Two Ideas

The words and, but, and or can link two ideas

in a sentence.
These words are called conjunctions.

Conjunction Purpose Example

It is spring, and some robins
and connects two related ideas
are building a nest.
ideas that differ or shows We like birds, but they make
but
a problem with first idea a lot of noise in the morning.
or suggests a choice of ideas We can close the window, or
we can listen to the noise.

Add and, but, or or to each sentence.

1．The birds worked hard on the nest, it is messy.

2．The female sits on the nest, the male brings her food.
3．Is that bird a robin, is it a swallow?
4．We have a birdhouse on the fence, I haven’t seen a bird there.
5．Will the eggs hatch today, will they hatch tomorrow?
6．The baby birds are hungry, their parents feed them.
7．Dad tried to take photos, the birds moved.
8．A bird sat on the wall, dad got a good picture.
9．We can send this photo to Grandpa, we can send that one.

1
 Plural Nouns

Singular Nouns Plural Nouns

Plural nouns name more than
flower flowers
one person, place, or thing.
Most plural nouns end in -s or lunch lunches
-es. dash dashes
Singular nouns that end in ch, fox foxes
sh, x, s, or ss end in -es in
walrus walruses
their plural form.
class classes

A．Write the plural for each noun.

1．brush 6．plant
2．pass 7．box
3．bunch 8．bee
4．fax 9．platypus
5．guess 10．ranch

B．Rewrite each sentence so that the underlined

nouns are plural.
11．What dish did you try at the brunch?

12．At the circus that Ira went to, he drank juice.

13．The class ran out of lunch for their picnic.

2
 More Plural Nouns

Plural nouns name more than one person, place, or thing.

If a noun ends in a consonant and y, the y becomes i and -es is added.
baby → babies
If a noun ends in f or fe, the f or fe becomes v and -es is added.

half → halves wife → wives

A．Write the plural form of each noun.

1．cherry 6．loaf
2．calf 7．life
3．elf 8．pony
4．copy 9．knife
5．fly 10．party

B．Rewrite each sentence so that the underlined nouns

are plural.
11．Nora picked the leaf and the berry.

12．From the ferry people could see the wolf on the shore.

13．I think the daisy and the poppy should go on the shelf.

3
 Possessive Nouns

A possessive noun shows who owns something.

A singular noun ends with an apostrophe and s:’s.
A plural noun ends with s and an apostrophe: s’.
Singular Possessive Noun Plural Possessive Noun
boy’s ball boys’ ball
owner’s field owners’ field

Rewrite each group of words so that the underlined noun

is possessive. The first one is done for you.
1．the chatter of many players the players’ chatter
2．the bus belonging to the team
3．the equipment of all the boys
4．the uniform of that girl

5．the cheers of the parents

B．Determine whether the underlined noun is a singular or

plural possessive. Rewrite the sentence so that the possessive
noun is correct.
6．This organizations game is an annual event.

7．Spectators praise makes the players happy.

8．Mr. Satos introduction was short and funny.

4
 What Is a Pronoun?

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or nouns.

Pronouns can be singular or plural.
Singular Pronouns Plural Possessive Noun
I, me we, us
you you
he, him, she, her, it they, them

Rita had a quilt. She showed it to Jim. He asked her many questions.

replaces Rita replaces quilt replaces Jim replaces Rita

In each pair, circle the pronoun in the second sentence that

replaces the underlined noun in the first sentence.
1．The quilt was 100 years old. It was beautiful.
2．Great-grandmother made the quilt. She sewed for months.
3．Many women went to quilting bees. They worked together.
4．Jim liked the quilt. Rita told him more about quilts.
5．Old quilts are valuable. People collect them.
6．Jim wanted to learn more. He went to the library.
7．Jim and Rita got a book about quilts. They read the book.
8．Rita read about the Friendship Basket. She learned a lot about it.
9．Jim found a picture to show Rita. He handed it to her.
10．Rita took the picture from Jim. She thanked him.
5
 Pronoun Places
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
Some pronouns can be the subject of a sentence.
Never use a subject pronoun after an action verb.
Subject Pronouns: I you she he it we they

We visited a lighthouse. You took photos. I climbed up the tower.

sentence subject sentence subject sentence subject

A．Underline the subject pronoun in each sentence.

1．You sent a photo of the lighthouse to Vern.
2．Within minutes, he responded to the message.
3．We examined the lamp at the top of the tower.
4．It was very large and had a powerful beam.
5．Later, I described the lighthouse to Ingrid.
6．She hopes to visit this place with some friends soon.
7．They have read about other lighthouses in the area.
8．When ships sail, they can see the lighthouse beam from far away.

B．Rewrite each sentence and replace the underlined words

with subject pronouns.
9．Pilar and I could see a long distance from the lighthouse.

10．Pilar thought the view was stunning.

6
 Pronouns After Verbs

Certain pronouns are used after action verbs.

Pronouns After Verbs: me you him her it us them

Dad took me to a movie. The usher found us seats. Dad thanked her.

pronoun after verb pronoun after verb pronoun after verb

You and it can be used as subject pronouns and after verbs.

A．Underline the verb in each sentence. Circle the pronoun.

1．Science fiction films thrill us.
2．Dad likes them a lot.
3．Mom sometimes teases him about this interest.
4．Dad tells her all about the movie each week.
5．Mom never watches it though.
6．My brother Jay asks Dad and me about the stars.

B．Write the correct pronoun to complete each sentence.

7．Dad gives you and (I me) tickets for the movies.
8．He drives (us we) to the theater.
9．Mom joins (he him) for the ride.
10．We watch (they them) drive away.

7
 The Verb To Be

The verb to be links the subject of a sentence to words in the

rest of the sentence. It is important to use this verb correctly.
Present Past

I am you are he is I was you were he was

she is she was
it is it was
we are you are they are we were you were they were

Write the verb that agrees with the subject of each sentence.

1．I (is am) the oldest in my family.

2．The twins (is are) younger than I.

3．Kevin (was were) the youngest before the baby came.

4．Our baby (is are) very cute.

5．We (is are) very proud of her.

6．Our friends (was were) excited about little Dale.

7．You (is are) good to visit us.

8．I (was were) glad that you could come.

8
 Spelling Past Tense Verbs
The past tense of most verbs ends in -ed.
For some verbs you have to change the spelling before adding -ed.
If a verb has one syllable and ends with a vowel followed by a
consonant, double the final consonant before adding -ed.
drop → dropped tag → tagged
If a verb ends with e, drop the e before adding -ed.
dance → danced bake → baked
If a verb ends with a consonant and y, change the y to i before adding -ed.
hurry → hurried worry → worried

A．Circle the correct past tense spelling for each verb.

1．try a．tried b．tried c．tryyed
2．zip a．ziped b．zipped c．zipied
3．change a．changeed b．changed c．changd
4．giggle a．gigled b．gigglied c．giggled
5．bury a．buryed b．buried c．burred

B．Write the past tense form of each verb.

6．stop 11．reply
7．copy 12．wipe
8．smile 13．name
9．grab 14．hug
10．cry 15．step
9
 Irregular Verbs

Present Past
see/sees saw
Some verbs are irregular. do/does did
They do not end in the know/knows knew
regular way to show the past. draw/draws drew
It is important to memorize come/comes came
these verbs. write/writes wrote
find/finds found
bring/brings brought

A．Rewrite each sentence using the past tense form of the verb.
1．We see a crane in March.
2．I quickly find my camera.
3．I always bring it on trips.
4．Mom writes down the date.
5．She draws pictures.
6．She knows a lot about birds.
7．The crane comes closer.
8．Cranes do this migration yearly.

B．Write sentences of your own using the past tense form

of two verbs from the list above.
9．
10．
10