Electronics Projects

Learn
Basic To Advance

By
VMK Technical Power

Dedicate
This book is for all those students who want to learn to make electronics
project and who are preparing for engineering project. You can learn to create
such projects by following this book.

सम पत

यह कताब उन् सभी टू डट् स के लए है जो इले ॉ न स ोजे ट बनाना सीखना चाहते है

और जो इंजी नय रग ोजे ट क तैयारी कर रहे है| आप सभी इस बुक को फॉलो करके इस
तरह के ोजे ट बनाना सीख सकते है

CONTENT
1- Basic Component Details 4 - 19
2- Projects
1- Water Overflow Alarm/Water Level Alarm 20 -
21
2- Automatic ON&OFF Night Lamp 22 -
23
3- Fire Alarm/Fire Sensor 24 -
25
4- A Musical Bell/ Musical Office Bell 26 -
27
5- Mini Amplifier/ Simple Music System 28 -
29
6- Four Step Water Level Indicator 30 -
31
7- IR Sensor/ Proximity Sensor 32 -
33
8- Timer Switch/ 1 Minute Timer Circuit 34 -
36
9- Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 37 -
38
10- A Clap Switch/ Clap Control Switch 39
- 41
11- Chaser Light/ Flasher Light 42
- 43
12- PIR Sensor Based Automatic ON OFF Light 44
- 45
13- Electronic Piano 46
- 47
14- 230v AC Line Fault Tester
48 - 49
15- Dancing Light/ 10 LEDs Chaser Light
50 - 51

Basic Component Details

IC- Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip,

an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which

miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g.,

capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin

IC358- The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp
IC. It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two
internally frequency compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed
for specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The
LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp
include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers.
LM358 IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for your needs. It
can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel. This op-amp is apt, if
you want to operate two separate op-amps for a single power supply. It’s available in an
8-pin DIP package.

IC555- The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer,
pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two (556) or
four (558) timing circuits in one package.
IC4017- Most of us are more comfortable with 1, 2, 3, 4… rather than 001, 010,
011, 100. We mean to say that we will need a decimal coded output in many cases
rather than a raw binary output. We have many counter ICs available but most of them
produce binary data as an output. We will again need to process that output by using
decoders or any other circuitry to make it usable for our application in most of the
cases.
Let us now introduce you a new IC named IC 4017. It is a CMOS decade counter cum
decoder circuit which can work out of the box for most of our low range counting
applications. It can count from zero to ten and its outputs are decoded. This saves a lot
of board space and time required to build our circuits when our application demands
using a counter followed by a decoder IC. This IC also simplifies the design and makes
debugging easy.

IC UM66- UM66 is a melody generating IC commonly used in calling

bell, phone, toys, musical bell in doors, home security alarm systems, burglar
alarms etc. It is a three pin IC looks like a transistor. Its first pin is ground,
second is VCC and the third is the melody output.
 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power,
a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Transistor BC547- BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor.
A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A
small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. ... Its
equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

Transistor BC548- The BC548 is a general-purpose NPN bipolar

junction transistor commonly used in European and American electronic equipment. It
is notably often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyists encounter and is often
featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a general-
purpose transistor is required.

Transistor BC557- BC557 is a PNP transistor hence the collector and emitter
will be closed (Forward biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be opened
(Reverse biased) when a signal is provided to base pin.

Transistor BC558- BC558 is a general purpose PNP transistor. It is used in

switching and amplifier applications. The DC current gain varies in range 110 to 800.
... For switching applications,transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base.
 Resistance
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω).
Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who
studied the relationship between voltage, current and resistance.
Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric
current of one ampere passes through component across which a potential
difference (voltage) of one volt exits. Then the resistance of that component
is one ohm.

Colour Band
1. 0 Black ohm
2. 1 Brown O ohm
3. 2 Red . k ohm
4. 3 Orange k ohm
5. 4 Yellow 0 k ohm
6. 5 Green . M ohm
7. 6 Blue M ohm
8. 7 Violet 0 M ohm
9. 8 Gray .G ohm
10. 9 White G ohm
11. Gold 5
12. Silver 10
13. None 20

100 OHM Resistance- A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical

component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. ... In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
4-band 100 ohm resistor color code is calculated as:
1st-band= Brown= 1 (1st digit) 2nd-band= Black= 0 (2nd digit) 3rd-band= Brown= 1
(multiplier) = 10^1 = 10. 4th-band= Gold= ±5% (tolerance)

1k OHM Resistance- A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical

component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses.
1k0 / 1k ohm Resistor Colour Code
Value 1 kΩ / 1000 Ω
Type 4 Band Colour Code
Colour Code Brown, Black, Red, Gold
Multiplier Red, 100
Tolerance Gold Band ±5%

So, a 1k Ω resistor has a value of 1000 ohms and the number we will code is 1000.
There are three steps for coding a 1kΩ resistor.

10k OHM Resistance- 1/6th Watt, +/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors.

Commonly used in PCBs and perf boards, these 10K resistors make excellent pull-ups,
pull-downs, and current limiters. Because of the thin leads we don't recommend them
for breadboards.

47k OHM Resiatnce- 47K Ohm 1W MOR MOF RSF Series with ±5%
Tolerance, General Purpose Metal Oxide Film Resistors. 47K Ohm Resistor Color
Code: Yellow, Violet, Orange, Golden. Approximate Max Current: 4.613mA.

680 OHM Resistance- 680 Ohm 1W High Quality Carbon

Film Resistor (CFR) with ±5% Tolerance and Tin Plated Copper Leads. 680 Ohm
Resistor Color Code: Blue, Gray, Brown, Golden. Approximate Max Current:
38.348mA.

100k OHM Resistance- 100K Ohm 1W High Quality Carbon

Film Resistor (CFR) with ±5% Tolerance and Tin Plated Copper Leads. 100K Ohm
Resistor Color Code: Brown, Black, Yellow, Golden. Approximate Max Current:
3.162mA.

Preset
A preset resistor is a smaller PCB mounted version of a potentiometer. These are
useful where adjustment or configuration of a circuit needs to be made but such
adjustment only occurs during building a circuit, not during normal use. An appropriate
value for the PICAXE system is 10k (do not use 100k devices).
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying
resistance in a circuit. ... Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting
sensitivity along with a sensor.
It can act as a control on the amount of current flowing. Here is a picture of avariable
resistor from a dimmer switch. A variable resistor works by adjusting the path that
current has to flow. Inside the resistor is a strip of metal or conducting ceramic which
is connected to one part of the circuit.

10k OHM Preset- A preset resistor is a smaller PCB mounted version of a

potentiometer. These are useful where adjustment or configuration of a circuit needs to
be made but such adjustment only occurs during building a circuit, not during normal
use. An appropriate value for the PICAXE system is 10k (do not use 100k devices).
100k OHM Preset- The maximum resistance that a preset can provide is
written on it. If 100K is written on preset, it means that we can vary its resistance from
0 Ohm to 100K. A movable metal is rotated in clockwise or anticlockwise direction
that changes the resistance of preset.

Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. ... Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices.
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical
energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While
some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit,
a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was
originally known as a condenser or condensator.

0.01 microfarad Capacitor-

0.1 microfarad Capacitor-

100 microfarad Capacitor-

1000 microfarad Capacitor-

4.7 microfarad Capacitor-

9 volt Battery Cap

This simple cable has so many uses! Plug the battery clip onto a standard 9V
battery and connect the other end to any device that needs 9V.
The Connector leads are polarity color coded, Red and Black.

9 volt Battery
 The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was
introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with
rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly
used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.

PCB

IR LED- IR LED stands for “Infrared Light Emitting Diode”, they allows to emit
light with the wavelength of up to 940nm, which is the infrared range of
electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The wavelength range varies from 760nm to 1mm.
... The semiconductor material used to make these LEDs are gallium arsenide or
aluminum arsenide.

Photodiode- A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an

electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in
the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have
large or small surface areas. ... A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.

Diode 1N4007- 1N4007 is a rectifier diode, designed

specifically for circuits that need to convert alternating current to direct current. It can
pass currents of up to 1 A, and have peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating of 1,000 V. Note:
This product has a minimum quantity restriction (10nos) for order.

Condenser Microphone- Condenser microphones use a pair of charged

metal plates, one fixed (the backplate) and one movable (the diaphragm), forming a
capacitor. When a sound wave hits the diaphragm, the distance between the two plates
changes which produces a change in an electrical characteristic called capacitance.
8 OHM Speaker-The purpose of speaker is to produce audio output that can
be heard by the listeners. ... Like this speaker has 8 ohms of impedance and comes
with a power handling capacity of 1W.

LEDs- In the simplest terms, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

device that emits light when an electric current is passed through it. Light is produced
when the particles that carry the current (known as electrons and holes) combine
together within the semiconductor material.
Buzzer- A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses
of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input
such as a mouse click or keystroke.

LDR-A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also called a photoresistor or a cadmium

sulfide (CdS) cell. ... It is basically a photocell that works on the principle of
photoconductivity. The passive component is basically a resistor whose resistance
value decreases when the intensity of light decreases.
Transformer 6-0-6 -Transformer has 240 V primary windings and centre
tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying colored insulated connecting
leads ( Approx 100 mm long ). The Transformer act as step
down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 6V. The Transformer gives two
outputs of 12V, 6V and 0V.

Plug-
Wire-

Push Button-
 (1)
WATER OVERFOW ALARM / WATER LEVEL
ALARM
Water tanks we use in homes through this project Can prevent its overflow
and prevent water from being wasted. We will use this project in a water tank
So as soon as the tank is going to overflow then the ends will start ringing
before that. This will let us know that the tank is full Then we will turn off
the motor.
This will not waste water.
water overflow alarm circuit to prevent overflow of water from overhead
tanks. The circuit can be implemented to fit other applications as well that
require liquid level measurement. As a result, a beeping tone is generated
when the liquid tank is full.
Material List-
1- Transistor BC547
2- Transistor BC558
3- 9v Battery
4- Battery Cap
5- Buzzer
 (2)
AUTOMATIC ON & OFF NIGHT LAMP

The project “IC 555 based Automatic ON & OFF Night Lamp” is a simple and built
around timer IC 555 and LDR. The bulb used in the circuit is turn on automatically in
low light (evening) and turn off in morning.
Material List-
1- IC555
2- 10k OHM Preset
3- 100 OHM Resistance
4- LDR
5- LED
6- Battery Cap
7- 9v Battery
8- PCB
9- Wire
 (3)
FIRE ALARM / FIRE SENSOR

An automatic fire alarm (AFA) system detects fire by monitoring

environmental changes associated with fire e.g. smoke and heat. AFAs are
there to notify the building occupants to evacuate should there be a fire or
other emergency.
Material List-
1- IC555
2- Photodiode
3- 10k OHM Preset
4- 10k OHM Resistance
5- LED
6- 9v Battery
7- Battery Cap
8- PCB
9- Wire
 (4)
A MUSICAL DOOR BELL / MUSICAL OFFICE
BELL

In this project we will make a musical bell. We can use this bell outside the
house at the gate and also outside our office. If we put a switch in it, as soon
as someone comes out of our house and press this switch, then the bell will
start ringing. This will let us know that someone has come outside the house.

UM66 is a melody generating IC commonly used in

calling bell, phone, toys, musical bell in doors, home security alarm systems,
burglar alarms etc. It is a three pin IC looks like a transistor. Its first pin is
ground, second is VCC and the third is the melody output.

Material List-
1- Transistor UM66
2- Transistor BC547
3- 8 OHM Speaker
4- 9v Battery
5- Battery Cap
6- Wire
7- PCB
 (5)
MINI AMPLIFIER / SIMPLE MUSIC SYSTEM
In this project we will make a small amplifier, we can use this amplifier for
our entertainment. And we can listen to songs by connecting it to our mobile.
Material Pic-
 (6)
FOUR STEP WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
This is the circuit diagram of a simple corrosion free water level indicator for
home and industries. In fact, the level of any conductive non-corrosive
liquids can be measured using this circuit. The circuit is based on 4 transistor
switches. Each transistor is switched on to drive the corresponding LED
when its base is supplied with current through the water through the electrode
probes.

Material List-
1- Four Transistor BC547
2- Four 100 OHM Resistance
3- PCB
4- Wire
5- 9v Battery
 6- Battery Cap
7- Red LED, Blue LED, Green LED, Yellow LED

(7)
IR SENSOR / PROXIMITY SENSOR

Infrared light reflected from objects or sent from an infrared remote or

beacon. Infrared sensors are also used to measure distance or proximity. The
reflected light is detected and then an estimate of distance is calculated
between sensor and object.
Material List-
1- IC358
2- 10k OHM Preset
3- Photodiode
4- IR LED
5- Resistance 10k OHM
6- Resistance 1k OHM
7- LED
8- 9v Battery
9- Battery Cap
10-
 (8)
TIMER SWITCH / 1 MINUTE TIMER
CIRCUIT
As the name suggest 555 timer is basically a “Timer”, which create an oscillating pulse.
It means for some time output pin 3 is HIGH and for some time it remains LOW, that
will create a oscillating output. We can use this property of 555 timer to create various
timer circuits like 1 minute timer circuit, 5 minute timer circuit, 10 minute timer circuit,
15 minute timer circuit, etc. All we need to change the value of Resistor R1 and/or
Capacitor C1. We need to set 555 timer in Monostable mode to build Timer. In
monostable mode, the duration for which the PIN 3 would remain HIGH, is given by
the below formulae:
T = 1.1 * R1*C1

So to build 1 minute (60 seconds) timer we need resistor of value 55k ohm and capacitor of 1000uF:

1.1*55k*1000uF

(1.1*55*1000*1000)/1000000 = 60.5 ~ 60 seconds.

A variable resistor of 1M is used here and set on 55k ohm (measured by multimeter).
We can easily calculate the resistor value for 5 minute, 10 minute and 15 minute timer
circuit:
5 Minute Timer Circuit
5*60 = 1.1 * R1 * 1000 uF
R1 = 272.7 k ohm
So to build a 5 minute timer circuit, we would be simply changing the resitor value to
272.7k ohm in above given 1 minute timer circuit.
10 Minute Timer Circuit
10*60 = 1.1*R1*1000 uF
R1 = 545.4 k ohm
Similarly to create a 10 minute timer we would be changing the resistor value to 545.4
k ohm.
15 Minute Timer Circuit
15*60 = 1.1*R1*1000 uF
R1 = 818.2 k ohm
As per above calculations, for a 15 minute timer circuit, we need the value of
resistor to 818.2k ohm.
We should note here that we have used LED at reverse logic, means when OUTPUT
pin 3 is low, LED will be ON, and when OUTPUT is HIGH then LED will be OFF. So
we have calculated OFF time above, means after the calculated time LED will be
turned ON. LED will be ON initially (OUTPUT PIN 3 LOW), as soon as we press
push button (trigger the 555 via TRIGGER PIN 2), the timer will start, and LED will
become OFF (OUTPUT PIN 3 LOW), after the calculated time duration, PIN 3 will
again become LOW, and LED get turned ON.

Material Pic-
 (9)
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
In Full Wave Bridge Rectifier, an ordinary transformer is used in place of a
center-tapped transformer. The circuit forms a bridge connecting the four
diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4. The circuit diagram of the Full Wave Bridge
Rectifier is shown below.

Material List-
1- Transformer 6-0-6
2- Resistance 1k OHM
3- 100 microfarad & 25 volt Capacitor
4- Four Diode 1N4007
5- PCB
6- LED
7- Wire
8- Plug
 (10)
A CLAP SWITCH / CLAP CONTROL SWITCH

A clap -switch circuit is a sound sensitive circuit. . The operation of the

circuit is simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again and it turns off. The
condenser microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the
sound of that book knocked off the table.
Material List-
1- IC4017
2- Two Transistor BC547
3- MIC
4- 47k OHM Resistance
5- Two 1k OHM Resistance
6- Two 680 OHM Resistance
7- Battery Cap, 9 volt Battery
8- Red LED, Green LED
9- PCB, Wire
 (11)
CHASER LIGHT / FLASHER LIGHT
This Circuit is based on LED flashing, If you want to build two LED Chaser
circuit we suggest this circuit first. ... Means first LED glows and then second
LED turned OFF and then second LED glows and first LED turned OFF.

Material List-
1- IC 555
2- 4.7 microfarad & 16 volt Capacitor
3- 100k OHM Preset
4- 10k OHM Resistance, 100 OHM Resistance
5- PCB
6- 9 volt Battery, 9 volt Battery Cap
7- Red LED, Green LED
8- Wire

(12)
PIR SENSOR BASED AUTOMATIC ON OFF LIGHT
PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether
a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small,
inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. ... They are often
referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors .

Material List-
1- PIR Sensor
2- 5 volt Relay
3- Transistor BC547
4- 1k OHM Resistance
5- LED
6- Battery Cap, 9 volt Battery
7- PCB
8- Wire

(13)
ELECTRONIC PIANO

It is used to produce different types of tones and sounds by changing the

resistor values.
We can use it as a best birthday gift for the kids.
We can also use this circuit as a Machine gun by changing the resistor and
capacitor values.
Material List-
1- IC 555
2- 10k OHM Preset
3- 10 microfarad Capacitor
4- 0.1 microfarad Capacitor, 0.01 microfarad Capacitor
5- 9 volt Battery Cap, 9 volt Battery
6- 8 OHM Speaker
7- Push Button
8- PCB
9- Wire
 (14)
230V AC LINE FAULT TESTER

how to Safely Check AC Line Without Touching Any Wire..Simple Non

Contact AC Line Tester By Using 4017 IC. it is a simple circuit project and
you can easily make this simple non contact ac line tester circuit at your
home. we will not use any transistor in this circuit, we will use a CD4017 ic
and some simple components for making this simple ac line tester circuit. by
this non contact voltage tester circuit you can safely check ac line without
touching any wire

Material List-
1- IC 4017
2- 1k OHM Resistance
3- 9 volt Battery Cap
4- 9 volt Battery
5- Red LED
6- Wire
7- PCB
 (15)
DANCING LIGHT / 10 LEDs CHASER LIGHT

The 555 timer IC is configured to work in astable mode. Which means, the output from the 555 timer changes
continuously between high (Supply Voltage) and low (0V). In other words, if you connect an LED between the
output of 555 timer and ground, the LED flashes/blinks continuously.
This pulsing output from the 555 timer is connected to the clock input of 4017 IC (a decade counter). It has 10
output pins and we have connected an LED to each output. By default, the first output pin is on/high and the rest are
off. Each time the clock input pin of 4017 IC detects a rise in voltage (from low to high), it turns off the current
output and turns on the next sequential output. This swapping of outputs which looks like the LED's are chasing
each other, continues until the last LED and then the output resets back to the first LED.
[Watch the video at the beginning of this post for better visual understanding]
For this LED chaser circuit, we have used all the 10 outputs of 4017 IC. But if you wish to make an LED chaser
circuit with less than 10 LED's, you can do the same by connecting the LED's starting from U0. Let's say you wish
to build this circuit with 4 LED's, you need to connect an LED to each of U0, U1, U2, U3 and leave the rest.

Material List-
1- IC 4017
2- IC 555
3- 100k OHM Preset
4- 4.7 microfarad & 16 volt Capacitor
5- 100k OHM Resistance
6- 10k OHM Resistance
7- 100 OHM Resistance – 10
8- LED – 10
9- Battery Cap, 9 volt Battery, PCB, Wire