AQA English Literature GCSE

An Inspector Calls: Character Profile

The Inspector

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First Impressions

Character in context
The Inspector is dressed in a ​minimal​ “​plain darkish suit​” and
seems to be an ordinary police Inspector. However, the
supernatural​ nature of the Inspector becomes apparent as the
play progresses, as the ​homophone​ of Goole (“​ghoul​”)
suggests.

Priestley leaves the Inspector’s physical appearance as vague

and, to some extent, unimportant due to his message of ​social
responsibility​ being more important than his appearance. He
dictates in the ​stage directions​ that the Inspector "​need not
be a big man, but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and
purposefulness​".

● The Inspector takes on the role of an ​omniscient​ (all-knowing), moral force for good.
● Priestley presents his character as a spiritual ​avenging angel​.
● Socialist​ values and ideology are channelled through the Inspector.
● Priestley utilises the Inspector as a ​vehicle to catalyse​ change in perceptions of
responsibility. He encourages the younger generation to break away from the older, more
traditional and ​individualistic generation​.

Moral force - resistant to corruption

The Inspector is opposed to, and exempt from, the ​immorality​ and corruption of society. Despite
the Inspector’s physical appearance as a police Inspector, he is more akin to that of a ​moral
policeman​.

Priestley immediately portrays the Inspector’s as a moral force as he refuses a drink of port: “​no,
thank you [...] I’m on duty​”. Alcohol bears connotations of ​immoral behaviour ​and therefore the
Inspector’s refusal is ​symbolic​ of his refusing to act immorally.​ ​The offering of an ​alcoholic drink
to an on duty policeman by Mr Birling is a soft attempt at corrupting the Inspector, who is
conversely responsible and takes the role seriously.

Priestley utilises a ​cyclical structure​, as the play also ends with the Inspector rejecting Mr Birling’s
attempt of ​bribery​. Mr Birling makes it clear he would “​give thousands​”, which the Inspector
responds with “​you’re offering the money at the wrong time​”. This cyclical structure is used to
demonstrate the consistency of the Inspector’s morals, while simultaneously presenting Mr Birling
as immoral throughout. The audience realises this and draws upon their ​political differences​ as
the cause - ​capitalism​ causes ​immorality​ and ​socialism​ causes morality.

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Socialist views
Priestley demonstrates the Inspector’s conviction that everyone is equally important within society.
The Inspector’s views are noticeably ​too progressive​ for the ​pre-suffrage ​1912 society and are
more aligned with those of the ​contemporary​ audience.
➔ Priestley encourages the audience to realise that a person’s class is irrelevant to their
degree of responsibility​ as “​public men … have responsibility as well as privilege​”.

The Inspector sees Eva as an individual and refuses to refer to her as a “​girl​” in the same
superficial ​fashion as the Birlings do. Instead, he persists in referring to her by her name, Eva
Smith.
◆ The Birlings perceive Eva as insignificant – just a “​girl​”, due to her ​lower social status ​as
a working-class citizen.
◆ To the Inspector, Eva is an individual, who has significance. This is evidenced by the
Inspector’s acknowledgement of Eva’s “​promising little life​”.

The Inspector’s morality is due to his awareness of ​social responsibility​ and the impact of an
individuals’ actions upon all of society. Fundamentally, because he rejects ​capitalism​, he rejects
immorality as Priestley presents the two as ​synonymous​.

Omniscience
The ​supernatural​ element to the character of the Inspector is evident through his apparent
omniscience​. The Inspector’s purpose is not to convict the Birlings of any crime. His purpose is
much deeper and more significant; he attempts to force the Birlings to recognise the​ immorality​ of
their actions and change their attitudes towards ​social responsibility​. Through Priestley
portraying the Inspector as completely ​moral​, the audience is provided with an ​example​ of how to
act themselves for the improvement of society.

Physical appearance
Priestley describes the Inspector in the ​stage directions​ in order to convey the message that a
person’s inner morality and integrity supplants their outward
appearance. The Inspector “​need not be a large man”​ but he
“​gives the impression of massiveness​”. His physical appearance
does not convey the impact of his message and ​prowess of his
character​; it is the strength of his values and morals which are
important.

The Inspector is presented as dressing ​modestly​ in a “​plain

darkish suit​”. Perhaps, Priestley is suggesting that the Inspector
has no interest in attracting interest to himself; his purpose is to
promote ​socialist​ values and denounce the ​commercialism​ and
superficiality​ of ​capitalism​. This modest appearance is in direct
contrast with Mr Birling, who is ​“heavy looking”​ and “​portentous​”
with a “​substantial​” house. Through the​ juxtaposition​ of these two
characters, Priestley demonstrates the strength of the Inspector’s
values of ​socialism​ are stronger than Birlings’ views of capitalism.
This is why the Inspector doesn’t need to reinforce his views with an impressive appearance.

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Consequences of lacking responsibility
Priestley utilises the Inspector’s final speech to warn the audience of the consequences in
continuing in the same ​capitalist​ and ​individualistic​ fashion. He incorporates ​Biblical​ references
within the Inspector’s final speech which establish an atmosphere similar to that of Catholic mass.
Through summarising each characters’ sins, the Inspector symbolises the role of a ​Pastor​ and
warns the characters of not following his moral message: “​if men will not learn that lesson​”. This
message extends to the rest of the audience through the sweeping use of the ​plural noun​ “​men​”,
who are instructed by the Inspector to “​learn that lesson​” of ​capitalism​ and the detrimental
effects of commercialism.

War
The structure of the play mirrors that of the two world wars. The initial arrival of the Inspector is
portrayed as being due to society’s capitalist flaws and therefore represents WWI. Then, the
intermittent duration between WWI and WWII is highlighted as the characters’ opportunity to
change and accept greater social responsibility. However, the characters fail this and the phone
call to the Birling residence, at the end of the play, is symbolic of WWII as this is the ​“fire and
blood and anguish”​, which the Inspector warned the characters about.

Priestley suggests that WWII occurred due to humanity not heeding the need for greater ​social
responsibility​ for their actions, and that the world wars were a direct result of ​“if men will not
learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.​” Therefore,
Priestley’s underlying message is revealed; to stop society failing again, the audience needs to
take action and reconstruct society to be more responsible than it was in 1912. The world wars
were, as suggested by Priestley, caused by the greed and capitalist attitudes of society. However,
the Birlings chose to dismiss the Inspector as “​socialist or some sort of crank​”. Therefore, Eva’s
‘second’ death is caused by Birlings’ refusal to admit responsibility after the Inspectors exit. This
repeating of events (Eva’s death) is a reflection of the repeated World Wars.

Vehicle for Priestley’s agenda

The ​character​ of the Inspector is used as a
mouthpiece​ to present Priestley’s own views
regarding the need for ​socialist​ change. The
Inspector is portrayed as a role model and is used to
show how people should treat each other.

The ​cyclical structure ​of the play is contextually

significant; the characters of the play failed to
assimilate​ (understand) the Inspector’s message.
Thus, unless the ​contemporary​ audience embraces
the Inspector’s lesson and takes on greater ​social responsibility​, they too will face the
consequences, which plagued the characters of 1912.
● The Inspector’s departure is necessary to test the characters to see if they have learnt their
lesson: this departure mirrors the interwar years between WWI and WWII; the ruling class
also had the chance to change their ​capitalist​ and individualistic attitudes.

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Symbolism

Omniscient, yet not omnipotent [all-knowing yet not all-powerful]

Priestley’s message would be less effective on the audience if the Inspector forced the characters
to change. Moreover, this would undermine the message of the play, as the audience needs to
accept greater responsibility​ without an external force.

Priestley uses ​shocking imagery​ in an attempt to persuade the characters to change as he

frequently refers to Eva’s death as “​burnt her inside out​”. Persuasion is the Inspector’s greatest
form of power, as he relies on​ rhetorical devices​, such as ​triplets​, to evoke empathy: Eva was
“​friendless, penniless, desperate”​ and needed “​advice, sympathy, friendliness”.​ The Inspector
also attempts to appeal to the​ maternal ​side of Mrs Birling in an effort to persuade her: “​you’ve
had children​”. This tactic is flawed as Mrs Birling is, in fact, not a caring mother. This reveals the
truth behind Priestley’s opening ​stage directions​, which describe Mrs Birling as ​“rather cold”​ .

Agent of God
Priestley incorporates many similarities between the Inspector and the perception of the
Judeo-Christian God​. Both the Inspector and God are ​Omniscient​, this is revealed in a ​plethora
(lots) of ways. The Inspector arrives immediately after Mr Birling dismisses ​socialism​, saying a
man should “​mind his own business and look after himself and his own​”.

The nature of the enquiry being moral, rather than criminal, elevates the Inspector to that of an
agent of God​. The Inspector sets about forcing confessions of ​vices ​(sins) from the characters,
similar to the role of a priest, who accepts confessions of sins in the Catholic Church. This link is
strengthened through the allusion to the​ Book of Genesis​ as “​we are members of one body​”,
which is also used in ​Holy Communion​. Therefore, through echoing the words of God, Priestley
implies that the Inspector is speaking on ​God’s behalf.

Alternatively, this ​semantic field​ (words with a shared association) of morality and religion could
simply be Priestley drawing upon existing Christian concepts of responsibility to increase the
audience’s acceptance of Priestley’s message. Both Christian mass and the Inspector’s final
speech ends with “​go forth in peace​”. This is, perhaps, Priestley sending the message to the
audience that by following the Inspector’s socialist message, society can finally achieve ​peace​.

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Relationships with other characters

Antithesis to Mr Birling
Priestley presents Mr Birling as intolerable. This perception of Mr
Birling extends to the ideology which he represents: ​capitalism​.
This allows Priestley to portray the Inspector as a favourable
alternative, which also extends to ​socialism​ being a favourable
alternative to ​capitalism​. It is important to consider why Priestley
contrasts the Inspector to Mr Birling as his ​foil​ (opposite).
● The purpose of Mr Birling is to allow the Inspector to be
presented in a favourable light.
● Mr Birling’s reliability is destroyed by Priestley’s use of ​dramatic irony.​ Therefore, his
opinions and values bear no value or weight.
○ This is demonstrated through Mr Birling’s confident claim that “​there’s no chance
of war​”, which is perceived as contemptible by an audience, which has been
affected by both WWI and WWII.
● Mr Birling is only concerned with his appearance and other character’s perception of
himself, as Priestley describes him in the ​stage directions​ as “​portentous​”.
● Priestley portrays Mr Birling as only concerned with his own appearance, rather than
morality.
○ This contrasts with the Inspector, who “​speaks weightily​” and ​“need not be a big
man​” as the strength of his position and ideology outweigh the need for an imposing
physical appearance.
● Priestley places the Inspector and Mr Birling up against each other in order to establish the
ideological debate between​ capitalism and socialism​.
○ Priestley portrays Mr Birling as ​dominating​ speech throughout the opening scenes,
until the arrival of the Inspector. Then upon the Inspector’s arrival, the
counterargument against capitalism is provided.
■ The Inspector interrupts the ​capitalist narrative​ of Mr Birling. This is,
perhaps, an ​extended metaphor​ for ​socialism​ ending the precedence of
capitalism​ in the global/historical narrative. Foreshadowing, a greater sense
of​ social responsibility ​felt by all.

Conversion of Sheila
The Inspector has the greatest impression on Sheila, out of all the characters, as she becomes
symbolic​ of Priestley’s intended audience response. She therefore becomes ​symbolic​ of the
Inspector’s ability to change the mindset of people.
● This conversion is symbolised by whether Sheila accepts or rejects Gerald. This is due to
Gerald being ​emblematic of capitalism​ and the upper-class.
○ Sheila’s attitude to Gerald becomes ​symbolic​ of whether the younger generation
will accept the ways of the past. Therefore, it is significant that the inspector
interrupts their engagement.

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Exposure of Gerald
The Inspector causes the ​hypocrisy​ of the upper-classes to be revealed; he exposes the
upper-class for ​shunning​ responsibility.
● Gerald, despite knowing that Eva Smith is indeed the same girl that was wronged by all the
characters, suggests that they were in fact different girls. Gerald validates Sheila’s story as
Eva “​said something about the shop too”​ and also had to leave Mr Birling’s employment
“​after a strike​”. Therefore, Gerald knows, beyond reasonable doubt, that Eva is indeed the
same girl. However, he ​fabricates​ the claim that Eva is not the same girl to partially
excuse his responsibility​ for her ultimate suicide. Priestley uses the character of the
Inspector to condemn the upper-classes’ lack of responsibility and determination to avoid it.

Mrs Birling’s vain attempts to halt inquiry

The Inspector’s ​accusing​ ​tone​ causes Mrs Birling to condemn Sheila for expressing empathy
towards Eva and the guilt that she feels for her role in her suicide.
● Mrs Birling silences Sheila as “​your behaving like a hysterical child​”, right after she
expresses how responsible she feels for Eva’s death.
​ hich was essentially constructed by the
● Mrs Birling refers to the disorder ​hysteria, w
patriarchy​ to oppress women and prevent them from gaining positions of power.
○ She uses this against her own daughter in an attempt to​ dismiss her​ views, which
are becoming aligned with the Inspector’s ​progressive view of socialism​.

Supporting Eric
Priestley ensures that Eric is portrayed as redeemable and
that the Inspector reveals his ​capacity to change.
Priestley does not directly condemn Eric for his actions,
through the Inspector. Rather, Eric’s excuse for his actions
seems valid; he had been exposed to “​respectable​” men
using prostitutes and thus it became normal for him. This
coupled with Mr Birling being “​not the kind of father a
chap could go to when he’s in trouble​”, allows Eric’s
actions to seem to be due to the ​influence of the society
the Inspector is so heavily critical of.

Eva as a symbol
The Inspector uses Eva as a means to inflict guilt upon the characters and catalyse change within
them. The Inspector’s inquiry is centred around the suicide of Eva Smith; however, the Inspector’s
message is not limited to just Eva. The Inspector acknowledges the​ widespread suffering​ of the
lower-classes at the hands of those ​socially superior​ to them. This is demonstrated by the
Inspector’s message that “​there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths”​.
Inspector reveals in his final speech that Eva’s significance extends beyond her as an individual.
The characters can no longer help Eva, yet, they can aid the millions of other people whose
suffering they are complicit in. Else, they shall “​learn that lesson​” in “​fire blood and anguish​”.

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Structure

Inspector’s arrival
Priestley deliberately times the Inspector’s arrival to coincide with, and interrupt, Mr Birling and his
negative view of socialism. This allows Priestley to structurally represent the Inspector’s opposition
to Mr Birling’s capitalist views. His arrival concludes a series of claims that the audience – through
blunt and explicit use of ​dramatic irony ​– know to be incorrect due to hindsight:
● “​You’ll hear some people say that war is inevitable. And to that I say – fiddlesticks!” -​
The use of the ​noun​ “​fiddlesticks​”, alongside Priestley’s use of ​dramatic irony​ causes Mr
Birling to seem overwhelmingly confident in his arrogance. This is due to Britain entering
WWI soon after 1912.
● “​(the Titanic is) unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable”​ - The certainty shown by Mr Birling’s
repetition​ of “​unsinkable​” demonstrates his poor judgement. This is due to the Titanic
sinking.
● “time of steadily increasing prosperity” ​- The Great Depression followed 1912 and
engulfed post-war Britain. Therefore, the audience in 1945 would identify Mr Birling as
unreliable and thus dislike him.

Mr Birling’s final statement before the Inspector’s arrival:​ “a man has to mind his own business
and look after himself”​ is proved to be as​ equally unsubstantiated​ and incorrect as his prior
erroneous statements. The Inspector’s interruption of the ​monotonous​, slow paced and single
character dominated scene also causes the audience to experience​ subconscious relief ​at the
Inspectors arrival. Priestley may intend for this relief to become ​associated with the Inspectors
presence. Therefore, the audience are manipulated into finding
catharsis from the change in ideology from a ​capitalist​ to a
socialist​ narrative. This enables Priestley’s ​manipulation​ of the
audience’s response to the beliefs he supports.

Switch in authority
The Inspector’s arrival marks a shift in authority from Mr Birling
to the Inspector, which can be interpreted as the shift from
capitalism​ to ​socialism​. Mr Birling has, hitherto (until now),
dominated the dialogue of the play. His ​dramatic monologue
form of speech excludes the views of others, which is
demonstrated by his dismissal of Eric’s protest ​“What about
war?”,​ with ​“the Germans don’t want war”.​ This reflects how
capitalism has dominated society throughout the 19th Century
and early 20th Century.

Upon arrival, the Inspector challenges the unquestioned authority and dominance not only of Mr
Birling, but of the ​capitalist​ narrative that has so far controlled the narrative and society. Therefore,
his interruption marks a change in attitude as past views have to contend with attempts of reform.
Priestley constructs this conflict to mirror the way in which war has acted as a ​catalyst​ for post-war
society. Therefore, this forces the audience to reconsider how society should be formed if previous
systems led to suffering.

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It is significant that it is not Eva’s death that has called the Inspector to visit the Birlings, but the
capitalist​ and individualistic views that instigate the Inspector’s inquiry. He is not there to
investigate the crime against Eva Smith. He is there to investigate the cause of ​immorality in
society​, which Eva is merely a single example of, caused by ​capitalism​.

Final impressions

Need for change

Priestley, through the character of the Inspector, expresses the need for change, yet, he also
describes how to change. The role of Inspector allows Priestley to portray An Inspector Calls, as a
didactic​ (educational message) morality play, which is ​disguised as a murder mystery.​ This is a
reversal​ of a murder mystery as the number of suspected characters actually expands, rather than
being narrowed down by the Inspector.

The suspects are responsible for contributing to, both, Eva’s suicide and the suffering of society.
● Priestley, through the Inspector, portrays Eva as ​symbolic​ of the reason behind the need
for society to adopt ​socialism​. In doing this, Priestley creates a compelling argument for
the need for reform through the guilt of the characters in their role of Eva’s suicide.
● Therefore, Priestley, through the Inspector, conveys the message that it is the whole of the
upper class that is responsible for the suffering of the working-class. In doing this, it is clear
to the audience that the disparity in the ​class system​ is responsible for this suffering of the
lower classes. The Inspector refuses
to allow Sheila to comprehensively
accept blame for Eva’s death and
continues his policy of ​“one line of
enquiry at a time”​.
○ The Inspector must
compromise his beliefs and
partially excuse her behaviour
to gain her as an ally and
display the culpability of all
members of the upper-classes.
○ He lays blame on the “​power
you had​” rather than Sheila as
an individual. Sheila is not
fundamentally a bad person;
the​ influence of her class and
environment​ has caused her
to behave in that immoral
manner.

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Ambiguous portrayal
Priestley presents the Inspector in such a way that attitudes towards his genuine presence are
ambivalent​ (doubtful). He potentially does this to raise questions about his authenticity.
● Academics often engage in a continuous debate regarding the Inspector's purpose and his
true nature; was the Inspector real, or perhaps a form of collective conscience? There is
also the view that the Inspector was, true to his ​omniscient​ nature and role of judgement, a
representation of God.
● Whilst there is an argument, with evidence, for each interpretation given Priestley leaves ​no
definitive answer.​ Perhaps, this reveals that it is not ​who​ ​the Inspector is, which matters.
Rather, it is ​what​ ​the Inspector’s message was, which is of utmost significance.
● This message is a desperate plea to ensure that post-war society is vastly different to
pre-war society; men must “​learn that lesson​” of ​social responsibility.​ The lesson is
realising the ​capitalist flaws of society​; the response is ​socialism​.​

Possible ‘Topic Sentences’

● Priestley promotes his socialist agenda through the

Inspector’s speech and appearance, and portrays this
ideology as favourable to the status quo of capitalism.
● Priestley explores the contrasting responses to social
responsibility through contrasting the reactions between the
older and younger-generations within the play.
● Furthermore, Priestley presents socialism favourably
through the antithesis of the Inspector - Mr Birling - whose
contemptible portrayal extends to the capitalist ideology that
he represents.
● Priestley explores the ideal response of the audience to the
Inspector’s message of responsibility through his profound
effect on Sheila.

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Inspector Goole quote bank by theme

Theme Quote Analysis

Morality / “Speaks carefully, The use of the ​adjective​ “​weightily​” evidences the impact
responsibility weightily” of the Inspector’s moral message. Also, speaking
“​carefully”​ directly contrasts Mr Birling, whose speech is
diluted with ​dashes​ and hesitations.

“If you’re easy Priestley’s use of ​parallelism​ (same grammatical features

with me, I'm easy of a sentence repeated) in this phrase is, perhaps,
with you” symbolic for the Inspector’s message. This sense of
equality and treating others how you wish to be treated is
inherently ​socialist​.

“Yes, but you Here, Priestley uses ​short sentences​ and a ​terse​ ​triplet
can't. It's too late. of expressions to convey an impactful message and
She's dead.” express the need for radical change.

“Public men, Mr The Inspector reminds Mr Birling that he cannot do as he

Birling, have pleases without considering the potential consequences
responsibilities as his actions may have.
well as privileges”

“Their lives, their Priestley continues to spread the message of ​socialism

hopes and fears, and the need for greater ​social responsibility​ as
their suffering and everybody’s lives are “​intertwined​”.
chance of
happiness all
intertwined with
our lives”

“We are members Priestley alludes to the ​Book of Genesis​ as “​we are
of one body” members of one body​” is used in ​Holy Communion​.
Therefore, through echoing the words of God, Priestley
implies that the Inspector is speaking on ​God’s behalf.

“Each of you Despite none of the characters directly ending Eva’s life,
helped to kill her, they have all had a part to play in her death and are
remember that. therefore ​responsible​ for driving her to suicide.
Never
forget it.”

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 “You used the The Inspector plainly states how Sheila abused her power,
power you had… out of “​jealousy​” in order to punish Eva Smith for being
to punish the more beautiful than her.
girl.”

Omniscience “He knows” Sheila understands the Inspector’s ​omniscience​ and thus
reveals all to the Inspector, while encouraging Gerald to do
the same, as “​he knows​” anyway.

“I don't need to At this point, the Inspector has revealed the ​culpability​ of
know any more. the characters in Eva’s death. As this is not a ​real
Neither do you.” Inspector, there is no need to know any more details, other
than a sense of guilt and ​responsibility​.

Physical “Need not be a The Inspector ​“need not be a big man​” as the strength of
appearance big man” his position and ​ideology​ outweigh the need for an
imposing physical appearance.

“Impression of Priestley leaves the Inspector’s physical appearance as

massiveness vague and, to some extent, unimportant due to his
(solidity and message of ​social responsibility​ being more important
purposefulness)” than his physical appearance.

“A plain darkish Priestley presents the Inspector as wearing simple and

suit” minimal clothes in “​a plain darkish suit​”, as appearance is
irrelevant to him. It is moral and ​social responsibility
which is of greater importance.

Warning of “Burnt her inside Priestley uses ​shocking imagery​ in an attempt to

not learning out, of course” persuade the characters to change as he frequently refers
lesson to Eva’s death as “​burnt her inside out”​ .

“If men will not Therefore, the threat of “​fire blood and anguish​” could be
learn that lesson, the Inspector warning both the characters and the
then they will be audience of the religious consequences for neglecting their
taught it in fire duty of ​social responsibility.​ The religious connotation of
and blood and “​fire​” is ​hell​ and therefore the punishment for not following
anguish” the message of both ​Christianity and socialism​ to ‘​love
thy neighbour’​ .

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