single color in the
composition is varied in
intensity and value by SHAPES
adding white or black.
• In visual arts, a shape is formed
• Complementary Harmony when two ends of a line meet to
- results when two colors that enclose an area. The area may
are opposite each other in
stand out from the surface because

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of a difference in color, value or occupies space. Single volume is

texture. They may also present the fundamental unit in sculpture.
themselves as flat or two-
dimensional and solid or three-
dimensional on a picture plane. Lesson 4
TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING
Picture plane SPACE AND MOVEMENT
any flat surface onto which the artwork is
created.
TEXTURE
Negative shapes
these are between the shapes that are not • Refers to the feel or tactile quality of
occupied by any form. In painting, these the surface of an object. It has to do
spaces can be as important as the shapes with the characteristic of the surface,
themselves. In sculpture and architecture, whether it is rough or smooth, fine or
the shape of the artwork can be determined coarse, polished or dull, plain or
by viewing the work against its background irregular. They also add richness
(Marquardt & Eskilson, 2005). and vitality in paintings.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES Visual texture

• in such cases where touching the
Natural or organic shapes artwork is not allowed, textured can
• are seen in nature like the shape of be perceived by the eyes.
leaves, animals, mountains, flowers
and seashells. Space
• An illusion in the graphic arts. It is
Abstract shapes created by techniques that add
• those that have little or no depth and distance to two-
resemblance to natural objects. dimensional art. In sculpture and
architecture, however, space is
Non-objective or biomorphic shapes actually present.
• seldom have reference to
recognizable objects, but most often METHODS OF CREATING SPACE
show a similarity to some organic
forms. Overlapping planes (interposition)
• create space when an object covers
Geometric shapes a part of another object which is
• These are triangles, rectangles, behind it.
squares, cylinders, cubes. Sculpture
and architecture are three- Relative size
dimensional forms, which are • objects that appear large/big indicate
identified either by mass or volume. nearness and small-sized objects as
When mass is structured or has a distant. Aside from creating the
definite shape, it is said to have illusion of space, this can also be
volume. The sculptor is concerned interpreted as power and import.
with volume because sculpture

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Position on the picture plane (relative recede, details are lost and objects
height) appear grayer.
• In some paintings, spatial
representation is based upon the Space
position of objects relative to the • in sculpture may be viewed in two
bottom of the frame. ways: it may be considered a single
solid object or an assemblage of
Those objects found at the bottom of the solids that exhibits space; or space
frame will appear closer to the viewer. may be perceived as it enters into
Farther distances are indicated by the relations with its surrounding
positions of the objects higher on the picture extending into it, enveloping it, or
plane. The point of reference is the horizon relating across it.
line which is the line at the eye level. A
picture plane can be divided into three Space in architecture
parts; • is created and defined by the shape,
position, and the materials employed
Foreground - the bottom part. by the architect.
Middle ground - where the horizon is.
Background - the topmost part. MOVEMENT

Color • Over the years, artists of the visual

• is also used to give the illusion of arts have manipulated the medium
distance. Warm colors advance and and elements in order to portray
make objects look closer while cool motion in their artworks. They have
colors recede making objects look also experimented on which
farther away. techniques to employ to be able to
incorporate in their works the
PERSPECTIVE perception of movement.

• deals with the effect of distance on Two ways to present motion or

the appearance of objects. It movement in their art
enables the viewer to perceive
distance and to see the position of
Actual movement
objects in space.
• in art, specifically in sculptures
results in kinetic art.
Linear perspective
Actual movements may be achieved
• give the perception distance by naturally using wind and water or
means of converging lines. It has to mechanically through some energy
do with the direction of lines and with source (batteries or electricity).
the size of objects.
Implied movement
Aerial perspective (gradient)
• results when a variety of lines are
• the effect of haze, mist or used together, repeated, change in
atmosphere on the object. Near position, or decreased/increased in
objects are seen in detail with the full size. This gives the impression of
intensity of color and as objects

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movement in a stationary two person’s the voice is different from

dimensional art. that of a child.

FORMS
Elements of the Combined Arts
Lesson 5 • is the structure or the framework of a
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC composition

Vocal Forms
Rhythm • Opera is a drama set to music
• is a movement or pattern with complete with actions, costumes and
uniform recurrence of accented scenery Cantata is a religious story
and accented beat told in music without actions Moro-
Moro is a Philippine drama set to
Melody music which depicts the conflict
• is the succession of tones arranged between the Christians and the
in such a way as to give it a Muslims.
musical sense. It may also refer to
the rising and falling of the tune in INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
time.
Sonata
• is a long composition for solo
Harmony
instruments (piano,
• is the sounding of a series of groups Violin) Symphony is a sonata for
of tones at the same time. It the orchestra
may also refer to the pleasing sound
that is produced when two or more
Dynamics
notes are played together.
Concordance results when the • is the loudness and softness of the
combination of sounds are in sound in music indicated by symbols
agreement which makes it sound to regulate the volume of the sound.
good while dissonance results when
the combination is not pleasant to pp pianissimo - very soft
hear. p piano - soft
mp mezzo piano - half soft
Timbre ff fortissimo - very loud
crescendo - gradually becoming louder
• is tonal quality or the character of
decrescendo - gradually becoming
the tone that is produced by an
softer
instrument or by the human voice.
Timbre allows the listener to
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
distinguish the sound between a
guitar and a violin for example. In Music
the same way, people can be
identified by their voices. A man’s
• plays an important role in the dance
to which it is closely related. It
voice sounds different from a
should be melodic and harmonious
woman’s voice and an old
and fits into the movements of the

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dance. Music motivates the dancers • The type of dance performed and
to move in tune with its rhythm. The the costumes worn relate closely
background music of the dance to the customs, beliefs, and
functions to captivate the interest environment of the people.
and awe of the audience. Costumes enhance the effect of the
dance.
Movement
• is how the dancers use their bodies
to move and create Lesson 6
organized patterns. Dancers also ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
use gestures which express specific
emotions or ideas in sign language.
DRAMA
Choreography
• refers to how the steps and • is basically one of the genres of
movements are connected for it to literature that is written primarily to
be performed in an organized be performed. The performance is
manner. The choreography guides done by actors on stage before a
the dancers’ movements for them to live audience.
perform the movement, convey the
message and tell the story through Plot
body language. • is the overall structure of the play. It
is concerned about what the story is
Technique all about. Traditional plots have a
• is the skill of the dancer in executing beginning, a middle, and an ending.
the movements. A good dancer has The Plot progresses through the
complete control over the muscles of following:
the body thus creating grace and
fluidity of movements.
Exposition
Theme • is the part that familiarizes the
audience with the characters and the
• is the content or the main ingredient
situation they are in.
of the dance. It tells what the dance
is trying to convey. It has something
to do with the message of the Complication
dance. • happens in the middle part of the
play which develops the conflict that
Design was started in the exposition.
Resolution is also called the
• is the planned organization or
anticlimax or the part where
patterns of movement in time and
conditions in the story are
space. Pattern in time is provided by
normalized and the situation
rhythm to be executed in space on a
becomes stable.
stage or dance floor.

Costume Setting

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• is the locale and period in which the Lesson 7

story takes place. It includes ELEMENTS OF THEATER
the scenery, props and costumes
used in staging. It is the background
of the play that informs the audience Theater art
where and when the story will take • is performed live. Its performance is
place. immediate and once performed
cannot be undone. Its magic begins
Characters when the curtains are raised and the
• are the persons involved in the story. stage lights go on.
They may seem real to the audience
depending on how the playwright The Playwright’s role
structures the dialogues to make the • is to work out the plot in terms of the
characters come to life. Characters actual actions to be performed and
can be the protagonist or the dialogue to be spoken by actors
antagonist. within the limited facilities of the
stage.
Protagonist
• is the character from which the story The Performers
revolves around while the antagonist • are the ones who portray the
is the person who challenges the characters in a play.
role of the protagonist.
The Director
Dialogue • works with the playwright to present
• refers to the words uttered by the which is interpreted and translated
characters in the story. It what into dramatic action.
the characters use when conversing
with each other or when expressing Production Design
his thoughts and emotions. • includes the scenery, props, make-
Dialogues let the audience know the up, costumes, lights, music, sound
kind of character that the actor and all other special effects used in
is portraying. There are, however, a theater production.
plays with no dialogues.
Pantomimes rely heavily on actions, Lesson 8
gestures, facial expression and ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION
sound effects. PICTURE)

Theme Acting and the Stars

• is what the story means. It is how • Acting is the art of portraying or
the individual elements are put impersonating a character in the
together to give the story story. A performer during filming
significance and perspective. It should embody the character he is
relates something about life that is portraying. The actor’s portrayal
presented in its totality. The theme must be perfect and complete.
may be directly or indirectly stated.
Set and Directors
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• should know the setting of the story visual arts, these three elements
and build artificial sets. present themselves as:

Music and Musical Director Form

• Music is indispensable in motion • refers to how specific elements in
pictures. The musical director is in the artwork are organized to produce
charge of selecting, composing new a unified whole. Form is further
songs, writing orchestration, classified into:
preparing background music,
creating musical scores and Primary Features
supervising all recording. • This is how the artwork appears to
the viewers. Its physical attributes in
Color terms of medium, color, texture and
• in the movies is an innovation in size.
cinematography. It costs twice as
much as the black and white films. Secondary Features
Most films are now shown in high • This is how the primary features of
definition (HD) color. the artwork relate to one another.
Particularly, this refers to balance,
Make-up, Hair and Costume Design proportion, unity and harmony that
• These people are responsible for are used to create the whole
applying the specific type of make- composition.
up, hairstyle and costume to the
actors before they face the camera. Content
• refers to the message the artist
Sound, Camera and Special Effects wants to convey through his art.
Technicians The levels of content are:
• Sound technicians are responsible
for making the dialogue clear and Factual
music of fine quality. They make • is the literal interpretation of the
sure that there is no background work, its images, attributes, actions
noise. The use of cameras and the and poses.
functions of the special effects
technician is indispensable in
Conventional level
cinematography. They decide on the
use of masking, the choice of lens, • takes into consideration the basic
the camera angle and the control of genres and the figurative meanings
camera movements. usually indicated by familiar signs
and symbols and the quality of
work.
Lesson 9
PRINCIPLES OF ART
Subjective level
• takes into consideration the effect of
• Generally, the visual arts are made-
form and content on the viewers of
up of three key elements that are
the art.
independent of each of their specific
elements. In the appreciation of the
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Context • is when the sides of the composition

• refers to the various circumstances are different but still looked
that influence how a work of art was balanced.
produced and interpreted. The two
types of context are: Radial balance
• is achieved when the elements are
Primary context arranged around a central point.
• pertains to the characteristics of the
artist, his personality, beliefs, Elements may exhibit similarities as they
interests and values. spread around the central point.

Secondary context Emphasis

• pertains to the setting. The historical • is the part of the design that catches
period, time in which the work was the viewer's attention. The artist will
produced. Included here are the usually make one area stand out by
functions served by the art work, its contrasting it with other areas.
religious and philosophical
conviction, socio political and Movement
economical undertones, climate
• is the path the viewer's eye takes
and geography.
when looking through the work of
art. Such movement can be implied
along lines edges, shape, and color
Lesson 10 within the work of art.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Pattern
The principles of design describe the ways
• is the repetition of objects, shapes,
in which an artist has used or can use the
lines, or symbols all over the space
elements of art to create beautiful
or picture plane.
compositions. (Grieder 1996)
Proportion
BALANCE
• is the feeling of unity created when
all parts relate well with each other.
• is the distribution of the visual weight
of objects, color, texture and space.
The use of these elements should Repetition
be balanced to make the viewers • works with patterns to make the
see and feel design as stable. Three work seem active. The repetition of
types of balance: elements of design creates unity
within the artwork.
Symmetrical balance
• results when the elements used on Rhythm
one side of the design are similar to • is created when one or more
those on the other side. elements of design are used
repeatedly to produce a feeling of
Asymmetrical balance organized, continuous, sometimes
flowing movement. To keep

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Rhythm is exciting and active, variety is use this rule, they opt for free flowing
important. composition that is more of their
individual expression rather than of
Variety works limited or bounded by basic
• is the use of several elements of rules. The point of this discussion is
design that adds interest in order to to encourage artists to first be aware
hold the viewer's attention and guide of the basic rules before they start
the viewer’s eye through and around venturing to unorthodox techniques
the work of art. in expressing their art.

Unity THE RULES OF THIRDS

• is the feeling of harmony between
and among the parts of the work of • The surface with two equally spaced
art, which creates a feeling of vertical lines and two equally
completeness in the composition. spaced horizontal lines.

• These lines divide the picture plane

into nine equal parts with four
intersecting points.

Based on studies, placing an object in one

of the intersecting points results in a
pleasing composition.

Balance is achieved by placing another

object at the point opposite the first one.

The major function of the Rule of Thirds is

to serve as a guide for visual artists on
the proper placement of their subjects on
the picture plane to achieve a more
interesting composition. Placing the subject
at the center does not provide enough
interest for viewers to be able to appreciate
the work.
Lesson 11
THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLE
DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
• The Seven Da Vincian
Principles Leonardo da Vinci was
• The Rule of Thirds is used by visual more than an artist. He was also an
artists (painters, digital artists, architect, scientist, inventor,
and photographers) to create anatomist, geologist, historian and
compositions that meet the writer. Through the centuries, Da
requirements for a good design. Vinci influenced various areas in
Most artists today, however, do not many disciplines. Based on the

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research conducted by Michael J.

Gleb (born 1952), specifically, in his
book “How to Think like Leonardo
da Vinci” (1998), da Vinci’s genius
was based on 7 principles which he
called the seven da Vincian
Principles.

1. Curiosita is approaching life with a

heightened level of wonder and continuous
search to know and learn more.
2. Dimostrazione is the commitment to test
knowledge and to persist in this task, which
includes experiencing both success and
failures in undertaking.

3. Sensazione is experiencing life through

refinement of the senses. For example, the
eyes should do more than see, it should be
able to distinguish between the beauty of
various colors, note minute details and
savor the physicality of everything the world
has to offer.
4. Sfumato literally translates to “going up
in smoke”. It is accepting life’s paradoxes
and uncertainties. It is knowing and realizing
that not everything is cause and effect and
that events happen that even logic can
explain.
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a balance
between art and science or logic and
imagination. This relates to the concept of a
whole brain thinking (not just the left and
right brain).
6. Corporalita is taking care of one’s body.
Ensuring that healthy habits are practiced
and sustained. A sound mind is usually the
product of a sound body and vice versa.
7. Connessione is realizing that all things
are interconnected. It is discovering patterns
in the way things work and how things and
lives work out. Interconnectedness is seeing
how events in the past led to the present
state of affairs. A closer study of history
would make one realize how events in the
past explains the present.

Nicole Busgano
BSA 2113