| _Rocks AND STONES: on ee ee earth mmalenial which are dl in fr 6 Rocks > he ib of the earth's crust having wo dil shape | and shuclure. Some’ &3 the rock. loving ontneralle are! quorly 1 {elspar, midi: wat ek tog The. various pes. o yooks ( hide 4 alt shones ore vsually derived ave granile, Vn eee prorble ssl y acer and limes Rock - fo siienst Some f the important vip fs rit vale ore, (2) Hardness * dy is iascerel by serakeh! ing, the mineul with o Sodas sabskanees knowin | Dorickion in hordness using the following seale 4 Mohs . : Tale, cosily sevalched ath “hee Bowl nail . 5 Gypsum, scratcked by: the} thumb -nait 2 Calcite, not seratched by Haba bak easily ct by bal 3 Flourile, can, be cut Booly with iifealhy i, knife Me woh ct ealti e 2 — Apslil, coo be cab only ih duly by lene 8 | Orthoclase,. can be cul va nife, with great diff [fieuhy on thin e es Suovk, not ain by shee, xd dese ae "Tepes . 8 Sopphive i q Diamosd saree 10°" Clave: 4 the measure Whe pal bili ome minckals “He 1 cwlein planes tm gr 4a faThe vavious types heovage deen in the mineale ave Basa), % malte, Cuble Then lel ond Oclahedsal a OSheak : BY ts the tolour of the mineral in, pouty {oe Stree ewe be veably shsewd by, seeing | 7 0 4 Sreak plate mode 4 anglaged lhe eo enel a, elour 4h is a valuchle bropery. Yor maallte minerals , bub i less -rchiable fr non-metallic minerals - : } © tushre : 4 \ Wine on the rf ace a mineral & its ‘ ! eee oe reflected we ia as vilveous Gli) i greasy penly, resinous, dull, sie avd metellic. : 4 ® Cyst) : “The crystal form is ct imbortance when a mineral bas | had: the oppor bunihy b devilop ils naluira shape - This ic, not Ye ‘ose condi on i jock shudure » Most comnion minexal constthients a bulldi ng stones + CG) Quartz (Si0}) - gilicon'dtonde 2. ; Gi) -Palspar —Alumino silicates wolff potosh (orthorlase) £4+ Ks0-Ab Os B02. Alumino Slicabes with soda (Plaigioclase ae (iif) Mica, ~ sibteales’ of ‘clurnina with hadrogen & bolash ae Kal (alsis010) (O¥), silicale alumina sith hydrogen “ivan and magnesia j k (Mg, Fe! s (siz 00) (oH), : a (iy Amphibole - silicats. ‘ft iron, One, magnesia or oluvatan CHornblende) (Ca-Wa)o (Mgr fe, A1Ds 8: (311), Cn3(00), Silicates of lime and “magnesia (ermolite) : : Calg, Sis Oo oni CY) Ryrorene - Silicakes of lime, alumina, magne sta and iron (tug X,Sin06 : a (Wi) Olivine - silhabe of iron ‘and magnesia (iMgiFe)> stow .(vil) Chlovales- Aluminium + silicates usith tron and rraginesi ame (MaiFe, ade (Alix Ov (OW )e a Le (vit) Gore + Siltcaba of iron and dlumina Xs Ys (Si00)s i ac ra () Serpentine - Huydvous ailteale tf hag reac aq 3 8130s, (oH) 4 163) Tale - Hydroue silicale of magnesia 1g3 Sia O10 (oo (xi) Calethe - Caltium carborale (Gods) : iy (xi) Dolomite - Calelum magnesium eorbonate (MgCos Catos) 0) Gypsam— Ayhous ealetanc sul hate (C0304. 2440) | (iv) Umome - Hydrous sesqulontde of jrod | (wv) Magrelite - Ferrous and Panic oxide of iron Fes0u)., (wi) Pyrite: ~ Son disulphide (Fess) 5 hog Classi relton of Recs : cha FM Racks 1 Quaint 2 ata fated dyntous Sedimentary’ _shralified Fobiabed Argileteo us Cabeanious tenis Bile 8s Based on Geele gical Tormalicn s : 3 ues : Ga Ae bolle ah gealogial laslon‘rocln anit casi 06 'gneous, hele 4 wd st : ar ‘| ().dqneous Rocks : allo: knewit asi, prlnary, ansled kifted” ot _enuphive yorRs. are | voleante origin: and Vave* fornied 05 a tesalk o} solidification, af ‘molten ‘mass lying below’ or above the earthrs " surfoce c : aes a on | Me inner lowers of the eqrth are at o ve high Jemperalure causing the masses of silicates to mdb ogee igekeeess |. 6 Ris rollen mass called magma is foreel up as voleanie erup Kansand apreade ower th lace of earth where it solidifi ?' e dur aeiuice { qn avd wep Te jbomy qfesive - ih {e mn + the magma solidifies below the earth's surface ill, thy of, a. q Copal vork ts termed ae deep - seabed ms “f sl ee i * The exormples ave vanite syevile, dtorthe and gobliro. @nd 3 0 The principal vonslt sents af rmecqene ove quarks, tea: and {lbp te e © He teakure of the vock ic qreally influence by the vale a ry 4 t of the magna. : Classilicalion: +f Jqrecus Rocks +: : Ra : Type tea, silica | ‘ i Example cok O Aad Rocke 70-80 foi sit bbe mediate works 60-707» |e -d » Syenite, a sate 3 Basie rocks 46-60 Gabbro & some vovibies of dt (| Uta -basie voeks 30-us viddlite and some vavifieg | i basalt & dolerite. Cit) foes Rocks : Also: known as. digitove is shalifed ae @ The various weathering agencies » eg: rain, sun) air, frost ‘ele. : ° bredle up the surface of earth. ‘ i B 5 ni) . as Rain water carries down. these broken pieces fo the ‘rivers. As the COA | therd ‘descerid down to the plains, ‘the velociby decreases gr ly . ; | gd fee imine ibaa rock pines sand, slit, clog. debris, qi) s Due bo the seasonal vari ion, b Asmentali in 1 kes (es 4 With Hime, the “cediwents se cralasdhidalg Jo hort Oi ee: to the pressure enented by overlying inatenrial. § ; + The exams of sedimentary rocks vesullé “fom the preepitabin of solls in drying woler basin (chemical deposi 3) bre qypse™> anhydrite, raaanesite, dolomite, lime fafa. # ‘ *Sedirverdory. socks resulling from the accamulalion q link or Ee Fay Crgpegenes rocks) ove limestone, Be chalk, f ms examples ct rocks ronling from the deberionalion’ of diode. 3 J (iC sts forming © agyagnrttc ov sedimentary rocks Gragrertel socks) sro eonbslonts sand, domingo tocde ol We che. |Orece the sali ce the "Tel om fowiad ‘ety igniove or ebienlen " : fov'es pie aa af! the [| i the i toverninle, 2 : | semperal oe changes» lid) presores, ee. and felspar | a: Shite, qneles, echist’ and phyallite or non-{olialed shuckure, we coding | Teg roads, quan oc ape: Basel on Physical Chavactenises: | | shel Pe show dis Hnel- lagers, don ‘Whith the voces el et . greets oi cee) ner cla # | i) Unade tilied Rocks do not “show a half ec and ‘amet be Aas cota 7! | a waton of 4. aes basalt! rap, ete ‘ ap ail 5 deliile het = pe aes an Pode a a oa shuclae, J socks exeph for quarkle ond marble which howe gronulose aheader. ost ete Sl acl a Chemical Characteristics . foere. BS. the CoArgilaceous t The prinipal covsuenl. i ror (aos). The ‘ths na peel | are hard and, brite, eq: slate, laterite br p day. debris,’ (5) gietous + The principal. constant te silea (3103); te.” sand. “The det ar ay tal as Ped eg ve alae i : layers. quartzite gretss, syenite , the. i (tii) Calearious ? The piindpal cee 's Une, oe cbinestones marble, iin lomite, ete. : ge Some typical rocks 1 ’ n'* © areous socks = Bo Lat oy 1-(b Granile : chalk, | * Origin i Granile is dg neous 4 | . : has low ot (hous much povous or yoids are the in oe . We tere) alvin:* Seralch resistant . haa shruchire ate -odt te mote up a4 quetty. — a Hornble Bre grain crystal » “ + Comes in wuulliple etloura . ttlod fo worl with and not for ornamental strucares. * Generally used for flooring and kikhen tops and. albs. and {> walls conshudton. : * Nol very good in hol b climates . a a. * Compressive glvength fs fo~ldo tbo . ° oe vesishenee 4 chumieals a t ean take Wighe issaee (ii) Bosal » i ' 1s * Teiture ts fine grain ae : x . . High She 4 Een sett * Range | ig 10-180 mpa a(Sor “sound wo) Frag « Glour is ve aptly rey bo, bloc dt does, inch Odeuty..in mle colo * Scratch vesista eless borous:. i . * Good resistance bo chennleals * Typically locks blue when it ‘comes’ in ‘enlac with ata 7 Mainly used as; coarse’ aggregate ‘ © Ontatvales on Inqeous “rocks edt j 1s also call called os blue iroekal | | eae. rocks: : i ; ope : C1) limestone (Cato3) :- we fo | «Technical ial te, caleite’ “4.04 ‘ + Originates {rom sedimentary: oe * From marine ovigin - * Calerous shells ave ils base . . om marine environment . . av " dig. vos granular W deans fxlue- Cierra Colour varies from while, grey fo blue. oe Reackive to acidic solubions. « Combressive slrenath- { sg~40 mpa Gor sound)GO Ouorkile ” i edt is nol scratch. yestsd ath * Used {or cement and nae’ monufachare . a Bondslone - | Se foenlrg a : ; * Sand ei poshk ts viewed loqdher by bondin berial Like (sto. 5 | clay, th le) v 4 4d “ + Glours vary fom reds red- aya brown, pick and blue. Most Lo ut do: bom * Rd ee alandebone are * Easy: to work wi Highly horous material» ° nae oh ahength . 26 mpa b ocr Pre lagers ave corpse to fern sard lea Used as pavement or In construdfon® of a bulding Melamorphie rodks % () Marbles = . Ore is ‘nelamorphie © Marble . i ie formal due be * intha morphism af limestone. dt hos a sae fee » Cai ig malay due is the priderninant ‘rateecal preenk in. Hhe. marbles.) ° Green colour in ee fs. due to high regaian (m9) ee « Black and 4 colour are due to gett . Pink colour is due +o Manganese (Mn) . Red salou 4 Is dus bo ron pales od te eas fo work with, ofl ts 18 at serateh ond chemical ratihaabe oH has fodevale wea . Cope deh is around - 30- 40 rapo « a *Mainty ‘used for floosi wr bose cand ov ronaneol. i Shean dee a { 1 shonget. . Melarnor phic origin.»ot is formed i? metamorphism ef, sand stone i #dt te herd ond has goed chemical resistance - Gaia) . ° edt has a mosate denture elon tt i { *Gorbressive shenath ie around 90-40 pa ; ‘ + Typical vtolour is pink and reds i ; ‘ , . Mainly used a8 aggreqale in pave ments in 7 . & : Quarrying of stones : he y vom ¢ fone is er rm part rt the natural rock { wohich sell eg while selecking 4 quarry sile, the points fo be borne in mind: are, 4 . Availabilty sufficient quanlily of the stone of. destred gua - ¥ * Roper tonghortakon fois. : os * Cheap local felon, . + Problems associated with drainage 4f vain water. ‘ “Erde import and pewnanent atrudures in the wciniby and site or dumbing Yeluse, vo ; > * Quarrying -To kta stone oy other idle), Srove,.quarr f Stone “Gani Tools’ :. Grate rrmcholl) tend: 98 quarry. : ee of the quawys tools are - wedge, m leawnmner: dtp ee: i end" Weeds Pin, hammer, cipp: Seabng hoon, Fambing ben viming needle, jumber, borer, claying fe Methods of Suamying'. : dy Encavaling 2 Stones burled “mm earth by lodse. overburden’ are excavated : with pier anes, crow bars» ‘thisels, fanmens, ete : ci) wedging : This methed uarying is” siitable lor costly » ; 86 (i : and dtralefied aa: ary od sandshone ; ioe laivile i mravble notew itabl fe javrast at tht ad Git) Heabing + Gt is most suitable for quawrying amalls ttn : : a regular blocks cA dtones from “yocke, such as, Aue gr A heap offi piled and fied on. the surfoce af v0 ; fee | emall ava, “The two consecubive fayers of the rock seperate | becouse of uneven. expansion af fwo- layers. The loosened rock portions ave broken info bieces of desived size and aveyenoved with He help of pike anes” arid crows bars - Slone blocks 55 ablained are very suitable” for coarse. rubble: mason). Somelimnes, intermediate {ayers ove fo be seperated le the top and , belom layeve. Jn such a case, the intermediale leer is heated elechically ond the expansion seperates it fom the other two. : Caer : ; i welling: Enplosives suth as blocking pooter, blak edtlon, dynamite and cordile ave used» The operations involued Save boring, charging tamping and fring. i : Wing: Hols ove dill ov bond the vec’ to be dislodged for haid 1 rocks, machine dvilling is employed “instead of hard drilling. d, charg’ The holes ave ‘died: -competel nd the ived ‘antount af cho, pee ae hed in thejules Fo Bigg he, ay 0g fe LBA cropper ord Is moved’ inthe Tale, {from where it absorbs the ~ moisture, tf any. Sn case ik ts. fou thak water is cogh | into the hole, wooler —fghtness is enscred. inside the hole: Beg : (i) Tambing: A turn is a devise used fo. comback ‘or {latter an bi ng: aggre i, ox another powdered or granular fate typically t wtb hake it watstant to {ucther compression ‘ox sienply to “focrease ‘ks: density. * Waloral_ bed of atone + a Sig, the original, bed, plane ov posihion oceupied ‘by a shone ving its formalion tno, sedimentary rock The _atones' should be so placed thot the food tine is at vight angles bo the nalural -bed+ Gn case 4 rnekamorphie rocks, the plane : foilalton or the plane of eleava é ls assumed fo be its cad bed. Gt is vay ae to trace the natural bed in the case q igneous rocks cand the natural bed is. pot qher due’ atenkon. Beasonin of done: * A freshly ‘al bn carries some natural moisture hnovon as quay sap making it ofl and workable. “The! query dah isa mineral solulton and reach chemicall wilh, the nuneral saouraee when ie alone is exposed to atmo: here or quay ini Me tone becomes harder and seers foie Ale ef 4 months for compete seasoning -when Mee quany sap evapovates » He leaves a ¢ shalline \ of an ‘ke and wiakes them weother oc fibro on te Yates The dunt semoning improves athe weather vesislance . e iresing blo Dressing of alone: pial eerie Get ele veo Lele taal fe Bac Ett Me pl clad Sip apd Paar cp ptt Uses i hones: Pes 4 fey ‘ : 4) Poundalion nd“ Wall “Theis + Quarnj, split Land” sawn shones. Lom | ec socks nae ‘used: fo erect That ablobucise of buildings es be glonég Sawn ‘and split fe Umestone » sardstone, dolomite ; te walls, piers, abutments, ee. | and volcanic tuff ave Us ii) Fecing and Architectural Glens: Facing slabs and stones, slairs ard ee tod ava ile: ave’ made ; slabs sawn or aplit fom me: seni fad product blocks wt glossy, dull, ground, sauon, pointed; luted oy rock finish. Foting “slabs of anil, gabhos basal, movble, breccia, bimeslone, sandstone and voleante tn ave gherlly usd, (iii) Building Stems : Elements of slats, landings, parapets find vais a 4 manupctured fom 4 , marbles bi ae iff el Relea sles > and. hones: ! for So loorways, cornices and volndow- sill” : - slabs are mode’ from the Same material os. the foctng slabs. CW Road Construction ‘hems # Carb stones,- intended bs seperale odurys hom sidewalks; 9. '" : oe - Raving blocks - used for pavements , Gobble stone used to reinforce slopes of earth works and to banks of water basins. 4 : é ( Cosh shone a vatelave f fog e stone vagments (<7.m™ Grove ~ Loose agglomeralfon of a Faq ren! Vio ine) and : Sand = tosbe ross” af mineral ard. rock’ parties (ojxsm) ablainel from natural stone are’ used tn road corshuelfor- :(vy Unde round Shruchues and “Bridges s They ave bill of slabs and shores ' " tgnevus and ee ie vhs. ‘Tonmls and’ above -dwaber | elements of bridges are. built ‘f canite, diovite, gabbo and basalt. | face slones and aula slabs ‘ et and bridges ore given | | york face, grooved or {lute (irishes (vi) dleat and Cheimically Resislant dhemns: These are manufacksred from non- ated vo tks. For high Jemperalure working eondibfons y they are ade [rom nem basalt, andesite o fuffs. q 4 mm § Building: elements ‘ave protected against al cot tude en * acl a udsiltcte uals) $ wit slabs ‘mal 7 od so : syeni and sibclous slonés Uinishoned, dolomies, marble 4 | : sragnesite show, excellent cesetance against olkalis-. when zi emperalure-+ and chemical. flack “is expeded, cxushel stone and atcand fw concrele, and mortay dre used - | Aphlicalions of slones « Naural skon pide ls}. possessin high resistance to atmos phe To Nate hah Jakes ake a eind he are vol i | used In tonshuclion | as labs for walls and foundalione t buildings ard installations, as fact slabs ‘and shones fox eocterior and intentor walle buildin and installations , for roads, side walks, piers, unloading’ walls and other structures, where » mechanical Ling, duvabi ty and decoralive requirements ave of concer, i, . | oy Foundalfons and walls of under round parts of buildings are made om quarry, split and sawn stones from igneous, sedimentary ant one 4 4 metamorphic. rocks . : By Slabs for floors and focin walls are -reckangular> their an { ending J he ‘kind af rock ee the {roish. 4¥ Paetng slabs and shoes , parts af clatre and landings, parapets a uard rails are made slabs sawn oy split from natural ‘glone® and worked. by mechdnical means. 5° Pedestal slhs and shones Jor Jraming: doorways, belts of cormices | ' corner, and uso ath “iat jb into ihe closer, phi i fog elements.They ove Prana fachired finished ma gree 8¥ The materials and hom natural stones used tn toad Consul, ave unbstomes, paving blocke, bewn alone or obblestone , ovushed thoy sand and mineral pide vy Under round shrud Ures and bridges ave bet af slabs -and shone, fen the same material as the foring slabs any ‘ vane! OP wayge ¢ | foim “Taneous and sedimentary rocks, tunnele and above wal ‘ parte bridges are buill of res diorite , gabbro, diabase and basalt wilh combressive sheng nok less then 100MPa. 8¥ flydraulie -dhruclares at generally built with the natural stones ular_or irregular “shape “(heun, rolled, eut> sewn, ard alan ow ‘shone) from ees = Geers or’ sedtmientary rocks. 1% Gushed ‘sone “and : sand is sed ' for preparing mortars and coneretes, fp making “road ~ beds and “drainage. constructions.CEMENT Crnenbs Ma general sense are adhesive and cohesive inihertate ahh are. capable of bonding together particles of solid matter inko a compac- durable mass. For dil oe works, they are restricted bo calcareous cemerits cing cmpnde Loe. Aur chi onslaet he priory de being fo bid the fine (Sond) sand. coarse (grils) aggreqole poli togdher. : : ie Gments ysed th conshuchin Induste be classified rouli and non—h raul. ‘The latter does : { 4 a nl tS ee non- hydra te Lime ‘ov which ave unstable. in water, eq. Plaster o Te h draulte cement” set and hardin. in waiter and give a peduit ie ts idle. Totland cement is one sath. ud Cment can be rmonaadied either from natural aa stones ‘or axl cal by usin calcareous and argillaceous materials. ; : Foy example - natural ‘ceminle are Roman gemenk, Pugzolana cement and Medina cement - Arteliil cements are Rrtland cement and special cemenks. Paatlend : Cement Sis a cementing material ‘resenbling a natural stone quarsied from ‘Patland ‘in Uk, Portland cement may be ve as a nak obtained by finely pulveriging® clinker: produced by caleina tng to Incipient fusion, an intimate and properly perbportioned maixture” of argillaceous and caleartous materials. Care must be exercised in proportiontng the raw materials’ co that the clinker of peper conaldion moy qr PeUatnele dffr bortng. = ™ Palland ceme i is draulie cement Cor ed mainte caleiuma silks, cba ‘y hela! mebcture, of Uimedlone and Lf tina kil - at Ioo -1600'C.. Linestone (cacos) ts the most common sdurce ¢ caleium cade (lie Cad) Gron-becxing alurninosificates ore used a8 the -primary sociree of silta (803). Clays ore prefered due fo the finely divided Stake. The’ alutninum | iron oxides ack as floreing agents (ten decrease the fusion temp:).) S lens in roduelion : &) Selechon Ng mnaleriale CH) Grind comet sige G) v1] Sai : : ae CW) Roduclion of cement clinker by kiln burnin if bleided ‘aw rch (©) $rkrarinding with ue to produce Rattan Cement, “The ordinary Paitland cement has been classified as 55 Grode, 43 Grade and ° 55° Grade : OPc srtecssiee om A b F elissifibion bosed, on 28 day Compressive’ ength . : Category . di OStrenath (pa) : A. 32-5. 375 8 375-428 é ADB-A75 a) ATE BBB. E 52.5 - 575 E 578-625 - : : oye, Tae ye ene ets Nee { However, most of the 43 ~-gieide cements available’ in the ; market fall in ealaqory D: and thal? 83-grade cemenks in catagory gy Pe ih cad meee aaa Cement Composilion ° . * ¥ Chensical enepittion ef poland Cement ade at Ramadan bast btn tao (C) Conkols shength and soundness. - 60-6 (Gee, calcium onide) 4s dfdeney reduces shrergfh & setting be: : sio, G) ives’ shength. Excess “of tk causes Ar 98 (ao a sng cet AK a eho eat x - ona 3O3, 0D, esponsble for aletorselling bin guess, 9-8 ‘tk lowersfos0s (P) Gives clour ond bulbs in fusion of (eno fewie oxide) different a0 mao (M) ——dmborks colour ave baron df in 05-4 (Magnesian magnet’ — excess, tk causes cracke fn, mortor oxide). aml concéle and unsound nese Nos0 + KO (k,n) ie 0.5-1-3 TO. These ave ves\durs, and | in excess 0-0-4 BOs cause (florescence and crac ing OA-0.2 305 Makes cement sound 1-2 WO. © 1 ee (toaker eg = Fal Nokes 5 (1) The vate of geting of cement be controlled b : “lage ah ‘805 (00> *fes03). . _ CB) Whee development ah much, heat of, hydrabion ty. undesirable silica aay ig increas to, about “Ol per cent, and the dlurina and ion onide contents ore Limibed to 6 per went shoal coda ste ebyer de acest ue “(lil) Resiclance fo the ction’ of sulphabe walete 12 trerased by “raising ‘forther the silica conkent to 24 per cent and reducing the dete and ‘on cine to 4 per | ines © + Ct Gmall* percentage of tron on'de rehd exe, the i siliceous oO By verals cae bo bard. Hewett AAG Se e Cxcess 3 a‘ hard’. clinkes, difficile fo ground is produced. s fon fest oie with lime and’ zine’ k + form CaAF, ib reubralinés some. “el the ‘undesirable properties “contribuled: by alumina, thew met: Livne. alone. When trononide Combines” with : ime alcve, it promotes instability... *. sued - (a) The alkalies * accelerates the selling rt cement poste . Compson’ of Gmnnt Clinker Chemical formula -« Nolalion Marre Typical why.1. 8G0.8i0, “Cs8 “Trtdadedum alteae , Mite 4-6, 9. &COO.8i05 C8 Dicaletum ailieate, Belibe 15430 3-3Xa0-Ah0s Cg” “Tlealelum Aluminake 6-1 4 400.AbOs fes03 Cear “phatalelam Alumin enite 6-8 &- Ca80y- 2420 csH, = C; sum, Caleurn sulphate 3-4 ‘ar il Nydbalion o af Cement Cinenk? : Ee “© The chemical eal belueen cement and wader is hnoian ng a ¢ cement. nk. takes place belween the aclive ‘oreo, cement Guat, CsA, C38 and C8) a ated © When the cement comes in contack: with waler, the hydration ii start Beall onthe outer periphery of the nucleus 4 | we ole a Te Pe prowede duly p> 25 hours and i is vale induclon ' ds oo ralion voceeds, fy deposit bein lise on The 1 inet cement ro% of hes the di it iat Al Eh dvated 2 hablo a We and more. dif, oy cae “a vale et At any 3 hudralion,, the, amet poske consists 4 ef (a ne~ | i welt ba eh te having large Seirface ared i dak fr unreacked cereal, calcium hydroxide, water. and ‘some minor compounds, o . The or stals. the various realle com ounde raduall tl ‘ the space sat ae by water,: vexing X the Mn mass and subsequent, developinent © of the strength. The reactions: “of the compounds and thelr preducls ave ‘as follows: C58 + H20 —» C-8 -H* 4. Ca (oti), O58 + Hi0 — C- 8-H! + Ca(on) a H ty who CsA +40 —> Caf He [i ts hal CsA + Ha04 Casog>CACS Hn Caletum sulpho— olaminale Fie CuAR + H2O —>CsAWe tCRH OO :product 0-8-4 tl vepresernts the calelam gilfeake hr drate aloo oo oh ath W the gl shade. Hydrabton ef cement 9 "rede cement wilh toaler *Lxothermies heat released % called ‘Heat of Hydralion?” Rate ef heat evolution ts faster f the reacton ts quicker. * Heat , evolved depends on heal of hydralfon of individual’ | compounds! ‘ - Rate bylilon | Nye 4 o Th wearlon tombound CsA with weoter is ver fal and is weapon fr iis ie cament (akthenin “aha sheng development) and thes it will prevent the hydration af C38 and C3. : . However, caletum sulphate (€as0s) pel in the take dissolves immediately in water and forms insoluble caleiam sulphoalumina om 4 deposits on the surface ol, 3A forming. a colloidal membrane & consequently velards Te hudrelion of C30. ; othe amount 4 Ca$Ou is ousted to leave a Ute excess of C3A to fnydrate diveely. pe cone ms «This membrane. in the process breaks because of the preeessure the compounds formed duiring hydralion and then again C3 becomes active in the yeacton, Led : ¢ # The hardont 4 C33 con be sald tobe oa CaA and Css becomes solely inp le for gain 4 atrength up ee by growth — and intrecking of 6-3-H ‘ Te increase th shenglh at tie age is due to hydvalion df C28. hee “ — ee | fnew 8 Iobermortte 4 bor — ia’ ( 4 Sapa ea m4 hag O08 ( fe a as—s |. = . i 06 { t | 40° , * if ot ( ( “20 i cE on g \ be A ont slag Vine (days) (°° & AP | Rate ath dralien of Pure #0 aay Goren! Grmpounds Gorhtbolim Comet Cot. 2 Foendhol cmanhWater vequirenrent fo hy hy dalton : i | * Abouk an auey J (ou nh C39, 9 percent 3) age ¥ ane perce wrk by wsighl of eb (r fr conplbe Iybbfon ihiond cement. om anhy combines chemically with the coment, _tornpounds and & bee a boun water. . *vome quanli f water, about 18 percent } it at | reguired by it the 41 qd pores and i taut on dhe * Therebove, a lola 38 po ent ct water " we'd b rp od veghired to Com} ste the Nani reathton. cemenk tg requir Effect ond on bial propedigs: | *GA* responsible for edling dnd early Strength ; poses a ty. oe toe ae ay C53: early strength gam; high HOH 2 raw 6G St allimale sbrength 5 low HOH”? oe Fre the cement, faster the crate o f. heal Ile and wil and setting and carly shrenglh gen - Z Poduche of hy drabion of cement : ; *Caleium shel fay drabe Lap vale cong ng sn # Calcium | hydroxide GH) + ) | | fownalion of Calei ume aa: fiydeabe’ ae : C3 + 7H —> C3Sstls + SCH a i Moderate reactton vale, gives hile shength and hea thera. 30,8 +51 —» CaSalla +cH (AN -250I/9) Slow reackton vale, we how inital but high tater shang ond fow heat lberalton : Calcium silicates (C38 +003) + waler —> c-s- +cab%)s Fovinabion f calcium sulphoaluminades : ve aeEAtringite formakion : Caf + BCBN, + 96H ——» CcASs Has (n-- 1672 12 5fh) Edvinghe, in the absence of gM 5 reacls further to become monosul foaluminate baie Bee aa 4 acgA +A —> 3CyASHn Overall reathton + CsA 4 CEH, + 10 ——> CyAS Hn (AR> tan 1g) formal on eh Cal Calcium alumtnohydrate : : CyuAF + H — +» CAH 4+CF | Chebracaletum aluminate hydrate) aa may also veacl with gypsum as C3A doce, bub it ic much \ess veal ve. Tests on’ leon’ hydvaulte sata : Ci) Speci te ah hes s ethic’ qravt hn dy juli ce > if blained usin le Chale ia gravity of hydhdubie cement ts © Geourd glass stopper : i; ‘a capaci hy at 20% Two 0.' rat e graduation ‘extending above and below ee xe mark Fig. le-chedtelier Flask | for Specie. Graviy TekCondilions A cling Specific vavihy _ = Gounte i cal af won ontde have 0 tithe Specific grauily. «The fect , {ineness of rind upon pee Very finely re cement h thay ‘ have lower specific grou, Seasoning is the chit cause of a low spect tc graurfy } ey nt 4 2 : 4 4 ‘ Tet bro cedure : _ The flask sled with ether bersene fee of te,» naphtha wing a a gravity nok less. than * o-taia to a point ., Be slem belween Joo ands demnl mark . ia * The flask is Immersed Ma constant temperature wale bh and the reading is recorded. ents ae A weighed guank E (about 64q of PorHand Cement) i ( 3 juan cemeni (al 10 of Then introduced i me om at the fee fempeahe..as thal of the gud. een Seg aed + After inbroducing all the ment, the stopper. k laced | the and e flask dled? in an indindd Pia a pa “abil i is drde, so as ng ’ : gravihy Ic sh, n te the erent - vom aly uniif ne fh aw bubbles rise fo the -surlate Phe iad Sis. ie +The ask ig Again immersed m the wanker -balh and the fia i reading ds veorded. o , fe fe tt aoa a. The difference blu the fies and The fal reabing epreserts he Mi, of tiuid aig) ted by the sacight af the cement used in Speci it pect € WOU ry : q ‘ ‘Displaced Valine of (qa in (1H) Fineness 5 : The degree of fineness Size of grains in it. of ument the’ measure of the mean HellGlo Alfecking Prenese + +The chemical composibion and the de ree. rt caltinalton. sf the hardness of the clinker and Consequently the fineness to hi e cement jg ground. + Clinker, high th tron or ailica vt e re and ditle grinds The same! 6 tue eth a hag} po ft hard ard diftadt to ard - burne thinker. / eS 8 also in luenced the time of grinding and the charockey of the ends machinery. im { 4 ga °H hos been Jound that | becomes finer voifh age prowiled it ' does not absorb i uch mele Rent due fo the Lp Se et e he grains resulling from: the hydralion of 7 bd ina barkiles. | mporkince : : : | saber fe ermal more is the Areva Since surface area for * Wilh i crease in lineness, the earl levelopmen trenglh is olowid tub the “ined I oh eer tes is not allected An e‘e In the? Ineness of the een Increases the ohisberes:o ‘onerele “min and Pt, luces the amount oe r nak Sepert to the top a “tft Cleedi Sys ancl ‘t a chr with vibralors. 4s ‘ ee eee : «However, if te temenit is aad be yonal a certain limit, te ementalive: ae ties are’ a. Ue due if the prekydralion by a sp! erie moisture - % Rner ‘icement: reocks yer dtronal in alkali vache 4 Also, the water rplament and oo IH rin re abe. 499 rte higher drying th age and crack ing. will be more ng Sieve Mathod : 400 4 ‘ cement sample i IB ha ard ahead | wns, it : any, in the Sample are roken ool fingers. “The sample 's ploced on 6 0 micron sieve and continuously sieved for [5 minu The residue should nee exceed the Uoriks vrei below : ap=of Lerman!i Spectfie gure Type 4 cernent aa Y hy. ve less Mane CH q. Ordinary Rutland Cement (ore) - > Rapid Hardening Cent (Ric) “8 3-Rrtlond ‘Pagzolana Cement (Pec) : 5 a Gasistency Test: gh te. defined as thad pérentage wale regu - ef the _ othe inal of, which will be such thed if E Vieadis plun er penehat bo a point. 5 to, 7mm trom the baton the Vid adie | “ } : Smportonce: Th ater vequi I ee tests cern } F + the r Or vario vemnen’ nd. on the saved donations aR pr vat vahich, its depends - : the compound composilt'on i fineness of fhe cement. atest Procedure: * B00g “6 cement Is mined with ‘98 per cent water. The Paste is filled in the “mould 4 Vicad’s appratus and the. rfoce of the {filled paske is amoothened and levelled. id oA Square i needle 10mm x10. men, atlachedl to the:. plant er is te ed gently over ‘the’ coment paste surface: and: is* televised quicrly. ee, oe Be pe ' led il planger pines . ee pan * reading 7. the is. recorded- mould , the amoun} of waler odded is tonsidered”-4o° be th Correct Percentage ef water. for normal : consisheney . * Delerminalion a Snika and Final Sdling Times +! e The inital setling fine may be d tned as the Hme taken to tay by the ual to shifen +o Sud an extent that the Vieat's : needle je not permitted to. move down through the paste to withtn 540.5 mm measured fiom: the bottom’ of the mould. : : tke ffral och Hine ts the Hime affer which the aste becomes 30 hard ot he a lar Hodhivert fo the needle, under dort weight, fouls fo leave ane mark on the hardened concrele. . i shill God’ Pcl alliage an Be thelial waplés- of Somat: © ° When the reading is 5-7mm from the boom of theJ aportance > Ab is Ymporfant to know the inibiatl selling Woe, because : of useful vin cries of conrertt if the cement mont or . is place in moulds aller this Hime. The imborlance c fjral selling He bes in the fret that the moulds san be vernoved alter this fine The former defines the limit of handling Zthe later ddines the beginning of development of mechanical Arength. Cap se Movable Red rdtcaloe “Final” Setting Needle dried Sc Meedle dem Square - : q 5omm Cgebieh Mol gd ; i i lomm . Plunger for Measuring Noto roux ie Consistency - skid Scund ness Test & ‘ A 4 i 4 | Cf gk k Kal that the cement concréke does not unde arge change oles Sferthing. Tis enced by ining Ae weadin sf fo Lime and magnesia wh which slake slowly causing c nge in volume of cement (Known a8: unsound) + i i *Soundness of cement may be tested by le-Chaletiér method or by sulvelave muhod, For OPC, RHC, LHC and PPC it is limikd to Jomm, wheeos for BAC ond s8¢. 1 should nol exceed Sem. Conditions’ Alfeding Soundness + : othe main cause fe ansoundness tn Porlland cement is the hydoaibion tthe uncombinal lime encased within the cement parkeles. + Freshly ground } ts often unsound due to the presence wronbined 3" fl ‘ : ee %Pr -Cemnerd ‘thus allowed 40 avale ( two fo three eke allosing ime to hy vale, to overcome unsound ness . clone BI is 9 vey jnportant fal fo aesure the mek Soha | . pis rn ite cracks, dishor Kon an disnke gabon, ullfmalely leading bo foi lenchabelies Mdhod » ‘ The mould is placed ona glass shee ond ig hed with pooh "coment pashe formed by gaugin 150q cement with 0.78 Henes the og) . required Oye a paste p consistenuy.. : othe mould ts covered with a glass sheet and a small weight i foced on the Covering dass sheet. * The mould is then submerged tn the water at temperature 8T- 30%. offler 4 hours, the mould is taken out and the disharee Sepevaling the indicator points “is measured. The mould) is again subrea, én woke. ‘ 4 * The waler is néw boiled for 3 hours. The mould is removed {rors waky- on is covled down. The distance beleocens’the «hi teator poinks is measured ‘again. The difference between the! feo. nensiverents eepresenks The soundness rt cement. ure. o Brass npuld Thickness o.mm Sndicabors with poled er ‘ Nati plate Elevation Compressive leength : Dosis ch te bana Mls eu de cleedci, wapre 5: 6 iS iS ra Co: gn oY this teat, the al hy ro quanltly, sree en & controlled le and he degree of adullevalion can be checkathe test specimens axe To.Gmm cubes having 5000 sqamm « lay size Specimen cubes cannot -be ma | shrinks and cracks may develop. j othe temporakne of waler ond test room should be 21+a'e. | A visine ef cement and standard sond in the proportion 123 by woth _ ave of about le dince cemen is mined any wil afoul for one minube and then with wattn unlil the mixture is of uniform colour. : o Three ‘Specimen cubes ave speraked repared» The material ‘or cath cube is mired — “The quanlilies sere standard om and water | ove 1859, 5539 and (Phy) +3.5, res echively. Where Pe percentage of tooter | required to produce a paske of Aordod consistency. |e The mould & {ited compklely trith the cement paste and is placed on the vibralion table. Ubralions ave ivnpar ke for dbout 2 minutes at o speed id 17000 + 400 per minute. ‘| : eo Whe cubes. are. then removed from the moulds and subrnerged in clean fresh woler and aie taken oul just prior to tesling ina ie compression eating machine. Compressive stren is taken bea duerage | of the vesulbs ah the ree cubes. The load is applied starling frome 3e00 aka vate of 55) sq, erm] enlnute. | (oo The compressive strength ts calculated {form the cxushing load divided by the average ares over which the load is applied The vesull ts | expressed in. Nmom™ The minienum apecified shength for some of the wement is “given below: “Wpe Days i : 2§ day 3 days Tdays 238 days Ordinary Portland coment = 16.0" 30-0 35.0 C33 grade) ‘ ; Votland Paggolaria cement = 6.0 2D) 55-0 low heat Portland cement = 10.0 16-0 35-0 | ie hardening cement. 16.0 O15 Hig aluntna cement 30.0 35-0 ae A oe Clow Heat Pearland: Cenment (18:t2600) 4-842 | To limit the teat of hydrabion ef low heat Portland cement | CUR), the tricaleium aluminate component Yn=cement 1g minimised and feole. and Jebacdiehim alinofesdle 4s | “a Nigh! “beventaae of Mcaléhgn ill| added ‘Ihe heal of Iydralion should not be’ more than 212 and 34g al the end of Yond 98 days vapalivel ye : +The vale | drveopment of shenghh ie alow but the allimale sheng 3 of, ore. ‘to mel thts requivereat epriie stuloce of cemen| h Ineveased to about 3200 en? Ih, | dame as tha "Bopostess less teal te evolued duty atlling tow tal Toland eernent , thon ested by le hatbey ridhod and autoclave test the pansion thould nol be move than 1Ornm and 0.84 reapeclody. : The minimum tribal dling Hone should not be less than 60 finds, | cand the inal selling should’ not be more ‘than 60 minutes. | he Compressive ahrenglh should be os fpllouss: ; 19 £1 hour 410 lenro 168.49 houre 4 16M/row . 6H hours 35 N/mm? Uses: Jl ts most sullable fo lone mass concrete works such as dams, lage roll foundalions, de. : i : (0 " PRopid Hardening Perlland Cement (ie:804iy hes high lime conkenk and can be, eblained by ineveasing the C33 content but is normalky oblained from oe cbinher by finer grinding (46000? 1¥g)-: ‘ othe baste of applicalion of vapid hardening cement (Rte) ts hardening properlies and heat emtgsion rather ‘than adling rake. # This permils addilon ct a lille more gypsum Ausing ‘manalockare to contvol Ihe vale of selling. (aerate aie #®HC allains same drench in one day which on ordinary cement mou attain jn . a i ta beh \ ‘ etlowever, it ty subjected to larce ’ shrimka and water requirement for worlabilily ig mone Te toot 0 mpl fo dement ny about 10 per tent rior than the ordinan cemen *Conerele made with ple ean ‘, 6ajtly expored to frost. aince tk mekves 4 move quickly. Ropelies Anibal tdling line go minutes (mninuani) final telling None 10 hours (manimurn) iCompressive shength y Jdoy 16-0) from 5 day: 67.5 N/mm? » tars + Jb is suilable fpr iepair of wake and bridges and when lood applied in a short period 6 Hime (iY Portfand Pagzolana Cement (18 1489) @-laT8 « o db is manwlachured by grinding Portland cement clinker eal pogplana (useally y ash 1-257 by mass of ppc) or by intinalely and wl ormly lending Portlank cement and fine pusgolare othe hardenin of Vordlant cement pug lana cement consiste jn hydralion of Portlan cement clinker iat) and then in inberachox the pug zolana twith caletam hydronide released during the hardening | A clinker. At the same Hme, caleiumhydroride is bound into a water-soluble calcium hydrosilicate according fo the reaclfon Gol), + Si02 +(r-NH2O = Co0-Si02-9H20 . vith the «effect that pe olana . Perl, id [ i hey a 330lana Fortand eemen tives greater . waber— resisling property Fn ordinary Retland puis i Vepokis: Tse fave Lower seo donbpmect | thonth bul lle : 4 renglh 6 comparable eoith ov fnary “Portland sarnint Compressive Shengh + tbr 16-0.Ni fantn2 4 163 xo hrs 29-01) enn | ; 6ri4brs — 33.0N|/mm* | The milial ond the tral selling Himes are 30 minubes (minimum) and 600 minukes (wantenum rresped ively oe Tre duying chrinkage: should not be more then 0.157. and the fineness should not be i than 300 a'}kq. Uses 4} has low heat evolubon and is used in the places of mass concrtle such as dams and i places of high temperabeve . Civ) Rutland Slag Cement 18.488) (V6 3 J # Gb is manuladured either by inkmalely tntergrinding a. mirture 4. Brlland cement linker and ranulated syle slag with addition of ypsum oy caleturm sulphate, or . an inkimate and uniform blending eg Portland cement and finely ground grancilaked leq. betta# Slog & a non. metallic product consishing esserkially of gloss i si x and alunino - silicates of ime and other bees as fe hen blest furnace dla i which ts developed simultaneous y with hee » i nace pic pig leon furnace . : r Merah igh dled by Jeter eso the len rat chilling oy quenching Yt with waler or i ond air. “The slog cénstihvent ‘nm the cement varies belween 9 to 65 Pee Repories : : *The chemical Yequiremerts of Rutland ala cement ave Same as tl 35 grade Ritand cement. ie sped surface of alag cement should nd’ |, be less than 225m?/kg. : : | ° Te: expansion af the cement should not be more than 10mm an 08 Per cent” wshien tested be le Chatelier method and autectave test, respecliie : a j ote initial and frxal “adking Hines and compressive strength ee ore same as that for 3s grade ordinary Porlland cement. Uses > This cement can be “used in all places where OPe ; d- However Reams ais low at of lon tm abe baad fe mass conereling: e.g dais, foundalions, ete. : : ASTu Classiffalion (e 150) elype tz General Purpose : * pe W Moder ably silphale resislan, ‘and moderale heak of hyralion pe ms High early vie ; Type 1V: low: heat of hy valfon o Type vi Sulphate resistant. me ‘ “Typical : Gmposthion ie a ASTM Compound composifton Y ; Wpe C3885 CsA uae t T 48-63 | 20-30 | g-m2 | 6-10 ? 40-50 | 95-35 | 5-7 | tori ai 50-65 | 18-95 | 8-14 } 6-10 iv 95-35 4o-Bo 87 | to a 40-50 | 38-35} 0-4 | (0-20:Win relation bo Type D cement... ere eee i o Type 1 has marginally lower C38 and C3A Fo Type has marginally higher 38s and a {ineness ope v fas lower C38 (lower than “Type Ml) and coh » Type V thas Cower CsA. Blended cements (ASTM C545): +e Torkland Blast -funace slag Cement = Type 18 (Slag ie 95-707 by mony |e Portland - poggolan cement - Type IP (poggolan content, 15-407. by mass) | eBeneits. fi . a d3golanic reatlion 5 addional es Pore refinement ~Gnereased Aurabilily Special Cents = (Based on plxpose or use) nt) Supersulphaled cornet + eBlast furnace slag + gypsum +emall amount af Pe clinker es +707. o Hig resistance to salphates ard marine environments + Very slow setting and hardening + low heat of hydrahton - (8) tohite cement : 2 Architectural Purposes + lowered ivon contents in the clinker + Pigments an be added to get_ cleared cement . Concrete ~ Papen Vs Cost pS rh Cement | 707. Coarse aggregate VoluMEy = cost